Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part I

1. Introduction (G.V. Chilingarian, S.J. Mazzullo, H.H. Rieke). Important, relatively new concepts. Traditional concepts: classification schemes. Reserve analysis of carbonate reservoirs. Reserve calculation methods. Fractured reservoir rocks and fractures. Relative permeability concepts. Prediction of overpressured formations in carbonate reservoirs. Appendices: Material balance equation. Application of petrography and statistics to the study of some petrophysical properties of carbonate reservoir rocks. 2. Carbonate Rock Classifications (S.J.Mazzullo, G.V. Chilingarian, H.J. Bissell). Classification of limestones. Classification of dolomites. Classification of dolomites of marine origin. 3. Depositional Models of Carbonate Reservoirs (S.J. Mazzullo, G.V. Chilingarian). Stratigraphic traps in carbonate rocks: a review. Depositional facies in marine carbonate rock reservoirs. Platform types. 4. Diagenesis and Origin of Porosity (S.J.Mazzullo, G.V. Chilingarian). Overview of concepts. Methods of diagenetic study. Porosity characteristics of carbonate sediments and rocks. Formation of secondary matrix porosity in limestones. Porosity in dolomites. Reservoir examples. 5. Carbonates as Hydrocarbon Source Rocks (R.J. Cordell). Characteristic lithologies of carbonate source beds. Depositional environments. Environmental interpretations from geochemistry. Diagenesis. Source-bed geochemistry. Maturation.Effects of clay minerals. Maturation examples. Migration mechanisms. Matching source with reservoir. 6. Pore Geometry of Carbonate Rocks and Capillary Pressure Curves (Basic Geologic Concepts) (R.L. Jodry). Classification of carbonate porosity. Capillary pressure curve interpretation. Interrelation between pore geometry and rock types. Application of pore geometry characteristics to exploration. Pore geometry of dolomites. 7. Interrelationships among Surface Area, Permeability, Porosity, Pore Size, and Residual Water Saturation (G.V. Chilingarian, J. Torabzadeh, H.H. Rieke, M. Metghalchi, S.J. Mazzullo). Theoretical and empirical equations relating porosity, permeability, and surface area. Statistical technique of determining specific surface area. Interrelationships among surface area, rock granulometric composition, porosity, permeability, and residual water saturation. 8. Permeability and Relative Permeability of Carbonate Reservoirs (M.M. Honarpour, G.V. Chilingarian, S.J. Mazzullo). Relationship between effective and absolute permeability. Permeability parallel to bedding versus permeability perpendicular to bedding. Effects of rockproperties on relative permeability. Effects of saturation history on relative permeability. Effects of temperature on relative permeability. Laboratory-measured relative permeability examples. Three-phase relative permeability of carbonate rocks. Empirical correlation. 9.Compressibility (G.V. Chilingarian, J. Torabzadeh, J.O. Robertson, H.H. Rieke, S.J. Mazzullo). Various loading conditions in rock compressibility measurement. Compressibility data for different porous media. Compressibility of clays. Compressibilities of fractured-cavernous carbonates. Compaction of carbonate rocks. 10. Fluid Flow through Carbonate Rock Systems (F. Samaniego, Heber Cinco Ley, G.C. Dominguez). Basic differences between the flow of fluids in carbonate rocks and sandstones. Rock-fluid properties. Basic flow equations for the flow of fluids. Flow through conventional sandstone-type reservoirs. Flow through naturally-fractured reservoirs. Radial flow of a constant-compressibility fluid. General fundamental flow equations for multiphase flow. Special problems on the flow of fluids in carbonate systems. Concluding remarks. Nomenclature. 11. Oil and Gas Reserve Estimation Methods (F. Samaniego, Heber Ginco Ley). Basic methods. Data required. Description of methods of estimation. Recovery factor. Summary. Nomenclature. 12. Simulation of Carbonate Reservoirs (G.C. Dominguez, F. Samaniego, G.V. Chilingarian). Review of fractured reservoir simulation models. Mathematical models. Remarks on numerical solutions. Data required in order to use a fractured reservoir simulator. Future of naturally fractured reservoir simulation. Nomenclature. 13. Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoirs (A.R. Hendrikson, R.L. Thomas, M.J. Economides). Acidizing chemicals and reactions. Types of acid. Acid reaction rates. Additives in acidizing. Testing methods. Acidizing techniques and treatment design. Acidizing techniques. Acid treatment design. References and Bibliography.