Cartilage Tissue and Knee Joint Biomechanics

Fundamentals, Characterization and Modelling

1st Edition - September 5, 2023
Editors: Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi, Fulufhelo Nemavhola, Sabu Thomas, Hanna J. Maria
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 5 9 7 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 7 2 1 - 7

Cartilage, Tissue and Knee Joint Biomechanics: Fundamentals, Characterization and Modelling is a cutting-edge multidisciplinary book specifically focused on modeling, character… Read more

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Cartilage, Tissue and Knee Joint Biomechanics: Fundamentals, Characterization and Modelling is a cutting-edge multidisciplinary book specifically focused on modeling, characterization and related clinical aspects. The book takes a comprehensive approach towards mechanics, fundamentals, morphology and properties of Cartilage Tissue and Knee Joints. Leading researchers from health science, medical technologists, engineers, academics, government, and private research institutions across the globe have contributed to this book. This book is a very valuable resource for graduates and postgraduates, engineers and research scholars. The content also includes comprehensive real-world applications.

As a reference for the total knee arthroplasty, this book focuses deeply on existing related theories (including: histology, design, manufacturing and clinical aspects) to assist readers in solving fundamental and applied problems in biomechanical and biomaterials characterization, modeling and simulation of human cartilages and cells. For biomedical engineers dealing with implants and biomaterials for knee joint injuries, this book will guide you in learning the knee anatomy, range of motion, surgical procedures, physiological loading and boundary conditions, biomechanics of connective soft tissues, type of injuries, and more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Chapter 1. Principles of biomechanics and tissue regeneration
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept of tissue biomechanics
1.3 Dimensional model
1.4 Tissue degeneration
1.5 Tissue regeneration
References
Chapter 2. Histology and biomechanics of knee joint
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biomechanics—kinematics of the knee joint (tibiofemoral)
2.3 Biomechanics—locking mechanism of knee (tibiofemoral)
2.4 Biomechanics—kinetics of the knee joint (tibiofemoral)
2.5 Biomechanics—kinematics of the patellofemoral joint
2.6 Biomechanics—kinetics of the patellofemoral joint
2.7 Pathomechanics at knee joint
2.8 Summary
References
Chapter 3. Histology and biomechanics of cartilage
Abstract
3.1 Background
3.2 Cartilage histology
3.3 Cartilage biomechanics
3.4 Cartilage development and aging
3.5 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4. Cartilage tribology and friction coefficient
Abstract
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classical theories on cartilage lubrication and friction
4.3 Biphasic theory and interstitial fluid pressurization
4.4 Tribological rehydration and elastohydrodynamic lubrication of cartilage
4.5 Boundary lubrication mechanisms in cartilage
4.6 Future outlook on cartilage tribology: the importance of joint biomechanics
References
Chapter 5. Cell biology and pathology of cartilage and meniscus
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Articular cartilage
5.3 Meniscus
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Structure, function, and biomechanics of meniscus cartilage
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biomechanics of meniscus cartilage
6.3 Developed biomaterials to substitute meniscus cartilage
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Knee joint abnormalities and cartilage osteoarthritis
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Knee joint abnormalities
7.3 Knee pain
7.4 Factors increase the risk of having knee abnormalities
7.5 Treatment of knee abnormalities
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Molecular imaging techniques for the knee
Abstract
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nuclear medicine techniques and methodologies for knee joint component pathologies
8.3 Clinical applications of nuclear medicine techniques in knee joint pathologies
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9. Radiographic techniques for imaging knee joint
Abstract
9.1 Background
9.2 Knee trauma
9.3 Knee osteoarthritis disease
9.4 Osteochondral defects
9.5 Septic arthritis
9.6 Patellar dislocation
9.7 Cysts around the knee
9.8 Conclusion
Declaration
References
Chapter 10. Magnetic resonance imaging and biochemical markers of cartilage disease
Abstract
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Osteoarthritis
10.3 Advancement in osteoarthritis biomarker research
10.4 Osteoarthritis biomarkers: classifications
10.5 Magnetic resonance imaging markers
10.6 Biochemical markers
10.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Magnetic resonance imaging–based assessment of in vivo cartilage biomechanics
Abstract
Abbreviations
11.1 Magnetic resonance imaging–based assessment of in vivo knee cartilage biomechanics
11.2 MRI radiofrequency coils for cartilage assessment
11.3 MRI-based assessment of in vivo spine intervertebral disc biomechanics
11.4 Multiparameter assessment of IVD segments
11.5 Emerging methods and future outlook
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12. Compositional magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the evaluation of knee cartilage
Abstract
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biochemical properties of cartilage and compositional MRI
12.3 T2 mapping
12.4 T1rho mapping
12.5 Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 13. Ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging of knee joint components and correlation with biomechanics
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 UTE MRI assessment of mechanical properties of articular cartilage
13.3 UTE MRI assessment of mechanical properties of the meniscus
13.4 UTE MRI assessment of mechanical properties of ligaments
13.5 UTE MRI assessment of mechanical properties of tendons and entheses
13.6 UTE MRI assessment of mechanical properties of bone
13.7 UTE MRI assessment of knee joint deformation during mechanical loading
13.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14. 3D geometric analysis of the knee with magnetic resonance imaging
Abstract
14.1 Introduction to 3D geometric analysis of the knee
14.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
14.3 MRI of the knee
14.4 MRI sequences for knee
14.5 3D geometric analysis of the articular cartilage
14.6 3D geometric analysis of the knee bones
14.7 3D geometric analysis of the menisci
14.8 3D geometry of synovial joint
14.9 3D geometry of knee ligaments
14.10 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. 3D designing and imaging process of the human knee joint: a review
Abstract
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Anatomy of the knee joint
15.3 Medical imaging technique used in biomechanics
15.4 3D computational knee joint modeling
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of human knee joint
Abstract
Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methods
16.3 Applications of knee joint models
16.4 Expectations and challenges
16.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 17. 3D inverse finite element modeling
Abstract
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Inverse finite element modeling
17.3 Real-time monitoring technique
17.4 Inverse finite element modeling for human tissues
17.5 Inverse finite element modeling challenges
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Boltzmann lattice and off-lattice modeling
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Lattice Boltzmann method
18.3 The pseudopotential model
18.4 Biomechanics applications
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Constitutive models of cartilage tissue
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Cartilage structure and mechanical testing of cartilage
19.3 Constitutive laws for entire cartilage tissue
19.4 Constitutive laws of the extracellular matrix (solid phase)
19.5 Constitutive laws of the interstitial fluid and permeability
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20. Musculoskeletal modeling and biomechanics of the knee joint
Abstract
Abbreviations
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Anatomy of the knee joint
20.3 Musculoskeletal multibody dynamic modeling for the knee joint
20.4 Musculoskeletal finite element modeling for the knee joint
20.5 Conclusion and outlook
References
Chapter 21. In vivo models of human articular cartilage mechanosensitivity
Abstract
List of abbreviations
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Assessing in vivo cartilage mechanosensitivity
21.3 In vivo models of human articular cartilage mechanosensitivity
21.4 Applications of in vivo models of human articular cartilage mechanosensitivity in the context of joint disease
21.5 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter 22. A technical study on the design of electric bicycles: applications in intervention programs
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Motor
22.3 Controller
22.4 Battery
22.5 Transmission
22.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Cartilage and knee joint biomechanics
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Anatomy of the human knee joint
23.3 Overview of the knee joint biomechanics
23.4 Cartilage
23.5 Knee joint models
23.6 Articular cartilage models
23.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24. Mechanical principle of fracture fixations
Abstract
24.1 Strain theory and fracture stability
24.2 Orthopedic implants
24.3 Proximal tibia fractures
24.4 Patellar fractures
24.5 Distal femoral fractures
24.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25. Mechanical testing for cartilages
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Materials and devices
25.3 Methods
25.4 Results
25.5 Conclusions
Author statement
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 26. Development of three-dimensional printed biocompatible materials for cartilage replacement
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Three-dimensional printing strategies (additive manufacturing technology)
26.3 The importance of microstructure in the creation of complexity in acellular cartilaginous scaffolds
26.4 Controllable cellular distribution and the possibility to include biologically active ingredients for chondrogenesis: two aspects of cell-laden bioprinting cartilage
26.5 Biomaterials used in three-dimensional printing cartilage tissue engineering
26.6 Cell selection for reconstructions of auricular cartilage
26.7 The obstacles of three-dimensional printing in the field of tissue engineering
26.8 Polymeric-based designing of the scaffold structure
26.9 Vascularization
26.10 Cell seeding
26.11 Conclusion and implications for the future
References
Chapter 27. Development of 3D-printed biocompatible materials for tendons substitution
Abstract
Abbreviations
27.1 Background
27.2 Biocompatible materials
27.3 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 28. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels: cutting-edge platforms for cartilage tissue engineering
Abstract
Abbreviations
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Structure of the cartilage
28.3 Tensio-metric characters of the cartilage tissue
28.4 Treatment of cartilage injuries
28.5 Bioengineering of the cartilaginous tissue
28.6 Hydrogel polymeric scaffolds
28.7 Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
28.8 Conclusion and future outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Disclosure
References
Chapter 29. Development of 3D-printed biocompatible materials for meniscus substitution
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Meniscus anatomy and structure
29.3 Meniscus injury
29.4 Employed biomaterials
29.5 Properties of 3D-printed scaffold materials
29.6 These mechanisms are based on either of the below-mentioned methods
29.7 Conclusion and future trends
References
Chapter 30. Development of 3D-printed biocompatible materials for bone substitution
Abstract
30.1 Bone tissue
30.2 Function and composition of bone
30.3 Disease and damage of bone
30.4 Bone remodeling
30.5 Substitutes of bone
30.6 Bone tissue engineering
30.7 Polymers
30.8 Natural polymers
30.9 Synthetic polymers
30.10 Ceramics
30.11 Hydrogels
30.12 Techniques and methods for 3D-printed bone scaffold fabrication
30.13 Properties and challenges of biomaterials to 3D-printing scaffold for bone substitution
30.14 Applications of 3D printing for bone substitution
30.15 Conclusions
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 31. Advanced biocompatible polymers for cartilage tissue engineering
Abstract
Nomenclature
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Cartilage disease and injury
31.3 Current clinical treatments
31.4 Cartilage tissue engineering
31.5 Hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
31.6 3D bioprinted hydrogels
31.7 Polymer hydrogels for cartilage engineering
31.8 Simulation models of hydrogels
31.9 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 32. Biochemical and mechanical properties of polyethylene in total knee arthroplasty
Abstract
Abbreviations
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Chemical properties of UHMWPE
32.3 Mechanical properties of UHMWPE
32.4 Osteolysis in TKA
32.5 HXLPE
32.6 The role of VE as an antioxidant
32.7 The clinical performance of PE in TKA
32.8 Conclusion and future direction
Compliance with ethical standards
References
Chapter 33. Kinematics, kinetics, and forces of the knee joint during walking
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Knee joint kinematics
33.3 Knee joint kinetics
33.4 Muscles acting across the knee joint
33.5 Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation
References
Chapter 34. Coating materials for artificial knee joint components
Abstract
Nomenclature
34.1 Knee replacement
34.2 Stability assessment during total knee arthroplasty
34.3 Coating materials
34.4 Coating deposition methods
34.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 35. Biomechanical analysis of artificial knee joint components
Abstract
Abbreviations
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Human anatomy
35.3 Types of materials used in knee joint implants
35.4 Knee joint modeling studies
35.5 Biomechanical tests applied to knee implants
35.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 36. Biomechanical and bioelasticity analysis of the hypermobile knee
Abstract
Abbreviations
36.1 What is hypermobility?
36.2 Hypermobility is not uncommon
36.3 Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of the hypermobile knee
36.4 Bioelasticity analysis of the hypermobile knee
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 37. Biomechanical principles of exercise prescription in knee rehabilitation
Abstract
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Knee anatomy
37.3 Biomechanics of knee joints
37.4 Biomechanical consideration for exercise prescription in the rehabilitation of the tibiofemoral joint
37.5 Biomechanical consideration for exercise prescription in the rehabilitation of the patellofemoral joint
37.6 Clinical applications of open and closed kinetic chain exercises in knee rehabilitation
37.7 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 38. Recent trends for knee articular cartilage repair
Abstract
Abbrevations
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Current trends in cartilage repair
38.3 Future prospects
38.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 39. Surgical approaches to total knee arthroplasty
Abstract
Abbreviations
39.1 Standard approaches
39.2 Extensile approaches
References
Chapter 40. Frontier advances on biomechanical therapies
Abstract
Abbreviations
40.1 Introduction and background
40.2 What is biomechanical therapy?
40.3 Classification of biomechanics
40.4 History and ancient concept of biomechanical therapies
40.5 Frontiers in biomechanical therapy in knee joint
40.6 Biomechanics for pathology and treatment
40.7 Biomechanical modulation therapy—a stem cell therapy without stem cells for the treatment of severe ocular burns
40.8 Biomechanical stimulation therapy—an efficacious method for facial scleroderma with reduced oral aperture
40.9 Biomechanical therapy in cartilage tissue
40.10 In vivo lung biomechanical modeling for effective tumor motion tracking in external beam radiation therapy
40.11 Effects of spinal manipulative therapy biomechanical parameters on clinical and biomechanical outcomes of participants with chronic thoracic pain
40.12 Biomechanical therapy in osteoporosis
40.13 Patents in the area of biomechanical therapies and their advancements
40.14 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 41. Biomimetic composite scaffolds for meniscus repair: recent progress and future outlook
Abstract
Abbreviations
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Meniscus biology: an overview
41.3 Meniscus scaffolds available in the clinic
41.4 General considerations for biomimetic meniscus scaffolds
41.5 Materials for biomimetic meniscus scaffolds
41.6 Fabrication technologies for biomimetic meniscus scaffolds
41.7 Meniscus repair potential of biomimetic composite scaffolds
41.8 Cell-biomaterial interactions
41.9 Challenges and perspective
41.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 42. Life cycle analysis of knee joint replacement implants
Abstract
Abbreviations
42.1 Total product life cycle framework—FDA regulation
42.2 Product life cycle framework—EU regulation
42.3 Role of the consensus standards within the regulatory framework for knee joint replacements
42.4 The example of knee joint patellofemorotibial and femorotibial (uni-compartmental) metal/polymer porous-coated uncemented Prostheses (FDA Class II medical device)
42.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Index

Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi

Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi is currently an academic staff member at the University of South Africa (UNISA). He is also a PhD fellow at the Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DMIE), University of South Africa (UNISA), Johannesburg, South Africa. He graduated from Materials and Biomaterials Research Center, Iran (MSc) with a degree in Biomedical Engineering – Division of Biomaterials in 2017. He also graduated from Karaj Branch of Islamic Azad University, Iran (BSc) with a degree in Materials and Metallurgy Engineering – division of Industrial Metallurgy in 2012. As a research scholar, he has worked in polymer nanocomposites for tissue regeneration applications at International and Inter-University Center for Nano-science and Nano-technology (IIUCNN) in Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU),Kerala, India, in 2018. He also worked in magneto-metallic alloy nanoparticles at Nanotechnology Research Center at University of Zululand, South Africa as visiting research in 2017. In addition, he was a quality and safety engineer inspector while worked at Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Company (TUSROC) for a period of 5 years. His scientific research is in Metallurgy and Materials Design, Advanced Materials, Hydrogen Storage Materials, Nano-science and Nano-technology, Nanomedicine, Nanomaterials, Nanocomposites, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nano-Alloys, Magnetic Hyperthermia, Biomedical Science and Engineering, bio-materials, Biomechanics, Mechanics of Tissue, and Regenerative Medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Ph.D. Fellow, College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DMIE), Biomechanics Research Group (BMRG), University of South Africa, Central African Republic

Fulufhelo Nemavhola

Prof. Fulufhelo Nemavhola is a distinguished scholar renowned for his extensive expertise in biomechanics, computational mechanics, and medical device design. He has authored and co-authored over 80 accredited journal and conference papers. Prof. Nemavhola's research interests encompass soft tissue mechanics, medical device design, and the development of wearable sensor technologies for healthcare and sports applications. In addition to his academic achievements, he holds significant executive management experience within higher education institutions and currently leads research, innovation, and third-stream income efforts at DUT. He is dedicated to advancing research and technology solutions contributing to societal development, particularly in under-resourced environments.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Innovation, Research, and Engagement, Durban University of Technology (DUT), South Africa

Sabu Thomas

Sabu Thomas is a Senior Professor of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, and also Chairman of the TrEST Research Park, Trivandrum, India. He is known for his outstanding contributions in polymer science and nanotechnology.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor and Director, International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, India

Hanna J. Maria

Hanna J. Maria is a Senior Researcher at the School of Energy Materials and the International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, India. Her research focusses on natural rubber composites and their blends, thermoplastic composites, lignin, nanocellulose, bionanocomposites, nanocellulose, rubber-based composites and nanocomposites.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Researcher, Mahatma Gandhi University, India

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Cartilage Tissue and Knee Joint Biomechanics

Fundamentals, Characterization and Modelling

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi

Fulufhelo Nemavhola

Sabu Thomas

Hanna J. Maria