Cells and Tissues

Preface To Volume I

Preface To Volume III

Contributors To Volume III


1. Freeze-Drying

I. Introduction

II. Theoretical Discussion on Diffusion

III. Sampling

IV. Quenching

V. Drying

VI. Embedding

VII. Microtomy and Postdrying Treatment of Tissues

VIII. An Evaluation of the Freezing and Drying of Tissues for Microscopy

References


2. Phase Contrast and Interference Microscopy in Cytology

I. Introduction

II. Observational Methods and Results

III. Quantitative Techniques

Reference


3. Fluorescence Microscopy

I. Introduction

II. Methods

III. Survey of Applications

References


4. Birefringence and Dichroism of Cells and Tissues

I. Introduction

II. Plant Cell Walls

III. Cytoplasm

IV. Chloroplasts

V. Nerve Fibers

VI. Muscle Fibers

VII. Nucleus

References


5. Electron Microscopy of Microorganisms

I. Introduction

II. Preliminary Preparation of Materials for Drying

III. Techniques for Drying Specimens

IV. Techniques for Studying Dried Specimens

V. Conclusion

References


6. Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues

I. Introduction

II. Physical Conditions for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues

III. The Material for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues

IV. Techniques

V. The Ultrastructural Patterns of Basic Cell Component

VI. The Ultrastructure of Layered Lipoprotein Structures

VII. The Interpretation of the Ultrastructural Patterns Observed in the Electron Microscope

VIII. The Structural Patterns Observed with the Electron Microscope and the Organization of the Living Cell

IX. Fundamental, Actual, and Future Technical Problems in Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues

References


7. Techniques for the Mass Isolation of Cellular Components

I. Introduction

II. Isolation Techniques with Aqueous Media

III. Isolation Techniques with Nonaqueous Media

IV. Interpretation of Results

References


8. Microphotometry with Visible Light

I. Introduction

II. Instruments

III. Alignment of the Instrument

IV. Measuring Technique

V. The Two-Wavelength Method

VI. Photometric Variables

VII. Testing the Instrument

VIII. Examples of Microphotometer Use

References


9. Ultraviolet Absorption Techniques

Part I

I. Introduction

II. Ultraviolet-Absorbing Compounds

III. Errors Caused by the Biological Specimen and the Microscope

IV. Radiation Damage

V. Methods of Measurement

Part II

VI. Radiation Sources

VII. Monochromators

VIII. Microscopes

IX. Photographic Recording

X. Photoelectric Recording

Part III

XI. Biological Results

XII. Conclusions

References


10. Historadiography

I. Introduction

II. Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays

III. Methods to Obtain Enlarged X-Ray Images

IV. Stereoscopic Techniques in X-Ray Microscopy

V. Properties of Photographic Emulsions with High Resolution

VI. Histochemical Elementary Analysis by X-Ray Absorption

VII. The X-Ray Method for Weighing Histo- and Cytological Structures

VIII. Qualitative Microradiography

IX. Microangiography

X. Preparation of the Biological Material for Historadiography and a Discussion of Errors

XI. A Short Discussion of the Relative Merits of X-Ray Methods and Their Future Outlook

References


11. Autoradiography at the Cellular Level

I. Introduction

II. Techniques for Autoradiography

III. Resolution and Quantitative Aspects

IV. Applications of Autoradiography to Cytochemistry

V. Prospects and Future Applications of High-Resolution Autoradiography

References


12. Manometric Techniques for Single Cells

I. Introduction

II. Capillary Respirometers

III. Cartesian Diver Respirometers

IV. Concluding Remarks

References


13. Microtomy

I. Introduction

II. The Specimen and Embedding

III. Microtomes

IV. Knives and Knife Sharpening

V. Measurement of Section Thickness as a Criterion of Over-All Performance

VI. Microscopic Resolution and Section Thickness

References

Author Index

Subject Index