Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury

1st Edition - May 10, 2022
Editors: Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Colin R Martin
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 0 3 6 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 0 6 0 - 2

Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sp… Read more

Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sports. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the detailed processes arising from traumatic brain injury. Featuring chapters on neuroinflammation, metabolism, and psychology, this volume discusses the impact of these injuries on neurological and body systems to better understand underlying pathways. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand traumatic brain injury.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Section A: Setting the scene: The spectrum of traumatic brain injuries
Chapter 1: Fall-related traumatic brain injuries in older adults: The role of the neck
Abstract
Introduction
Role of neck muscles in TBI prevention
Effects of aging on neck muscles
Potential rehabilitation strategies
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Key facts of fall-related traumatic brain injuries
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 2: The implications of sex and gender in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual considerations
Basic science and preclinical research
Clinical and population-based research
Population-based research
Implications for translational research and medicine
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of sex/gender influences in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 3: Sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
Abstract
Sport-related concussion
Monitoring head impact exposure in contact sports
Concussion and head impact exposure in soccer
Concussion and head impact exposure in ice hockey
Concussion and head impact exposure in American football
Summary
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 4: Traumatic brain injury and molecular biology: A new narrative
Abstract
Introduction
Excitatory mechanisms post TBI
Neuroinflammation
Mitochondrial injury post TBI
Cell death mechanisms post TBI
Long-term sequelae of TBI
Clinical implications of understanding the molecular mechanisms of TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of pCaMKII
Summary points
References
Chapter 5: Features of decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: History, effects, management, and new trends
Abstract
Introduction
History of decompressive craniectomy
Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intra-cranial pressure and brain perfusion
Decompressive craniectomy: Surgical techniques
Evidences on decompressive craniectomy for management of intra-cranial hypertension in TBI. The randomized controlled trials
New trends in management of post-traumatic intra-cranial hypertension: Hinge/floating craniotomy and cisternostomy
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of decompressive craniectomy
Summary points
References
Chapter 6: Management of traumatic brain injury in accordance with contemporary guidelines: Treatment, monitoring, and thresholds
Abstract
Introduction
Decompressive craniectomy
Prophylactic hypothermia
Hyperosmolar therapy
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage
Thresholds and monitoring in TBI
Cerebral oxygenation
Brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PbtO2)
Cerebral microdialysis
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Further reading
Section B: Cellular and molecular aspects of traumatic brain injury
Chapter 7: Insights into the pathological role of neuroinflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Secondary cellular injury
Astrocytes
Acute neuroinflammation
Role of inflammatory mediators in neuroinflammation
Future direction of anti‑inflammation as a therapy for traumatic brain injury
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 8: Seizures in traumatic brain injury: A focus on cellular aspects
Abstract
Introduction
Incidence of seizure following TBI
Pathogenesis of seizure following TBI
Acute phase
Sub-acute phase
Chronic/latent phase
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of seizure in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 9: Linking traumatic brain injury, neural stem, and progenitor cells
Abstract
Introduction
Neural stem and progenitor cells and neurogenesis in development
Adult neurogenesis and TBI
Development of therapeutics: Standard care, challenges and prospective treatments
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs)
Summary points
References
Chapter 10: Microglia in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Microglia-resident immune cells in the brain with various morphologies
Microglial polarization (M1-like vs M2-like)
Heterogeneity of M1-like and M2-like polarization following TBI
Potential implications of microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation following TBI
Post-traumatic epilepsy
Chronic neurodegeneration
Psychosocial problems
Microglial priming after TBI
Areas for future investigation
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of microglia in TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 11: Dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Synapse structure and function
Potential mechanisms underlying dendritic spine damage after TBI
Treatments for dendritic spine dysfunction after TBI
Future directions of research for treatment of TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 12: Aging, the immune response, and traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
The burden of TBI in geriatric populations
How aging affects the central nervous system
Aging influences the immune system
Vascular aging and inflammation
Neuroinflammation is an influential secondary injury mechanism in TBI
Aging affects TBI through neuroinflammation
Aging may influence TBI through other mechanisms
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of immunosenescence
Summary points
References
Chapter 13: The adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury: A focus on T and B lymphocytes
Abstract
Introduction
Innate and adaptive immunity
Acute and chronic lymphocytic response in TBI
Consequence of a persistent adaptive immune response after injury
Therapeutic avenues
Systemic immunosuppression in TBI
Auto-reactivity following CNS injury
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 14: The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
The number of Tregs correlates with clinical outcome of TBI
Frequency and regulation of Tregs in animal models of TBI
Tregs attenuate immune responses in the acute phase of experimental TBI
Cell therapeutic approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
Pharmacological approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
Clinical studies evaluating effects of EPO and atorvastatin in TBI
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury”
Summary points
References
Chapter 15: The role of the chemokine prokineticin 2 in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
PK2 is upregulated after traumatic brain injury
Enhanced expression of PK2 is part of the response to traumatic brain injury
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Summary points
References
Chapter 16: The role of Na+,K+-ATPase on TBI-induced physiopathology
Abstract
Introduction
Structural characteristics of Na+,K+-ATPase in the central nervous system
Role of Na+,K+-ATPase in the mobility and synaptic transmission
TBI progress and Na+,K+-ATPase activity
Concluding remarks and perspectives
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Na+,K+-ATPase
Summary points
References
Chapter 17: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes, and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Structure, function and regulation
PDHC in human pathologies
PDHC in TBI
Changes in gene and protein expressions of PDHC, PDP, PDK and TCA cycle enzymes after graded TBI
Post-traumatic dynamics of cellular energetics
Clinical implications and therapeutic targeting
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury”
Summary points
References
Chapter 18: Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signaling in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Ang-1 and Tie-2 in the vascular system
Role of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in the brain
Roles of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in TBI
Candidate drugs for TBI that activate the Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathway in the brain
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Angiopoietin
Key facts of Tie-2
Key facts of the blood-brain barrier
Summary points
References
Chapter 19: Brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in severe traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Main text
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 20: Comparing radiation and traumatic brain injuries: New insights
Abstract
Introduction
Different subsections of the main text
Structural changes in brain parenchyma resulting from TBI and radiation-induced brain injury
Structural changes in the vascular endothelium resulting from TBI or RBI
Activation of inflammatory responses following TBI and RBI
Inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response
Renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE I, and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers
Diagnostics for TBI and RBI: Neural proteins released into blood compartment following brain injuries
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 21: Sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Review of axon structure
Cellular models of axon stretch injury and sodium handling
Sodium interaction with cellular-level calcium
Voltage-gated sodium channels and spectrin
Longer term ionic effects of injury: Altered Nav expression and distribution in TBI
Multiple injuries and the effects on sodium
Interaction with and role of potassium
In vivo evidence of sodium derangement from sodium magnetic resonance imaging in human TBI subjects
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 22: WNT genes and their roles in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
The epigenome during regeneration of the nervous system
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of transcription
Summary points
References
Section C: Physiological and metabolic effects
Chapter 23: Circuit reorganization after diffuse axonal injury: Utility of the whisker barrel circuit
Abstract
Introduction
Circuit damage and recovery: Adaptive and maladaptive responses
Neuroplasticity
Whisker barrel circuit (WBC)
Chronic post-traumatic morbidity in the WBC
Rehabilitation and recovery
Conclusions, outlook, and challenges
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of brain injury circuit reorganization
Summary points
References
Chapter 24: Neuroendocrine abnormalities following traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Pituitary gland physiology
Pathophysiology
Prevalence
Risk factors
Associations
Clinical course
Signs and symptoms
Corticotropin deficiency
Thyrotropin deficiency
Gonadotropin deficiency
Hyperprolactinemia
Growth hormone deficiency
DI and SIADH
Neuroimaging
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of confounding symptoms in traumatic brain injury with post-traumatic hypopituitarism
Summary points
References
Chapter 25: Thyroid hormone actions in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the brain
Neuroprotective actions of thyroid hormones in TBI
Thyroid hormones in TBI patients
Diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction in TBI patients
Future perspectives
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of thyroid hormone actions in the setting of traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 26: Testosterone: Features and role in treating traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury: From epidemiology to pituitary dysfunction
Testosterone synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction
Testosterone implications for brain trauma
Conclusion
Testosterone applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of testosterone use in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 27: The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles
Abstract
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism
Empty sella syndrome secondary to TBI and associated hypopituitarism
Treatment
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of “The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles”
Summary points
References
Chapter 28: Traumatic brain injury: Inter-relationship with sleep
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep physiology
Types of sleep disturbance associated with TBI
TBI-induced damage to sleep associated brain regions
TBI-induced inflammation can affect sleep
Severity and circumstance of injury can affect the patient’s sleep
Conclusion/future directions
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 29: Puberty and traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Endocrine disruptions in juveniles following TBI
Puberty
Delayed puberty
Precocious puberty
HPG axis
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Testosterone and estrogen
Growth hormone
Timing of brain injury on puberty
Possible mechanisms of TBI-induced damage leading to pubertal dysfunction
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of puberty and traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 30: Role of endocannabinoids in the escalation of alcohol use following traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Initial pathophysiology of TBI: Mechanical injury exacerbated by neuroinflammation
TBI-induced synaptic hyperexcitability
TBI and alcohol consumption
Possible mechanisms of post-TBI escalation of alcohol drinking
Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat the biobehavioral consequences of TBI
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 31: Imaging connectivity and functional brain networks in mild traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Resting state fMRI—The basics
Data acquisition and processing
Analytical approaches to functional connectivity through rsfMRI
RsfMRI changes in early phase of injury
Challenges related to rsfMRI evaluation of TBI data
Future prospects
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 32: Multi-shell diffusion MR imaging and brain microstructure after mild traumatic brain injury: A focus on working memory
Abstract
Introduction
dMRI and MTBI
Working memory and dMRI
Summary
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI)
Summary points
References
Chapter 33: Monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Neuromonitoring techniques
Pediatric TBI guidelines
Data integration
Integration and visualization of multi-modal neurologic monitoring systems
Clinical decision support
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
Summary points of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
References
Chapter 34: Blood gas, arterial, and end-tidal carbon dioxide in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
The importance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in cerebral blood flow regulation
Clinical concerns related to hypocapnia
Basics of capnography
Current recommendations of ventilation therapies from Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for sever TBI management
Capnography monitoring in adult severe TBI care
Utility and reliability of capnography monitoring in pre-hospital TBI care
Capnography monitoring in pediatric TBI care
Reliability of EtCO2 as a surrogate for PaCO2 in PICU
Agreement between PaCO2 and EtCO2 in hospitalized pediatric TBI
Future direction: Role of transcutaneous PCO2 to estimate PaCO2
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of how CO2 change brain blood flow and how we measure it
Summary points
References
Chapter 35: Disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in traumatic brain injury: The role of changes in microcirculatory biomarkers
Abstract
Introduction
Blood viscosity impairment
Glia-mediated edema and capillary compression
Pericyte dysfunction
Vasoactive blood derivatives
Neurovascular coupling disorder
Intracranial hypertension and vascular wall tonus
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cerebral microcirculation
Key facts of human blood
Summary points
References
Section D: Behavioral and psychological aspects
Chapter 36: Social cognition in traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical model of Cassel et al. (2016)
Social cognition components
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
References
Chapter 37: Physical exercise: Effects on cognitive function after traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Effects of physical exercise on the brain after a traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury, physical exercise and cognition: Lessons from animal research
Cognitive effects of physical exercise after traumatic brain injury: Clinical studies
How to improve effective crosstalk between animal research and the clinical setting?
Final remark
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 38: Traumatic axonal injury as a key driver of the relationship between traumatic brain injury, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia
Abstract
Defining traumatic brain injury: Severity and type of precipitating injury
Detecting traumatic axonal injury
Mechanisms of injury in TAI: Primary versus secondary axotomy
Degenerative changes in axons persist long-term following injury
TAI and cognitive dysfunction
Increased dementia risk following TBI: The role of TAI
Accumulation of amyloid beta within axons following TAI
Accumulation of tau within axons following TAI
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about traumatic axonal injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 39: Neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Cognitive functioning after pediatric TBI
Emotional and behavioral functioning after pediatric TBI
Long-term sequelae of pediatric TBI
Current limitations of existing research
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 40: Behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
Abstract
Introduction
Guanosine as a potential therapy on traumatic brain injury
Cellular targets in neuroprotection of guanosine
Perspectives and conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
Summary points
References
Chapter 41: Recognizing emotions and effects of traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Emotion perception in TBI
Emotion recognition: Different stimuli and tasks
Multiple sensory channels
The valence’s effect
The physiological responsivity
Neural correlates of facial recognition impairment in TBI patients
The effects of emotion’s perception deficit on social cognition
Emotion perception deficits predict functional outcome
Interaction between emotion recognition, social cognition, and non-social cognition
Conclusion
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of emotion perception
Summary points
References
Chapter 42: Cognitive communication connections and higher-level language with traumatic brain-injured population
Abstract
TBI and higher-level language introduction
Figurative language skills, inferencing, proverbs, and TBI
Framework and language deficits connections
Prosody and TBI
Working memory and traumatic brain injury
Attention and TBI
Working memory and language
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of higher-level language
Summary points
References
Chapter 43: Self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury: From impairment of self-awareness to psychological adjustment
Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical frameworks and explanatory models of ISA
The assessment of ISA
The dual aspect of reporting a functional problem after sTBI: From ISA to denial
The neuro-rehabilitation of ISA
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of impairment in self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 44: Disentangling antecedents from consequences of traumatic brain injury: The need for prospective longitudinal studies
Abstract
Introduction
Aggressive behavior and criminal offending observed in samples of TBI patients
Comparing TBI patients and healthy individuals within birth or population cohorts
TBIs in samples of criminal offenders
Do TBIs sustained in early childhood increase the risk of subsequent conduct problems?
Childhood conduct problems and accidents
Do conduct problems and inattention-hyperactivity in middle childhood increase the risk of subsequent TBIs?
Why or how would childhood CP increase the risk of accidents and TBIs?
Could treatments for CP and inattention reduce the risk of TBIs?
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about TBIs
Key facts about childhood conduct problems and inattention
Summary points
References
Chapter 45: The link between sleep and quality of life in childhood traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Introduction
Prevalence and assessment of sleep–wake disturbances in child TBI
Proposed causes of SWD in child TBI
Sleep outcomes in childhood TBI
Factors associated with SWD in child TBI
Quality of life in childhood TBI
Sleep and QoL in childhood TBI: Gaps in the literature
Conclusion
Application to other areas of neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts about sleep and quality of life in children with TBI
Summary points
References
Index

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Colin R Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Rajkumar Rajendram

Victor R Preedy

Colin R Martin