Ceramic Raw Materials

1.1 Introduction


1.2 Silica


1.2.1 Structure of Crystals


1.2.2 Structure of Quartz


1.2.3 Structure of Tridymite and of Cristobalite


1.2.4 Conversions


1.2.5 Inversions


1.2.6 Other Forms of Silica (Amorphous Silica)

Silica Gel

Vitreous Silica


1.2.7 Physical Properties


1.2.8 Chemical Properties


1.2.9 Occurrence


1.3 Clays


1.3.1 The Clay Minerals


1.3.2 Structure of the Clay Minerals


1.3.3 The Kaolin Group


1.3.4 The Montmorillonite Group


1.3.5 The Micas


1.3.6 The Chlorites


1.3.7 The Illites

Structure


1.3.8 The Physical Properties of the Clay Minerals

Particle Size and Shape

Specific Gravity

Effect of Heat


1.3.9 Clay-Water Suspensions


1.3.10 Colloidal Properties

Properties of Colloidal Suspensions

Electrical Behavior of Colloidal Suspensions

Distribution of Charges in a Colloidal Suspension


1.3.11 Cation Exchange


1.3.12 Stability of Colloidal Suspensions


1.3.13 Deflocculants


1.3.14 Soluble Salts


1.3.15 Adsorption


1.3.16 Application of Colloidal Theory

Measurement of Concentration


1.3.17 Casting-Slips ··

Elementary Ideas of Flow Properties

Flow Properties of Casting-Slips

Measurement of Flow Properties

Dilatancy

Rheopexy

Permeability to Water

Dry Strength


1.3.18 Plasticity

Measurement


1.4 Natural Clays


1.4.1 Method of Calculation


1.4.2 Errors in Rational Analysis


1.5 Geology of the Clays


1.5.1 Rocks


1.5.2 Composition of Igneous Rocks


1.5.3 Composition of Sedimentary Rocks


1.5.4 Occurrence of Deposits


1.5.5 Classification of Clays


1.6 General Properties of the Clays


1.6.1 Ball Clays

Extraction

Chemical Composition

Particle Size Distribution

Specific Surface Area

Wet-to-Dry Shrinkage

Dry Strength

Base Exchange and Deflocculation

Soluble Salts

Fired Color

Vitrification

Plasticity

Beneficiation of Ball Clay


1.6.2 China Clay

Extraction

Composition

Particle Size

Plasticity

Cation Exchange

Deflocculation

Wet-to-Dry Shrinkage

Green Strength

Fired Color

Firing Shrinkage

Vitrification


1.6.3 Fireclays

Extraction

Composition

Rational Analysis

Particle Size Distribution

Critical Moisture Content

Dry Strength

Deflocculation

Refractoriness

Firing Shrinkage

Vitrification

Fired Color

Plasticity


1.6.4 Building Clays

Occurrence

Composition

Physical Properties

Particle Size Distribution

Deflocculation

Working Moisture Content

Firing Shrinkage

Fired Color

Vitrification

Extraction

Stoneware Clays

Pipe-Clays

Boulder Clays

Bentonite

Fuller's Earth


1.7 Other Silicates


1.7.1 Sillimanite, Kyanite and Andalusite

Structure and General Properties


1.7.2 Mullite

Occurrence and Composition

Structure

Properties


1.7.3 Steatite

Structure

Properties

Uses


1.8 Fluxes


1.8.1 Definition of Fluxes


1.8.2 Soda- and Potash-Bearing Minerals. The Feldspars


1.8.3 Bone Ash


1.8.4 Occurrence of Alkali-Bearing Minerals


1.8.5 Physical and Chemical Properties


1.9 Alumina


1.9.1 Structure


1.9.2 Occurrence


1.9.3 Physical Properties


1.9.4 Chemical Properties


1.10 Other Refractory Raw Materials


1.10.1 Magnesite

Production of Sea-Water Magnesite

Preparation of Natural Magnesite

Structure of Magnesium Oxide

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties


1.10.2 Dolomite

Dolomite or Magnesian Limestone

Structure

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties


1.10.3 Chrome

Structure

Occurrence and Uses of Chrome Ore

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties


1.11 Miscellaneous Materials


1.11.1 Plaster of Paris

Setting of Plaster

Accelerators and Retarders

Uses of Plaster


1.11.2 Rutile (TiO2)


1.11.3 Zirconia (ZrO2)


1.11.4 Beryllia (BeO)