Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease

2nd Edition - February 2, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre, Ya-Xiong Tao
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 8 0 1 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 8 0 2 - 5

Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease, Second Edition, describes the underlying basis of endocrine function, providing an important tool to understand the fundament… Read more

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Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease, Second Edition, describes the underlying basis of endocrine function, providing an important tool to understand the fundamentals of endocrine diseases. Delivering a comprehensive review of the basic science of endocrinology, from cell biology to human disease, this work explores and dissects the function of a number of cellular systems. The new edition provides an understanding of how endocrine glands function by integrating information resulting in biological effects on both local and systemic levels, also providing new information on the molecular physiopathogenesis of endocrine neoplasic cells.

The new edition expands the most used chapters from the first edition and proposes a series of substitutions and additions to the table of contents. New chapters cover signaling, brown adipose tissue, hypothalamic cell models, cellular basis of insulin resistance, genetics and epigenetics of neuroendocrine tumors, and a series of chapters on endocrine-related cancer.

Providing content that crosses disciplines, Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease, Second Edition, details how cellular endocrine function contributes to system physiology and mediates endocrine disorders. A methods section proves novel and useful approaches across research focus that will be attractive to medical students, residents, and specialists in the field of endocrinology, as well as to those interested in cellular regulation. Editors Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre and Ya-Xiong Tao, experts in molecular and cellular aspects of endocrinology, deliver contributions carefully selected for relevance, impact, and clarity of expression from leading field experts

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface to the Second Edition
Chapter 1: Endocrinology of a Single Cell: Tools and Insights
Abstract
Why Study Single Cells?
Studying Cellular State
Studying Cellular Dynamics and Stimulus Responses
SC Studies: Application to the Anterior Pituitary and the Pituitary Gonadotropes
Discussion
Chapter 2: Hypothalamic Cell Models
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Grants
Disclosures
Introduction
Hypothalamic Regions Involved in the Regulation of Physiological Functions
The Advantages and Limitations of Hypothalamic Neuronal Cell Models to Study Hypothalamic Function
Generation and Characterization of Hypothalamic Neuronal Cell Models
Hypothalamic Cell Lines for the Study of Metabolic Disorders
Prospective Cell Models: Hypothalamic Glial Cells
New Insights into Reproduction Using Hypothalamic Neuronal Cell Models
Hypothalamic Cell Lines for the Study of Circadian Rhythms
Hypothalamic Cell Lines for the Study of Stress and Psychological Disorders
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 3: Biology of Pituitary Stem Cells
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Location of Proliferating and Differentiating Cells During the Pituitary Development
Historical Identification of the Pituitary Stem Cells
Pituitary Stem Cells and Aging
Pituitary Stem Cells and Disease Pathophysiology
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Epigenetics of Pituitary Cell Growth and Survival
Abstract
DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation in Pituitary Tumors
The Importance of Chromatin Remodeling Through Histone Modifications
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Silencing in Pituitary Tumors
The Role of MicroRNAs in Pituitary Tumors
The Role of Ikaros in the Pituitary Gland
FGF Signaling in Pituitary Development and Pituitary Tumorigenesis
The Melanoma-Associated Antigens in Pituitary Tumors
MAGE-A3 as a Target of FGF Signaling
MAGE-A3 Regulation Through Histone and DNA Modifications
Histone Modification as Putative Therapeutic Targets in Pituitary Tumors
Conclusions
Chapter 5: Multi-functionality of Pituitary Cells: Biological and Clinical Implications
Abstract
Acknowledgments
A New Vision of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Physiology
Multi-hormonality
Multi-responsiveness
Single-Cell Analysis Data
Clinical Implications
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 6: Unraveling the Neural Mechanisms Underlying the GnRH Pulse Generator: An Update
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Early Work on the GnRH Pulse Generator
A New Model for the Neural Elements of the GnRH Pulse Generator
Does NKB Initiate Each GnRH/LH Pulse?
Does Dynorphin Terminate Each GnRH/LH Pulse?
Does Kisspeptin Affect the Pulse Generator or Simply Drive GnRH Release?
Major Unresolved Issues
Conclusions
Chapter 7: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors and Signaling
Abstract
Funding
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Receptors
The Canonical GnRHR Signaling Pathway and Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion
GnRHR Compartmentalization and Desensitization to GnRH
The Extended GnRHR Signaling Network
GnRH Signaling and Gene Expression
Pulsatile GnRH Signaling
An Information-Theoretic Approach to GnRH Signaling
Summary
Chapter 8: Effects of Nutrition on Pubertal Timing at the Neuroendocrine and Cellular Levels
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
Introduction
Peripheral Signals Linking Metabolism and Puberty Onset
Neuropeptide Systems Integrating Metabolism and Puberty Onset
Novel Molecular Mediators in the Metabolic Control of Puberty
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 9: Sensing Calcium Levels: The Biology of the Parathyroid Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Biosynthesis and Metabolism of PTH
Regulation of PTH Secretion and Transcription
Calcium-Sensing Properties of the Parathyroids: The CaSR
Phosphate/FGF23 Regulation of the Parathyroids
Vitamin D Regulation of the Parathyroids
MicroRNAs Regulation of the Parathyroids
Main Mechanisms of Parathyroid Gland Hyperplasia in SHPT
Conclusions
Chapter 10: GPCR Signaling in Ca2+ Homeostasis: The PTH Type 1 and Calcium-Sensing Receptors
Abstract
Introduction
Endosomal cAMP Signaling by the PTHR
Ca2 + Allostery in PTHR Signaling and Disease
Gq/11-Dependent Regulation of PTH-Mediated cAMP
CaSR-GABAB1R Heteromers Regulate PTH Hypersecretion
Phosphate Sensing by the CaSR
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 11: Thyroid Hormone Receptors and their Role in Cell Proliferation and Cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Thyroid Hormone Action
TRs and Cancer
Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation by the Thyroid Hormone Receptors
The Thyroid Hormone Receptor Antagonizes Ras-Induced Proliferation
The Thyroid Hormone Receptors Antagonize Transformation and Tumorigenesis by Oncogenic Ras
Functional Domains Involved in TR Antagonism of Ras Responses
TRβ1 Induces Cellular Senescence
TRβ1 Suppresses Tumor Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion
TRβ1 Suppresses Tumor Growth, Lymphangiogenesis, and Metastasis. Role of NCoR
Hypothyroidism Retards Tumor Growth but Increases Metastasis Development
Divergent Effects of TRs on Normal and Transformed Cell Proliferation
Chapter 12: Endocrine Regulation of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue
Abstract
Classical Brown Adipose Tissue and Thermogenesis
Beige Adipocytes as the Third Type of Adipocyte
Differentiation of Brown and Beige Adipocytes
Endocrine Factors Regulating Brown and Beige Fat
Potential Therapeutic Approach of Brown and Beige Fat
Chapter 13: Adiponectin and Adiponectin Signaling
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Adiponectin Structure
Adiponectin Receptors
APPL Proteins Mediate Adiponectin Signaling Downstream of Adiponectin Receptors
The Crosstalk Between Adiponectin and Insulin Signaling Pathways
Adiponectin Signaling in Regulating Glucose Metabolism
Adiponectin Signaling in Regulating Lipid Metabolism
Adiponectin Signaling Mediates the Protective Role of Adiponectin Against Metabolism-Derived Oxidative Stress
Adiponectin Signaling Mediates the Anti-inflammatory Role of Adiponectin
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 14: Epigenetic and Developmental Basis of Risk of Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Abstract
Global Burden of Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
Conceptual Framework
Epigenetics and Development
The Paternal Role
Epigenetic Dysregulation in Later-Life Metabolic Disease
Developmental Epigenomics and Human Health
Chapter 15: Cellular Basis of Insulin Resistance: A Tale of the Microvasculature
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Insulin, Insulin Receptor, and Insulin Signaling
Insulin’s Metabolic Actions
Vascular Actions of Insulin
Links Between Vascular and Metabolic Actions of Insulin
Metabolic Insulin Resistance and Microvascular Abnormalities
Pathway Connection Between Microvascular and Metabolic Insulin Resistance
Conclusions
Chapter 16: Endocrine Regulation of the Pancreas by Insulin-like Growth Factors
Abstract
Acknowledgments
IGF-1 Is an Essential Growth Factor and Insulin-like Anabolic Hormone
IGF-1 Is a Potent Regulator of β-Cell Growth and Insulin Secretion
Three Target Genes Specifically Regulated by IGF-1 in Pancreatic Islets
The Roles of IGF-1 in Acinar and Ductal Cell Growth, Pancreatitis, and Cancer
IGF-2 Promotes β-Cell Expansion and Survival, with Conflicting Evidence
IGF-Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Metabolic Regulation
Chapter 17: Transcriptome Analysis of Adrenocortical Cells in Health and Disease
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Strategies for Determining a Transcriptome
Data Processing
Transcriptome Analysis of Adrenal Glands and Adrenocortical Cell Lines Under Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation
Transcriptome Analysis of Different Zones
Transcriptome Analysis of Adrenocortical Cell Lines with Knockdown of Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1) (Also Called as Ad4BP)
Transcriptome Analysis of Adrenocortical Cells in a Mouse Model of Human Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Perspective
Chapter 18: Intracellular Trafficking of G Protein-Coupled Receptors to the Cell Surface Plasma Membrane in Health and Disease
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The ER Quality Control System
GPCR Motifs, Post-Translational Modifications, and Structural Features Promoting/Limiting ER-Golgi Export and Anterograde Trafficking to the PM
Downward Trafficking of GPCRs
Protein Misfolding and Disease
Correcting Protein Misfolding
Chapter 19: LH/hCG and the Receptor: A Single Receptor for Two Ligands
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Evolution and Structure of LH, hCG, and Their Receptor
Signaling Cascades Mediated by the LHCGR: Link with the Physiology
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Mutations, and Clinical Use of LH and hCG
Conclusions
Chapter 20: The Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Signaling Network in Gonadal Cells
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Context
Is cAMP the Sole Driving Force to FSH Action?
cAMP-Independent FSH Signaling
Developmental Regulation of FSH-Stimulated Second Messenger Synthesis
Gene Regulation
Cross-Talks With Other Factors to Regulate Cell Fate
Open Questions
Chapter 21: β-Arrestins and Endocrine-Related GPCRs
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
β-Arrestin-Mediated Control of Desensitization
β-Arrestin-Mediated Control of Internalization
β-Arrestin-Mediated Control of Signaling
Role of β-arrestin in Signaling from Intracellular Compartments
β-Arrestin- and G Protein-Biased Signaling
Implications of β-arrestins in Endocrine Systems
Conclusions
Index

Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre

Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre, M.D., D.Sc. is senior scientist in the Research Center for Population Health at the National Institute of Public Health and Professor of

the National University of Mexico (UNAM), where he heads the Research Support Network of the National Institutes of Health in Mexico City. He received his

graduate training in internal medicine and reproductive endocrinology at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition SZ and earned the Doctoral degree in Medical Sciences from the UNAM. He received postdoctoral training at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, and has been visiting scientist at the Oregon National Primate Resarch Center, OHSU, Beaverton OR, and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, in Tours, France (Le Studium Scientist). He is currently a member of the Studium Consortium for Research and Training in Reproductive Sciences (sCORTS, Le Studium, Orléans, France). An internationally recognized physician-scientist, Dr Ulloa-Aguirre has developed programmes in both clinical and basic research. His laboratory focuses on the structure-function relationship of gonadotropins and gonadotropin receptors as well as on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, with particular emphasis on the factors and mechanisms that control intracellular trafficking of these receptors. He is the author or co-author of over 165 research publications and several book chapters.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Center for Population Health, National Institute of Public Health; National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico

Ya-Xiong Tao

Dr. Ya-Xiong Tao is currently Professor of Physiology at Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine in Auburn, Alabama, USA. He has been working on several G protein-coupled receptors, including gonadotropin receptors regulating reproduction, and melanocortin receptors regulating energy and glucose homeostasis. He has published extensively in peer-reviewed biomedical journals and obtained funding for his research from National Institutes of Health, American Diabetes Association and American Heart Association, among others. He has delivered numerous lectures at universities and research institutes in USA, Canada, China, India, and Mexico. He has edited ten volumes, including seven volumes in Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. He teaches several courses, including Physiology, Receptorology, Genomics and Personalized Medicine, and Molecular Endocrinology, for veterinarian, graduate, and undergraduate Honors students.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, USA

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