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Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels
Chemistry, Extractives, Lignins, Hemicelluloses and Cellulose
- 1st Edition - January 18, 2010
- Author: RunCang Sun
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 3 2 3 4 - 3
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 6 1 8 9 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 3 2 6 7 - 5
Materials from renewable resources are receiving increased attention, as leading industries and manufacturers attempt to replace declining petrochemical-based feedstocks with… Read more
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Request a sales quoteMaterials from renewable resources are receiving increased attention, as leading industries and manufacturers attempt to replace declining petrochemical-based feedstocks with products derived from natural biomass, such as cereal straws. Cereal straws are expected to play an important role in the shift toward a sustainable economy, and a basic knowledge of the composition and structure of cereal straw is the key to using it wisely. Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels: Chemistry, Extractives, Lignins, Hemicelluloses and Cellulose provides an introduction to straw chemistry. Topics discussed include the structure, ultrastructure, and chemical composition of straw; the structure and isolation of extractives from the straw; the three main components of straw: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignins; and chemical modifications of straw for industrial applications. This book will be helpful to scientists interested in the areas of natural resource management, environmental chemistry, plant chemistry, material science, polysaccharide chemistry, and lignin chemistry. It will also be of interest to academic and industrial scientists/researchers interested in novel applications of agricultural residues for industrial and/or recycling technologies.
- Provides the basics of straw composition and the structure of its cell walls
- Details the procedures required to fractionate straw components to produce chemical derivatives from straw cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignins
- Elucidates new techniques for the production of biodegradable materials for the energy sector, chemical industry, and pulp and paper business
Scientists with research interests in the areas of natural resource management, environmental chemistry, plant chemistry, material science, polysaccharide chemistry, lignin chemistry, etc, academic and industrial researchers with an interest in using agricultural residues as novel products for industry and/or recycling technologies
Preface1. IntroductionReferences2. Structure, Ultrastructure, and Chemical Composition2.1 Anatomical Structure2.2 Ultrastructure2.2.1 Ultrastructure of Wood2.2.2 Ultrastructure of Grass2.3 Distribution of Polysaccharides and Lignin2.3.1 Polysaccharides Distribution2.3.2 Lignin Distribution2.4 Chemical Composition2.4.1 Cellulose2.4.2 Hemicelluloses2.4.3 Lignin2.4.4 Pectic Substances2.4.5 Proteins2.4.6 Cutins, Suberins, Waxes and Other Extracts2.4.7 AshReferences3. Extractives3.1 Isolation and Purification3.1.1 Procedures for Isolation of Extractives3.1.2 Purification of Extractives3.2 Structural Characterization3.2.1 Chemical Composition of Extractives3.2.2 Spectroscopic and Thermal CharacterizationReferences4. Hemicelluloses4.1 Introduction4.2 Occurrence, Nature, and Classification4.2.1 Occurrence, Nature, and Classification of Hemicelluloses4.2.2 Occurrence, Nature, and Classification of Straw Hemicelluloses4.3 Isolation, Analysis, and Structure4.3.1 Isolation4.3.2 Structural Analysis of Straw Hemicelluloses4.3.3 Structure4.4 Physicochemical Properties4.4.1 Solubility4.4.2 Mw and Mw Distribution4.4.3 Rheological Behavior4.4.4 Surface Tension4.4.5 Thermal Behavior4.4.6 Biological Activity4.5 Interactions with Cellulose4.5.1 Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses in Production of Celluloses4.5.2 Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses in Papermaking Process4.5.3 Effect of Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses on the Bioethanol Production4.5.4 The Assembly Characteristics of Hemicelluloses on Cellulose4.6 Modification of Hemicelluloses and its Application4.6.1 The Potential Modification of Hemicelluloses4.6.2 Chemical Modification and its Application4.6.3 Straw Hemicelluloses and their Application4.7 SummaryReferences5. Cellulose5.1 Occurrence5.2 Isolation5.2.1 Delignification and Alkali Extraction5.2.2 Steam Explosion5.2.3 Alkaline Peroxide Extraction5.2.4 Organic Solvent Extraction5.2.5 Other Isolation Methods5.3 Structure and the Crystalline Lattice of Cellulose I5.3.1 Supermolecular Structure5.3.2 Cellulose Lattice I5.3.3 Conversion of Cellulose I to Cellulose II5.4 Physico-Chemical Properties5.4.1 Structural Properties5.4.2 Dissolution of Cellulose5.4.3 Regeneration of Cellulose5.4.4 Hydrolysis of Cellulose5.5 Chemical Modification and its Utilization5.5.1 Acetylation5.5.2 Acylation with Other Linear Anhydrides or Chlorides5.5.3 Esterification with Cyclic Anhydrides5.5.4 Carboxymethylation5.5.5 Other Chemical Modification5.6 Concluding RemarksReferences6. Lignin6.1 Introduction6.2 Monolignols, and Lignification in Grass Cell Walls6.2.1 Biosynthesis of Monolignols6.2.2 Lignin Deposition and Topochemistry6.2.3 Lignification – Polymerization of Monolignols6.3 Isolation and Purification of Lignins6.3.1 Milled Wood Lignin6.3.2 Enzyme Lignin6.3.3 Alkali Lignins6.3.4 Organosolv Lignin6.3.5 Purification of Lignins6.4 Analytical Methods for Lignin Characterization6.4.1 Thioacidolysis6.4.2 DFRC Method6.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy6.5 Structural Characteristics of Straw Lignins6.5.1 Ferulates in Grass Lignins6.5.2 p-Coumarates in Grass Lignins6.5.3 Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes in Grasses6.6 Utilization of Lignins6.6.1 Wood Adhesives Made from Lignins6.6.2 Biochemicals/Biofuel from Lignins6.7 Concluding RemarksReferences7. Chemical Modification of Straw as Novel Materials for Industries7.1 Chemical Modification of Cereal Straws as Natural Sorbents in Oil Spill Cleanup7.1.1 Hazard of Oil Spill7.1.2 Methods for Controlling Oil Spills7.1.3 Classification of Oil Sorbents7.1.4 Principles of Sorbency7.1.5 Influence of Sorptive Capacity7.1.6 Chemical Modification of Cereal Straws as Oil Sorbents7.1.7 Types of Catalysts in Chemical Modification7.1.8 Agro-Based Sorbent ApplicationReferences7.2 Modification of Cereal Straws as Natural Sorbents for Removing Metal Ions from Industrial Waste Water7.2.1 Introduction7.2.2 Mechanism of Metal Biosorption7.2.3 Adsorption Models7.2.4 Methods of Chemical Modification7.2.5 Chemically Modified Straw7.2.6 SummaryReferences7.3 Modification of Straw for Activated Carbon Preparation and Application for the Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions7.3.1 Introduction7.3.2 Technologies Available for Dye Removal7.3.3 Dye Removal Using Commercial Activated Carbons7.3.4 Dye Removal Using Agricultural Wastes or Byproducts7.3.5 Production of Acs from Agricultural Byproducts7.3.6 SummaryReferences 2487.4 Liquefaction and Gasification of Cereal Straws7.4.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction7.4.2 Solvolytic Liquefaction7.4.3 Thermal Gasification7.4.4 Hydrothermal GasificationReferences7.5 Biorefinery Straw for Bioethanol7.5.1 Introduction7.5.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Recalcitrance7.5.3 Biorefinery Straw for Bioethanol Production7.5.4 SummaryReferencesIndex
- No. of pages: 300
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: January 18, 2010
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780444532343
- Paperback ISBN: 9780444561893
- eBook ISBN: 9780080932675
RS
RunCang Sun
Affiliations and expertise
State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, and Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China