Carbon Isotope Techniques

Contributors

Preface

I Uses and Procedures for 14C


1 Introduction and Ordinary Counting as Currently Used

I. Introduction

II. Safety Precautions

III. Waste Disposal

References


2 Photosynthesis/Translocation Studies in Terrestrial Ecosystems

I. Introduction

II. Materials Required

III. Description of Procedures

IV. General Comments

References


3 Techniques for Examining the Carbon Relationships of Plant-Microbial Symbioses

I. Introduction

II. Materials and Procedures

III. Comments

References


4 Photosynthesis/Translocation: Aquatic

I. Introduction

II. Sources of 14C for Production Measurements

III· Sample Protocol for Measuring Phytoplankton Production

IV· Modification of the Protocol for Other Producers

V. Translocation Studies

VI. Comments

References


5 Microbe/Plant/Soil Interactions

I. Introduction

II. Materials Required

III. Analytical Procedures

IV. Amount of 14C Required

V. Use of 14C to Estimate Pool Sizes

References


6 Environmental Toxicology: Degradation of Herbicides

I. Introduction

II. Liquid Scintillation Counters

III. Imaging Proportional Counters

References


7 Aquatic Toxicology: Degradation of Organic Xenobiotics

I. Introduction

II. Materials Required

III. Description of Procedures

IV. Comments

References


8 Carbon Dating

I. Introduction

II. Requirements of Carbon Dating

III. Sources of Error, Correction Factors, and Pretreatments

IV. Materials for Carbon Dating

V. Pretreatment Procedures and Carbon Dating Measurements

VI. Calculating, Reporting, and Interpreting 14C Age

References


9 Bomb Carbon

I. Introduction

II. General and Specific Requirements

III. Suitability of Materials

IV. Field and Laboratory Procedures

V. Computations of Bomb 14C Results

References

II Uses and Procedures for 13C


10 Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios of Natural Materials: I. Sample Preparation and Mass Spectrometric Analysis

I. Introduction

II. Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

III. Units of Measurement and Their Relationships

IV. Stable Carbon Isotope Standards

V. Sample Preparation Techniques

VI. Prospects for the Future

References


11 Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios of Natural Materials: II. Atmospheric, Terrestrial, Marine, and Freshwater Environments

I. Introduction

II. Atmospheric Environment

III. Terrestrial Environment

IV. Marine Environment

V. Freshwater Environment

VI. Concluding Remarks

References


12 13C/12C Fractionation and Its Utility in Terrestrial Plant Studies

I. Introduction

II. Approaches and Methods—Sample Collection

III. Procedure

References


13 The Study of Diet and Trophic Relationships through Natural Abundance 13C

I. Introduction

II. Sources of Variability

III. Procedures

References


14 Tracer Studies with 13C-Enriched Substrates: Humans and Large Animals

I. Introduction

II. Materials Required

III. Procedures

IV. Comments

References

III Uses and Procedures for 11C


15 Intact Organism, Short-Term Studies Using 11C

I. Introduction

II. 11C Production and Use

III. Experimental Results Obtained by the 11C Technique

IV. Discussion

References

Index