SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Innovate. Sustain. Transform.
Save up to 30% on top Physical Sciences & Engineering titles!
Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics
- 2nd Edition - February 27, 2013
- Editors: Stanley Maloy, Kelly Hughes
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 7 4 9 8 4 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 6 1 5 6 - 9
The explosion of the field of genetics over the last decade, with the new technologies that have stimulated research, suggests that a new sort of reference work is needed to keep… Read more
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteThe explosion of the field of genetics over the last decade, with the new technologies that have stimulated research, suggests that a new sort of reference work is needed to keep pace with such a fast-moving and interdisciplinary field. Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set, builds on the foundation of the first edition by addressing many of the key subfields of genetics that were just in their infancy when the first edition was published. The currency and accessibility of this foundational content will be unrivalled, making this work useful for scientists and non-scientists alike.
Featuring relatively short entries on genetics topics written by experts in that topic, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides an effective way to quickly learn about any aspect of genetics, from Abortive Transduction to Zygotes. Adding to its utility, the work provides short entries that briefly define key terms, and a guide to additional reading and relevant websites for further study. Many of the entries include figures to explain difficult concepts. Key terms in related areas such as biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology are also included, and there are entries that describe historical figures in genetics, providing insights into their careers and discoveries.
Featuring relatively short entries on genetics topics written by experts in that topic, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides an effective way to quickly learn about any aspect of genetics, from Abortive Transduction to Zygotes. Adding to its utility, the work provides short entries that briefly define key terms, and a guide to additional reading and relevant websites for further study. Many of the entries include figures to explain difficult concepts. Key terms in related areas such as biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology are also included, and there are entries that describe historical figures in genetics, providing insights into their careers and discoveries.
- This 7-volume set represents a 25% expansion from the first edition, with over 1600 articles encompassing this burgeoning field
- Thoroughly up-to-date, with many new topics and subfields covered that were in their infancy or not inexistence at the time of the first edition. Timely coverage of emergent areas such as epigenetics, personalized genomic medicine, pharmacogenetics, and genetic enhancement technologies
- Interdisciplinary and global in its outlook, as befits the field of genetics
- Brief articles, written by experts in the field, which not only discuss, define, and explain key elements of the field, but also provide definition of key terms, suggestions for further reading, and biographical sketches of the key people in the history of genetics
Intended for university libraries, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, instructors, and clinicians in genetics, genomics, molecular biology, biotechnology, systems biology, structural biology, evolutionary biology, microbiology, and related life science areas, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and government and private consulting agencies in related fields
Editors-in-Chief
Section Editors
Preface
Brenner’s Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition
Permission Acknowledgments
A
Abortive Transduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Acentric Fragment
See also
Achondroplasia
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Acridines
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Acrocentric Chromosome
See also
Acrosome
See also
Active Site
See also
Adaptive Landscapes
Overview
Adaptive Landscapes as Described by Wright
Evolution on Rugged Adaptive Landscapes
Allele Frequency Landscapes
Maynard Smith’s (Protein) Sequence Space
Phenotypic Landscapes
Do Fitness Valleys Matter?
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Adaptive Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Adaptor Hypothesis
See also
Additive Genetic Variance
Variation and Its Components
Definition of the Additive Genetic Variance
The Correlation between Relatives
Evolutionary Considerations
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Adenine
See also
Adenocarcinomas
Introduction
Breast Adenocarcinoma
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Adenoma
See also
Further Reading
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Introduction
Molecular Organization
Homologs
Function
Pathology
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Adenosine Phosphates
See also
Adenoviruses
Introduction
Replication Cycle
Oncogenic Transformation
Adenovirus Transducing Vectors (Gene Therapy)
Adenovirus Genomics and Bioinformatics
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Adjacent/Alternate Disjunction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Advanced Glycation End-Products
End-Product Inhibition
Inhibitors of AGE Formation
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Advanced Intercross Lines
Introduction
Producing the AIL: The F2 Generation
Producing an AIL: The F3 and Subsequent Generations
Accumulation of Recombination Breakpoints in the AIL
Mapping Accuracy in an AIL
Variation in Allele Frequency and Recombination in AIL
The Phenotyped Population
Modified AIL Designs
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Aflatoxins
Background
Introduction
Natural Occurrence
Favorable Environmental Conditions
Analysis Techniques for AF Determination in Food and Food Products
Toxicity of AFs
Regulations on AFs
Reduction Techniques
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Aging, Genetics of
Introduction
Evolutionary Origins of Aging
Molecular Mechanisms of Aging
Aging in Model Genetic Systems
Modulation of Aging by Nutrient Response Pathways
Human Aging
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Agouti
See also
Agrobacterium
General Properties of Agrobacteria
Agrobacterium as Phytopathogen
Agrobacterium as Genetic Engineering Tool
Agrobacterium as Experimental System for Fundamental Cell Biology
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Agrobacterium and Ti Plasmids
Introduction
General Properties of Agrobacteria
Agrobacterium Ti Plasmid As Gene Vector for Plant Genetic Engineering
Agrobacterium Basic Research
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Alanine
See also
Albinism
Characteristics and History
Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Alcoholism
Clinical Findings
Findings from Animal Models
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Alignment Problem
Sequences
Alignment Is Important
Alignment Parameters
Alignment Methods
See also
References
Alkaptonuria
Introduction
HGD Gene
Metabolic Consequences of HGD Deficiency
Ochronosis
Clinical Manifestations
Therapy
Misdiagnosis of AKU
Animal Models
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Alkyltransferases
See also
Allele Frequency
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Alleles
See also
Further Reading
Allele Specificity
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Allelic Exclusion
See also
Allopatric
See also
Allostery
Introduction
Origins
Specific Examples
See also
Further Reading
Allotypes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Introduction
Gene, Protein, and Mutations
Pulmonary Disease
Pulmonary Disease in Heterozygotes
Liver Disease
Therapy
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Alpha-Complementation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Alpha-Fetoprotein
History
Gene Structure and Regulation
Protein Structure and Function
Clinical Significance
Future Considerations
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Alternation of Gene Expression
Introduction
Site-Specific Inversion and Alternation of Gene Expression
Reversible Insertion of IS Elements and Phase Variation of Gene Expression
Slipped-Strand Mispairing and Phase Variation of Gene Expression
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Alternative Splicing
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Amber Codon
See also
Glossary
Amber Mutation
See also
Amber Suppressors
See also
Further Reading
Ames, Bruce
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ames Test
Principle of the Test and Bacterial Strains Used
Specific Techniques: Plate Incorporation versus Preincubation Assay; Standard Ames versus Ames II
Photomutagenicity
The Metabolizing System: Rat Liver S9 Mix
Interpretation of Ames Test Data: Guidelines
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Amino Acids
Introduction
Sources and Uses of Amino Acids
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Amino Acid Substitution
See also
Amino Terminus
See also
Aminoacyl-tRNA
See also
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
See also
Aminopterin
See also
Glossary
Amniocentesis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Anagenesis
See also
References
Analogy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Anchor Locus
See also
Anchorage-Independent Growth
Introduction
Mesenchymal Cells
Epithelial Cells
Development, Cancer, and the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
Extracellular Matrix
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Androgenone
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Aneuploidy
Introduction
Causes and Consequences of Aneuploidy
Mosaicism
Somatic Aneuploidy and Multiple Outcomes
Partial Aneuploidy Reveals Critical Genes in Normal Development and Physiology
Proteins and Protein Complexes That Assure Proper Segregation of Chromosomes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Angiogenesis
Introduction
Tumor Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Annealing
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Anonymous Locus
See also
Antibiotic Resistance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Antibiotic-Resistance Mutants
Coumarins
Erythromycin
Fusidic Acid
Kasugamycin
Kirromycin
Quinolones
Rifampicin
Streptomycin
See also
Glossary
Antibody
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Anticodons
Transfer RNA
Code, Codons, and Codon Usage
The Anticodons
Fidelity
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Antigen
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Antigenic Variation
Introduction
Horizontal Sequence Transfer: Capsule Antigenic Variation in Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gene Conversion: Pilin Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription: Variant Surface Glycoprotein Coat Antigenic Variation in Trypanosomes
Random Mutation and Reassortment of Chromosome Segments: Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift in Influenza Viruses
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Antimutator
See also
Anti-Oncogenes
Introduction
Two-Hit Model
Human Genome Project and Disease Gene Identification
Epigenetic Inactivation
Tumor Suppressor Pathway Discovery Using Animal Models
Protein Products
Clinical Implications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Antiparallel
See also
Antisense DNA in Eukaryotes
Mode of Action of AS ONs
Modification of AS ONs
Delivery
Applications of AS ONs
RNA Interference Rivals Antisense Approaches
Clinical Trials
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Antisense RNA
Introduction
Bacterial Antisense RNAs
Eukaryotic Antisense RNAs
RNA-Encoded Antisense RNAs
Trans-Acting RNAs
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Antitermination Factors
Two Classes of Antitermination Mechanisms
Antitermination at a Single Site
Antitermination over Long Distances
Bacteriophage Antiterminators
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Antitermination Proteins
See also
AP Endonucleases
See also
Apomorphy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Apoptosis
Introduction
The Extrinsic Pathway
The Intrinsic Pathway
ER-Stimulated Apoptosis
Proteins That Inhibit Apoptosis
Autophagy
Overlap or Antagonism? Coordinate Roles for Apoptosis and Autophagy
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Aporepressors
See also
Arabidopsis thaliana: Molecular Systematics and Evolution
See also
Arabidopsis thaliana: The Premier Model Plant
Arabidopsis: A Useful Model Species for Plant Genetics
A Brief History of Arabidopsis Genetics
Arabidopsis: Incremental Assembly of a Highly Resolved Map of the Genome
The DNA Sequence-Based Map of the Arabidopsis Genome
Genome Sequencing: The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative
Arabidopsis and Plant Biology: Genome-Enabled Research
Arabidopsis and Linkages to the Applied Sciences
Useful Genes from Population Genetics
Continued Importance of Arabidopsis Research
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Arabinose
See also
Arachnodactyly
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Arber, Werner
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Archaea
The Cryptic Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms
The Biological Diversity of Archaea
Genomes of Archaea
Gene Expression
Natural Genetic Variation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Archaeal Flagella
Introduction
Distribution
Functions
Structure
Archaeal Flagella: Relationships to Bacterial Type IV Pili, Not Bacterial Flagella
Genetic Loci Involved in Archaeal Flagella Biosynthesis
Signal Peptide Removal
N-Linked Glycosylation of Flagellins
Model for Assembly of Archaeal Flagella
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Archaeal Genetics
Introduction
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Arginine
See also
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Introduction: Copy-Number Variation
aCGH Methodology
Applications of CGH
Limitations
Perspectives and Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Artificial Chromosomes, Yeast
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Artificial Selection
Expected Response to Selection
Changes in Gene Frequency
Long-Term Response
Changes in Correlated Traits
Selection Experiments
Examples
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ascobolus
Introduction
Biology
See also
References
Ascobolus immersus
See also
Further Reading
Ascus
See also
Asilomar Conference
Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules
See also
Further Reading
ASO (Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide)
See also
Asparagine
See also
Aspartic Acid
See also
Aspergillus nidulans
History
Growth and Reproduction
Genetic System
Genetic Resources
Research Areas
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Assortative Mating
See also
References
Assortment
See also
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Introduction
Features of Classical A-T
ATM Protein
ATM Mutations and Phenotypic Variation in A-T Patients
A-T-Like Disorder Caused by Mutation in the MRE11 Gene
Comparison with Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
Malignant Disease in A-T Patients
Cancer Risks of ATM Mutation Carriers in A-T Families
ATM Mutation in Sporadic Tumors
Other A-T-Like Neurological Disorders: Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1 and Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 2
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
See also
att Sites
See also
Attached X and Other Compound Chromosomes
Introduction
Viability Considerations
Meiotic Segregation in Compound-Bearing Flies
Construction of Compounds
Types of Compounds
Isochromosomes
Genetic Consequences of Compound Chromosomes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Attachment Sites
The Function and Structure of the att Site
Location of att Sites in the Host Chromosomes
Other att Sites
See also
Attenuation
See also
AUG Codons
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Autocrine/Paracrine
Introduction
Autocrine Activation of Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer
Paracrine Activation of Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer
Juxtacrine Activation of Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Autogenous Control
See also
Autoimmune Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Autonomous Controlling Element
See also
Autoradiography
Autoregulation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Autosomal Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Autosomal Codominant Inheritance
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Autosomes
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Auxotroph
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
B
Bacillus subtilis
Ecology and Significance
Sporulation
Quorum Sensing
Motility
Biofilms
Competence and Transformation
Model System for Research
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Backcross
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Back Mutation
See also
BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes)
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Bacteria
Characteristics of Bacteria
Diversity of Bacteria
Bacterial Genomes
Gene Transfer in Bacteria
See also
Further Reading
Bacterial Chemotaxis
Adaptive Locomotor Behaviors in Prokaryotes
Swimming and Gradient Tracking in Thermokinetic Hell
Methods for Observing Bacterial Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis Signaling Components and Pathways
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bacterial Genes
Perspectives on Defining Bacterial Genes
Gene Structure
Genes in Databases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bacterial Genetics
Mutations and Mutagenesis
Genetic Exchange
Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Mutants
Complementation Analysis
Portable Regions of Homology
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Bacterial Transformation
Considerations
Measures of Transformation
Importance of Competence and Transformation
Artificial Competence
Natural Competence
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Bacterial Variable Number Tandem Repeats
Bacterial Genomes
VNTR Loci
Frequency of VNTRs among Bacteria
VNTR Mutation Processes and Rates
VNTRs as a Subtyping Tool
The Phenotypic Impact of VNTR Variation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Bacteriocins
Introduction
Mechanisms of Action
Immunity
Bacteriocin Produced by Gram-Negative Bacteria
Bacteriocins Produced by Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteriocins Produced by Archaea
Ecological Significance of Bacteriocins
Applications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bacteriophage
Introduction
Morphology and Classification
Multiplication
Isolation
Growth Characteristics
Evolution
Research and Applications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bakers’ and Brewers’ Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Balanced Polymorphism
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
BALB/c Mouse
Synopsis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Basal Cell Carcinoma
See also
Glossary
Base Analog Mutagens
See also
Base Composition
See also
Base Pair
See also
Glossary
Base Pairing and Base Pair Substitution
See also
Further Reading
Base Substitution Mutations
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Bases
See also
Bateson, William
Early Career
Rediscovery of Mendel
Fight with the Biometricians
Chromosomes
Theories of Development
The Far-Seeing Controversialist
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Baur, Erwin
Youth, Education, and Scientific Career
Scientific Discoveries
Publications and Organizational Activities
Baur’s Role in Plant Breeding and Agricultural Politics
Baur and Eugenics
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Bayesian Analysis
Linkage Experiments
Microarray Experiments
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bcl-2 Gene Family
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
BCR/ABL Oncogene
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bead Theory
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Etiology
Genetic Testing
Genetic Counseling
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Behavioral Genetics
Introduction
Modern Behavioral Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Benzer, Seymour
See also
Beta (β)-Galactosidase
Introduction
Structure
Substrates and Assays
Metal Requirements
Catalytic Mechanism
Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Bidirectional Replication
See also
Relevant Websites
BIME, ERIC, REP, RIME, and Other Short Bacterial Repeated Elements
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Binomial Distribution
See also
Glossary
Biochemical Genetics
Introduction
Classical Biochemical Genetics: One Gene–One Enzyme Hypothesis
Targeted Biochemical Genetics
When a Negative Result Is Informative, Modern Biochemical Genetics
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Biofilms
Historical Perspective
The Process of Biofilm Formation
Components of a Biofilm
Biofilms in Human Infectious Diseases: The Parsek–Singh Criteria
The Role of Biofilms in Device-Related Infections
Decreased Susceptibility of Sessile Cells to Antibiotics and Disinfectants
Decreased Metabolic Activity and Slow Growth
Expression of Biofilm-Specific Resistance Genes
Restricted Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents
Presence of Persister Cells
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bioinformatics
Introduction
Tools
Internet
Databases
Application
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Biosynthesis
Updated Classical Genetic Approaches
Using Mutants to Identify Genes in Biosynthetic Pathways
Determining the Function and Order of Steps in Biosynthetic Pathways
Regulation of Biosynthesis
New Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Biotechnology
The Pedigree of Biotechnology
Biotechnology’s Contributions to Science and Society
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Blood Group Chimerism
Introduction
Naturally Occurring Blood Group Chimerism
Acquired Blood Group Chimerism
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Blood Group Systems
Introduction
Blood Group Antibodies
Structure of Blood Group Antigens
Function of Blood Group Antigens
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bloom’s Syndrome
Bloom’s Syndrome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Blunt-End Ligation
See also
Glossary
Bombay Blood Group
The Hh Blood Group System
Clinical Significance of Oh Phenotype
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bombyx mori
The Silkworm as a Genetic System
Cytogenetics and Synteny
Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination, and Dosage Compensation
Molecular Genetics and the Genome Sequence
Gene Regulation and Functional Genomics
Transgenesis and Biotechnology
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Bottleneck Effect
The Bottleneck Effect
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Boveri, Theodor and Marcella O’Grady-Boveri
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Brachydactyly
Isolated Brachydactyly
Other Complex Genetic Syndromes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Brachyury Locus
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Branch Migration
See also
Glossary
Brassicaceae, Molecular Systematics and Evolution Of
Introduction
Family Delimitation
Phylogenetics of the Family
Evolutionary Implications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Brassinosteroids
Introduction
Natural Occurrence and Chemical Diversity
Physiological Responses of Exogenously Applied Brassinosteroids
Hormonal Functions of Endogenous Brassinosteroids
Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Brassinosteroid Perception at the Cell Surface
Signaling Mechanism
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
BRCA1/BRCA2
Introduction
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes and Their Encoded Proteins
Genetics
BRCA1, BRCA2, and DNA Repair
BRCA1/BRCA2 Mutation and Cancer Outcome
New Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of BRCA1- and BRCA2-Associated Cancers
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Break–Copy, Break–Join
Pre-Watson–Crick Concepts
Post-Watson–Crick Concepts
Site-Specific Recombination
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Breast Cancer
Introduction
Genetic Factors
Breast Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis
High-Penetrance Genes
Genes of Moderate Effect
Susceptibility Alleles/GWAS
BRCA1/BRCA2 Pathological Features
Genetic Testing
Risk Assessment Tools
Treatment and Interventions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Breeding of Animals
See also
Brenner, Sydney
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Buoyant Density
Burbank, Luther
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Burkitt Lymphoma
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
C
C57BL/6
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
CAAT Box
See also
c-ABL Gene and Gene Product
Introduction
Gene Structure
Expression
Regulation
Growth Factor Signaling
Adhesion and Motility
Nuclear Roles
Immune System
Nervous System
Microbial Pathogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode)
Introduction
Life Cycle
Genetics and Genomics
The Nervous System
Experimental Malleability
Areas of Research
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cairns, John
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
cAMP and Cell Signaling
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Campbell Model
Introduction
Integration by Site-Specific Recombination
Integration by General Recombination
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cancer Genetics
Genetic Changes That Lead to Cancer Development
In Vitro Cancer Models
In Vivo Cancer Models
Cancer Gene Identification Using the Human Genome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cancer Susceptibility
Introduction
Familial Cancer Predisposition
Lower Penetrance Cancer Susceptibility Alleles
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Candidate Gene
Contexts in Which Candidate Genes Are Important
Identification of Candidate Genes
See also
Canine Genomics and Genetics
Origin of Domestication
Breeds and Population Structure
The Dog Genome Sequence
SNP Resources
Linkage Disequilibrium and Haplotype Structure
Causes of Genomic Variation
Disease Predisposition
Behavior
Morphology
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cap
See also
CAP (CRP)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Capsid
See also
Carcinogens
Ionizing Radiation
UV Radiation
Viruses
Chemicals
See also
Further Reading
CA Repeats
See also
Carrier
Introduction
Frequency
Detection
Prospects for the Future
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cassette Model
Control of Cell Specialization by the Mating-Type Locus
Cell Signaling between Mating Partners Turns On the Final Differentiation of a and α Cells
Mating-Type Interconversion and the Cassette Mechanism
See also
Further Reading
Castle, William E.
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Catabolite Gene Activator Protein
History of Catabolite Activator Protein Identification
Catabolite Activator Protein Structure
Transcription Activation by CAP
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Catabolite Repression
Catabolite Repression and Related Regulatory Phenomena
The PTS, a Sensory System Central in Bacterial Catabolite Repression
Enteric Bacteria: IIACrr, the cAMP·Crp Activator, and the crp Modulon
Low [G + C] Bacteria: HPr, the CcpA Repressor, and the cre Modulon
The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The Complex Interplay between Protein Kinases and Gene Regulators
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cattanach’s Translocation
Introduction
X-Inactivation versus Position-Effect Variegation
Inheritance
Cattanach’s Translocation as a Tool for Research
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
cDNA
See also
Relevant Websites
Cell Cycle
Introduction
Timing: A Cell-Cycle Clock
Coordination: Stopping and Starting the Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle in Health and Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cell Determination
See also
Cell Differentiation
See also
Further Reading
Cell Division Genetics
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cell Division in Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System for Cell Division
Genetic Approaches to Studying Cell Division in C. elegans
Recent Advances in Understanding Cell Division in C. elegans
Perspectives
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cell Lineage
Introduction
Overview of Biology of Cell Lineages
Genetics of Cell Lineage in Nematode C. elegans
Cell Lineages in Insects
Cell Lineage in Vertebrates
Cell Lineage in Plant Development
Evolution of Cell Lineages
Conclusions
See also
References
Cell Lines
Cell Line
Cell Culture and the Establishment of Cell Lines
Advantages of Cell Culture
Problem Areas
Conclusion
See also
Cell Markers: Green Fluorescent Protein
Origins of Green Fluorescent Protein
Cloning and Structure Determination of GFP
Color Change and Increased Brightness Mutants of GFP
Expressing GFP in Other Organisms
A Very Red-Shifted Fluorescent Protein
Photoactivatable and Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Single-Molecule Imaging with Fluorescent Proteins
In Vivo Imaging with GFP
Color-Coded Cellular Imaging In Vivo with Fluorescent Proteins
In Situ Labeling of Fluorescent Tumors with GFP in the Living Animal and Fluorescence-Guided Tumor Surgery
Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy of Fluorescent Protein-Expressing cells In Vivo
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cell/Neuron Degeneration
Introduction
Overview of Cell Death
C. elegans as a Model System for the Study of Cell Death
A Conserved Apoptotic Death Mechanism in C. elegans
Degenerins and Neurodegeneration in C. elegans
Other Cellular Insults Can Also Induce Necrotic-Like Cell Death, Suggesting a Common Response to Cell Injury
Genetic Requirements for Degeneration
Parallels between Neurodegenerative Cell Death in C. elegans and Higher Organisms: A Common Degenerative Death Mechanism
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Cenancestor
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Centimorgan (cM)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Centric Fusion
Centric Fusions from an Evolutionary Perspective
Centric Fusions from the Clinical Perspective
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Centrioles
See also
Centromere
Introduction
Sequence and Size
Centromere Proteins
Centromeric Chromatin
Neocentromeres: Unusual, Variant Centromeres
Artificial or Synthetic Centromeres
Inactivated Centromeres
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
C Genes
See also
Chain Initiation, Elongation, Termination, and Recycling
Introduction
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Recycling
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Character
See also
Character State
See also
Chargaff’s Rules
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chi Sequences
Discovery of Chi and Its Nucleotide Sequence
Genetic Properties of Chi
Interaction of Chi and RecBCD Enzyme
Distribution of Chi in the E. coli Chromosome
Similar Sites in Other Bacteria
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chiasma
Definition
Chiasma Formation
Chromosome Segregation in Meiosis I Depends on Chiasmata
Chiasma Maintenance and Resolution
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chimera
Use of Chimeras in the Analysis of Embryogenesis
Gene Targeting and Chimeras
Mosaics
See also
Further Reading
Chimeric Genes, Proteins
Evolution and Chimeric Proteins
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Linker Regions
Areas of Application
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
The Organism
Three Genetic Systems
Biogenesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus
Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus
Function and Assembly of the Flagellar Apparatus
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts and Chloroplast Genomes
Shared Coding and DNA Editing
Inheritance Mode
Variation among Species and DNA Barcoding
Variation within Species and Phylogeography
Genetic Transformation into the Chloroplast Genome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chloroplasts, Genetics of
Introduction
Evolutionary Origin of Chloroplasts and Their Relationship to Rhodoplasts and Cyanelles
Chloroplast Genomes
Dual Genetic Origin of Chloroplast Proteins
Variations on Genetic Code and Editing
Recombination of Chloroplast DNA and Transgenic Chloroplasts
Maternal Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Christmas Disease
Introduction
Factor IX (F9) Gene and Protein
Mutations in F9 Gene
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromatid
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Chromatid Interference
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chromatin
Composition
Higher Order Structure
Role of Chromatin in Nuclear Architecture
Transcriptionally Active Chromatin
Chromatin Modification
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromomeres
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromosomal Walking
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromosome
See also
Chromosome Banding
Definition and Historical Perspective
Karyotypes and Banding Levels
Functional and Structural Significance of Chromosome Bands
Applications of Chromosome Banding
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromosome Break
See also
Chromosome Bridge
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chromosome Dimer Resolution by Site-Specific Recombination
Introduction
The Xer System
Control of Chromosome Dimer Resolution: FtsK
Roles of Xer in Mobile Genetic Elements
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromosome Mapping
Historical Perspectives
From Gene Mapping Conferences to the Human Genome Project
Modern Developments in Linkage Mapping
Other Forms of Linkage (Syntenic) Analysis
Physical Mapping
Mapping Human Genetic Disease Genes
Comparative Mapping Studies
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Chromosome Movement
See also
Further Reading
Chromosome Number
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chromosome Painting
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Chromosome Pairing
Introduction
Historical Background
The Bouquet Stage
Initiation of Pairing
Genetic Aspects
See also
Further Reading
Chromosome Scaffold
Chromosome Scaffold and Chromatin Packaging
The Scaffold–Loop Model
Scaffold-Associated Proteins
Functions of the Major Scaffolding Proteins
Scaffold-Associated Regions
Functions of the Scaffold and Scaffolding Proteins
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Chromosome Structure
Introduction
Uninemy
Chromosomal Fibers
Chromosome Scaffolds
Chromatin Loops
Final Stages of Chromosome Condensation
Chromosome Periphery
See also
Circadian Rhythms
Introduction
Definition
Model Systems
The Nature of Clock Mutations
Neurospora as an Intensively Genetically Dissected System
Gene Homologues
Unicellular versus Multicellular Organisms
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Circular Linkage Map
Occurrence
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Circularly Permuted Proteins
Proposed Mechanisms
Hypothetical Roles
Detection
Artificial CPs
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cis-Acting Locus
Cis-Acting DNA Regions
Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Regions
Locus Control Regions
Enhancers and Silencers
Promoters
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cis-Acting Proteins
Classification of Cis-Acting Proteins
What Purpose Does Cis Action Serve?
How Is Cis Action Achieved?
Localizing Protein Synthesis to the Vicinity of Its Gene
Mechanisms That Limit Protein Diffusion and Thereby Enhance Cis Preference
Protein Instability
Sequestration of Protein
Multiple Binding Sites
More Cis-Acting Proteins?
See also
Further Reading
Cis-Dominance
See also
Cis–Trans Configurations
See also
Cistron
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Clade
See also
Cladistics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cladogenesis
Introduction
‘Tree of Life’ and Evolutionary Biology
Darwin’s Finches
Birth–Death Model
Our Clade
Anthropogenic Cladogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cladograms
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Class Switching
Classical Genetics (History, Mouse)
The Beginning of an Era: From Plants to Mice
The Missing Links
Revolution of Recombinant DNA
Climbing the Genetic Ladder
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Normal and Abnormal Lip and Palate Morphogenesis
Inheritance of Oral Clefts
Recurrence Risk
Prenatal Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and Palate
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Clever Mutant Isolation: Defining the Components of Cell Biological Processes
Protein Secretion, Gene Fusions, and Suppressor Mutations
Cell Division and Synthetic Lethal Mutations
Why Do Cytoplasmic Proteins Have No Disulfide Bonds?
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Clinical Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Clock Mutants
Introduction
Molecular Genetics of the Fly Clock
Mammalian Clockworks
Fungal and Bacterial Clocks
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Clone
See also
Cloned Organisms, Eukaryotic
Abnormalities of Cloned Animals
Uses of Animal Cloning
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cloning
Background and History
Nuclear Donor Cells
Recipient Cells
Cell Cycle Coordination
Culture of Reconstructed Embryos
Applications of SCNT
See also
Further Reading
Cloning Vectors
See also
Closed Reading Frame
See also
Coalescent
Introduction
The Ancestral Process – The Neutral Case
Robustness
Varying Population Size
Recombination
Selection
Population Subdivision
Approximations
Inference
Model-Based Analyses
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Coat Color Mutations, Animals
Background
Melanocyte Formation, Migration, and Proliferation
Mutations in Melanosome Biogenesis and Melanin Production
Pigment-Type Switching
Mutations in Melanin Transfer
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Coding Sequences
See also
Glossary
Coding Strand
See also
Codominance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Codons
See also
Codons, Invariable
See also
Codon Usage Bias
Introduction
Mutation Biases
Leading versus Lagging Strands
Intragenomic Regions
Fine-Scale Variations
Natural Selection
Applications
See also
Coevolution
Concepts of Coevolution
Methods of Studying Coevolution
Coevolution of Competing Species
Coevolution of Consumers and Victims
Costs of Adaptation
Pairwise and Diffuse Coevolution
Levels of Selection
Models of Consumer–Victim Coevolution
Evolution of Virulence
Evolution of Mutualism
Consequences of Coevolution
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cognate tRNAs
See also
Cohesive Ends
Introduction
Cohesive Ends in the Life Cycle of the Tailed Phages
Natural History of Phage Cohesive Ends
The Endonuclease Activity of Terminases
Another Class of Cohesive Ends
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Coincidence, Coefficient of
Introduction
Observations on the Coefficient of Coincidence
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cointegrate
Brief Definition
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Coisogenic Strain
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cold-Sensitive Mutant
See also
Cold Spot
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Col Factors
Introduction
Colicinogeny
Resistance to Colicins
Distribution of Col Factors
Colicin Invasion Dynamics
Colicin Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics
Colicin Plasmids
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Colinearity
The Nature of Gene–Protein Colinearity
Early History of the Colinearity Concept
Demonstration of Gene–Protein Colinearity
Beyond Colinearity
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Colony Hybridization
See also
Colony PCR
See also
Color Blindness
Red–Green Color Blindness – Deuteranopia and Protanopia
Nonhuman Primates
Tritanopia
Achromatopsia
Color Vision and Color Blindness in Nonprimate Mammals
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Colorectal Cancer
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Genetic Basis of Colon Cancer
Clinical Applications and Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Commaless Code
See also
Commensal
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Comparative Genomics
Definition and Development of Comparative Genomics
The Foundational Importance of Orthologous Protein Families
Comparing DNA Sequences Reveals the Molecular Basis of Individuality
Comparative Genomics Uncovers Novel Regulatory Mechanisms
Comparative Genomics Predicts an Organism’s Metabolic Capabilities
Integrated Comparative Genomic Approaches Enable Prediction of Gene Function
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Compartmentalization
Compartments Ensure Efficiency of Metabolic Processes
Compartmentalization Ensures Fidelity and Directionality of Transport
Maintenance of Compartmental Identity
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Compatibility Group
See also
Complementary DNA
See also
Glossary
Complementation
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Complementation Test
See also
Complement Loci
Overview
C1q and Lectins
Serine Proteases (Factor I, Factor D, C1r, C1s, MASP-1 and -2, C2, Factor B)
C3 and Relatives (C4 and C5)
Terminal Complement Components (C6–C9)
Regulators of Complement Activity (Complement Control Proteins: CR1, CR2, DAF, MCP, C4BP, Factor H)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Complex Locus
Complex Traits
Introduction
Analyzing Complex Traits
Experimental Approaches to Dissecting Complex Traits
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Concatemer
See also
Concatemer (Genomes)
See also
Concatenated Circles
See also
Concerted Evolution
Introduction
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Concerted Evolution
Concerted Evolution of Tandem Repeats
Concerted Evolution of Dispersed Repeats
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Concordance
See also
Conditional Alleles
See also
Glossary
Conditional Lethality
Conditional Lethality in Genetic Systems
Molecular Basis of Conditional Lethality
Temperature-Sensitive Mutants
Other Types of Conditional Lethal Mutants
Genetic Backgrounds Used for Conditional Lethality
Uses of Conditional Lethal Mutants
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Congenic Strain
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome)
Introduction
Enzymes Involved in Cortisol Biosynthesis
Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome
Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia (StAR/P450SCC Deficiency)
Hypertensive Form without Virilism (17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency)
Deficiency of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency)
Hypertensive Form of CAH with Virilism (11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency)
Antley–Bixler Syndrome (POR Deficiency)
Aldosterone Deficiency (Synthetase Deficiency)
See also
Relevant Websites
Congenital Conditions
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Conjugation
Conjugation Systems
Overview of Events in the Bacterial Conjugative Process
Grouped Requirements for Bacterial Conjugation
Natural Diversity of Bacterial Conjugative Systems
Being a Recipient
Historical Aspects
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Conjugative Transposons and Integrative and Conjugative Elements
Conjugative Transposons
Integrative and Conjugative Elements
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Conplastic
Introduction
Definition, Derivation, and Nomenclature of Conplastic Strains
Mouse Conplastic Strains
Rat Conplastic Strains
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Consanguinity
Introduction
Coefficient of Consanguinity
Autosomal Recessive Alleles
Challenge for Fundamental and Medical Research
Gene Copy Number Variation in Healthy Consanguineous Individuals
Gene Identification of Autosomal Recessive Diseases in Consanguineous Patients
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Consensus Sequences
Introduction
Searching for Sequence Motifs
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Conservation Genetics
Introduction
What Causes Extinctions?
Genetics in Conservation Biology
Genetic Consequences of Small Population Size
Loss of Genetic Diversity
Accumulation of New Deleterious Mutations
Genetic Deterioration in Captivity
Island Populations
Resolving Taxonomic Uncertainties
Use of Genetic Markers to Understand the Biology of Endangered Species
Methodology in Conservation Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Conservative Recombination
See also
Consomic
Introduction
Consomic Nomenclature
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Constant Regions
See also
Constitutive Expression
See also
Constitutive Mutations
See also
Glossary
Continuous Variation
See also
Contractile Ring
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Controlling Elements
First Report of Transposable Genetic Elements
Other Considerations
See also
Further Reading
Convergent Evolution
Introduction
Examples
Distinction from Related Phenomena
Theoretical Issues
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Conversion Gradient
Meiotic Gene Conversion
Gradient
Origin of the Gradient
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cooperativity
Introduction
Hemoglobin Loads and Unloads Oxygen over a Narrow Range of Oxygen Partial Pressures
Cooperativity Amplifies External Signals
Hill Equation Provides a Convenient Mathematical Expression for Cooperativity in Estimation and Modeling
Cooperativity May Enhance Positive or Negative Feedback in Genetic Switches
Cooperative Genetic Switches Regulate Gene Expression
Cooperativity Contributes to Cell Fate Decisions and Sharp Boundaries in Development
Cooperativity Reduces Sampling of Protein-Folding Configuration Space
Cooperativity May Positively Assist Raft Assembly in Plasma Membranes
Engineered Cooperativity Is Used in Synthetic Biology
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Coordinate Regulation
See also
Copy-Choice Hypothesis
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cordycepin
See also
Relevant Websites
Core Particle
See also
Corepressor
See also
Correlated Response
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Correns, Carl Erich
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cosmids
See also
Cotransformation
Dispersive Mechanisms
Genetic Mapping
Competent Population
Congression
See also
Counterselection
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Covarion Model of Molecular Evolution
Introduction
The Biochemical Basis for the Covarion Model
A Hidden Markov Model for Covarions
The Kimura Model
The Two Unobserved Parameters
Tests for the Covarion Model
Conclusion
See also
References
CpG Islands
Definition
Chromatin Structure of Unmethylated CGIs
Methylated CGIs
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Craniosynostosis, Genetics of
Introduction
Classification of Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis Syndromes
Mutations in Craniosynostosis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cre/loxP – Transgenics
Introduction
Cre/loxP Recombination
Removal of Selectable Marker Genes
Marker Recycling
Introduction of Point Mutations
Conditional Mutations or Knockouts
Gain of Function
Loss of Function
Chromosome Rearrangements
Deletions, Duplications, and Inversions
Translocations
Genomic Targeting of DNA
Modified Cre Proteins
Green Fluorescent Protein
Regulation by Steroids
See also
Further Reading
Crick, Francis Harry Compton
Key Concepts
Introduction
Crick as Biophysicist
Hemoglobin and DNA
Crick’s Career
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cri-du-chat Syndrome
Introduction
Physical Characteristics
Behavioral Characteristics
Management
Genetic Counseling
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cross
See also
Glossary
Crossing-Over
See also
Crossover Interference
Definition
Distance Dependence
Indicators of Interference
Indices of Interference
Mathematical Models for Interference
Two Pathways for Crossing Over
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Crossover Suppressor
See also
Further Reading
Crosstalk
Introduction
Metabolic Crosstalk
Complex Phenotypes Indicate Crosstalk
Uncovering Crosstalk with Suppressor Analysis
The Effects of Crosstalk on the Metabolic Network
Understanding Metabolic Crosstalk Facilitates Discovering Next-Level Paradigms
Metabolic Potential and Evolvability
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Crow, James F
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Crown Gall Tumors
Historical Background
Horizontal Transmission of T-DNA Genes
Activities of A. tumefaciens T-DNA Genes
Crown Gall Tumor Development
Spread and Control of Crown Gall Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
CRP
See also
Further Reading
Cruciform DNA
Introduction
Cruciform Extrusion and Stability In Vitro
Structure of a Cruciform and Its Similarity to a Holliday Junction
Detection Methods for Cruciform Structures In Vitro
Biological Roles of Cruciform DNA In Vivo
Cruciform Formation and Genomic Instability
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cryptic Satellite DNA
See also
Cryptic Splice Sites and Cryptic Splicing
Splicing Elements
Cryptic Splice Sites
Cryptic 5′Splice Site Activation
Newly Created De Novo 5′ Splice Sites
Cryptic 3′ Splice Site Activation
Newly Created De Novo 3′ Splice Sites
Detection of Cryptic Splicing
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
ct DNA
See also
CTP (Cytidine Triphosphate)
See also
Culture Collections
Introduction
The Functions Carried Out by the Culture Collections
Current Issues That Affect the Operations of Culture Collections
Importance of the General Collections in Genetic Analysis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cutis Laxa
Introduction
Autosomal Dominant Cutis Laxa
X-Linked Cutis Laxa
Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa
Differential Diagnosis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
C-Value Paradox
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
See also
Further Reading
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Discovery
CDK Protein Family
CDKs 1 and 2
CDKs Involved in Cell Cycle Regulation
CDK5
CDKs Involved in Transcription
CDK Regulation
Protein Degradation
CDK Dysfunction and Role in Disease
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Cysteine, Chemical Structure
See also
Cystic Fibrosis
Introduction
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
CFTR Genetics
Clinical Features
The Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cytogenetics
Clinical Cytogenetics
Comparative Cytogenetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Cytokinesis
See also
Cytoplasm
See also
Cytoplasmic Genes
See also
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
See also
Cytosine
See also
Glossary
Cytoskeleton
See also
Cytosol
See also
D
D-Amino Acids
Introduction
Physiology
Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Darlington, Cyril Dean
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Darwin, Charles
Introduction
The Life of Charles Darwin
Influences on Darwin and the Development of His Ideas
Experiences on the Voyage of the Beagle
The Work of the Geologist Charles Lyell
An Essay on Population by the Economist Thomas Malthus
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
The Major Ideas
The Argument for Natural Selection
Evidence Cited to Support the Idea of Evolution
The Response to On the Origin of Species
Philosophical Implications of Darwin’s Work
From Darwin to the ‘Evolutionary Synthesis’
Evolutionary Biology Today
See also
References
Further Reading
Databases, Sequenced Genomes
Introduction
Public Databases
Databases at Major Sequencing Centers
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Degenerate Code
See also
Degrees of Freedom
Introduction
Degrees of Freedom: How to Use
Degrees of Freedom and the Mean
Degrees of Freedom and the Hardy–Weinberg Law
Degrees of Freedom and R × C Contingency Tables
Degrees of Freedom and the Kinetic Energy of Atoms in Genetic Macromolecules
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Delbrück, Max
Delbrück, Max
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Deletion
See also
Deletion Mapping
See also
Relevant Website
Deletion Mapping, Mouse
Basic Information
Mapping Recessive Mutations: Pseudodominance and Complementation
Deletion Mapping of Codominant Genetic Markers
Deletion Complexes and High-Resolution Deletion/Functional Maps
See also
Further Reading
Deletion Mutation
See also
Demes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Denaturation (Proteins)
Introduction
Biological Consequences of Denaturation
Intrinsically Disordered or Unfolded Proteins
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Derepression
See also
Detoxification (SOD)
Developmental Genetics
See also
Developmental Genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans
Introduction
Genetic Dissection of C. elegans Development
Conclusions and Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
De Vries, Hugo
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
D’Herelle, Félix
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Dicentric Chromosome
See also
Dictyostelium
See also
Further Reading
Differential Segment
See also
DiGeorge Syndrome
Clinical Features Associated with DiGeorge Syndrome
Prevalence of Detection
Genetics of DiGeorge Syndrome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Diploidy
Introduction
Diploid and Haploid Phases in Life Cycles
Artificial Diploidy in Haploid Fungi
Bivalent Formation at Meiosis as a Criterion of Effective Diploidy
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Direct Repeats
See also
Directed Evolution
Evolution and the Central Dogma – DNA, RNA, Proteins
The Central Dogma and ‘Undirected’ Evolution
The Central Dogma and ‘Directed’ Evolution through Selections In Vitro
The Future of Directed Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Directed Mutation
See also
Discontinuous Replication
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Discordance
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Disjunction
See also
Disruptive Selection
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Distal
See also
Divergent Evolution
See also
Divergent Transcription
See also
D-Loop
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
DNA
See also
Further Reading
DNA Amplification In Vivo
DNA Amplification In Vivo
Engineering Amplification of Specific Genome Regions
Identification and Artificial Selection of Strains Containing Amplifications or Deletions
Biological Role of DNA Amplification
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
DNAase
See also
DNA-Binding Proteins
Introduction
DNA-Binding Domains
Protein–DNA Recognition
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Cloning
Definition
History
Cloning Objectives
Strategies of Molecular Cloning
Conclusions
See also
References
DNA Denaturation
See also
References
Further Reading
DNA Fingerprinting
Introduction
Brief History
Genetic Markers and Technology
Lineage Markers
New Markers
DNA Database
The Next Future
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Footprinting
Introduction
DNase I Footprinting
Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting
Footprinting with 1,10-Phenantroline-Copper
Potassium Permanganate Footprinting
Dimethyl Sulfate Footprinting
UV Laser Footprinting
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA, History Of
Introduction
Discovery
The Constitution of DNA
Changing Views on Biological Function
The Watson–Crick Structure
Confirming the Structure
DNA as Master Molecule
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Hybridization
DNA Hybridization Update
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Lesions
See also
DNA Ligases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Marker
See also
DNA Modification
See also
DNA Polymerase η (Eta)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Polymerases
Classification and Evolution of DNA Polymerases
Structure of DNA Polymerases
Enzymology of DNA Pols
Fidelity of DNA Pols
DNA Pols for DNA Replication
DNA Pols for DNA Repair
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Recombination
See also
Glossary
DNA Repair
Introduction
Mechanisms of DNA Repair
Defective DNA Repair and Human Disease
Repair of DNA Strand Breaks
Mouse Models for Defective DNA Repair and Other Cellular Responses to DNA Damage
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Repair Defects and Human Disease
Introduction
Types of DNA Repair
Relationships between DNA Repair and Human Hereditary Diseases
Other Genetic Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
DNA Replication
Importance of DNA Replication
The Replicon Model and the Problem of Origins
The Mechanism of DNA Replication
The Replication Fork and the Replisome
Regulation of DNA Replication
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Sequencing
See also
DNA Structure
Introduction
Historical Background
Structures
Analysis of Three-Dimensional Structure
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
DNA Supercoiling
DNA Topology
DNA Supercoiling
Mathematics of DNA Supercoiling
Enzymes That Regulate DNA Supercoiling: Topoisomerases
Physiological Regulation of DNA Supercoiling
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
DNA Synthesis
See also
Dobzhansky, Theodosius
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Dominance
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Dosage Compensation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Double-Minute (Chromosomes)
See also
Further Reading
Double-Strand Break Repair Model
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Downstream
Down Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Aspects of Down Syndrome
Cytogenetics: Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome, Translocation Down Syndrome, and Mosaicism
Recurrence of Down Syndrome in Families
Research
The Near Future for Down Syndrome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Drug Resistance
Antibiotic Resistance
Drug Resistance in Viruses
Fungal Drug Resistance
Parasitic Drug Resistance
Drug Resistance in Tumors
Health Consequences and Economic Impact
Molecular Mechanisms and Genetics
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Overview
The Dystrophin Gene
The Dystrophin Protein and the Dystrophin–Glycoprotein Complex
Clinical Features
Pathology
Inheritance, Counseling, and Prenatal Diagnosis
Animal Models of DMD
Treatment
Challenges in Gene and Cell Therapies
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Duffy Blood Groups
History
Biochemistry and Genetics
Antibodies
Clinical Significance
The Clinical Value of Duffy Genotyping
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Dulbecco, Renato
Indiana
California Institute of Technology
The Salk Institute
Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Return to the Salk
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Dunn, Leslie Clarence
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Duplication
See also
Glossary
Dwarfism
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Dwarfism, Mouse
Introduction
Mouse Mutants
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Dynamic Mutations
Introduction
Mechanisms of Repeat Expansion
Pathway from Repeat Expansion to Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Dysmorphology
Introduction
Dysmorphology as Diagnosis
Measuring Dysmorphology
Intersection of Dysmorphology and Developmental Biology
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Dystrophin
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
E
Early Genes (in Phage Genomes)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
EBNA
See also
Further Reading
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Introduction
X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: The Role of a Signaling Pathway (OMIM 305100)
Clouston’s Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: The Role of Structural Proteins (OMIM 129500)
Ectrodactyly–Ectodermal Dysplasia–Clefting Syndrome and the p63 gene: The Role of a Transcription Factor (OMIM 129900)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Editing and Proofreading in Translation
Introduction
Editing in Aminoacylation
Editing at Ribosome
See also
Effective Population Number
Census Size and Effective Size
Variance in Reproductive Success
Multiple Generations
Two Kinds of Effective Size
Overlapping Generations
Metapopulation Ne
The Ne/N Ratio
Estimating Ne
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Electron Microscopy of Biological Materials
Properties of Electron Microscopes
The Fruits of Biological EM
Fixation by freeze-substitution
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Electroporation
Elongation Factors: Translation
Factors Related to Aminoacyl-transfer RNA Binding in Bacteria
Factors Related to Translocation in Bacteria
Other Factors in Bacteria
Elongation Factors in Archaea and Eukaryotes
Genetics and Evolution of Elongation Factor Genes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Embryonic Development of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Introduction
Anatomy of the C. elegans Embryo
Timing of C. elegans Embryonic Development
Polarity and Establishment of the A/P Axis
Cytokinesis
Developmental Plasticity
Cell–Cell Interactions Define the Dorsoventral and the Left–Right Axes
Mechanisms Used to Generate Tissues and Organs
Cell Biology of Morphogenesis
Methods Used to Examine C. elegans Embryos
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Embryonic Development, Mouse
Early Embryonic Development Is Highly Plastic
Embryonic Differentiation and Postimplantation Development
See also
Embryonic Stem Cells
The Isolation and Properties of Embryonic Stem Cells
The Potential Exploitation of Pluripotence
Maintaining ES Cells in Culture
The Core Modulators of Pluripotence
The Epigenetic Regulation of ES Cells
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
End Labeling
See also
Endonucleases
See also
Endosymbiotic Theory
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Enhancers
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Enzymes
See also
References
Epidermal Growth Factor
Cell Biology of EGF
Clinical Application: Anti-EGF Therapy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Epigenetics
Introduction
Epigenetic Control in Eukaryotes
Epigenetic Control in Bacteria
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Episome
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Epistasis
Introduction
Biochemical Epistasis
Statistical Epistasis
Epistasis in Population Genetics
Future of Epistasis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Epstein–Barr Virus
Introduction
Viral Expression Phenotypes
Immune Responses
Disease Association
Further Reading
Equilibrium
Introduction
Mathematical Criteria
See also
Equilibrium Population
Populations in the Absence of Selection
Populations Undergoing Selection
Stationarity in Finite Populations
Applicability of Equilibrium Concepts
Applicability of This Type of Equilibrium Points
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
erbA and erbB in Human Cancer
erbA
erbB
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Error Catastrophe
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Escherichia coli
Introduction
E. coli and Its Life
How E. coli Became a Paradigm for Genetic Studies
Inheritance in E. coli
Current Genetic Studies in E. coli
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Ethics and Genetics
Introduction
Should Genetic Information Be Treated Differently from Other Medical Information?
Genetics and Privacy
Genetics and Medical Care
Nonmedical Use of Genetic Information
DTC Genetic Testing
Population Biobanks
Intellectual Property and Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ets Family
Introduction
Evolutionary Relatedness
Biological Importance
Regulation of Ets Transcription Factors
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Euchromatin
See also
Eukaryotes
See also
Eukaryotic Genes
See also
Eukaryotic Transcription Factors
Introduction
DNA Binding
Activation of Transcription
Repression of Transcription
Coactivators and Corepressors
Regulation of Transcription Factors
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Euploid
See also
Glossary
Evolution
Introduction: Descent with Modification and Darwinian Fitness
The Modern Theory: An Expanded Synthesis
Modes of Speciation
Mass Extinctions and Evo-Devo
Evolutionary Biology: A System of Theories
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Evolutionarily Stable Strategy
See also
References
Evolutionary Rate
Genotypic Change
Molecular Clock
Phenotypic Change
Is the Rate of Evolution Constant?
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Evolutionary Trees
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Evolution: Bacteria
Mutation: The Raw Material of Evolution
The Dynamics of Evolution
Parallelism and Chance
The Evolution of Evolvability
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Evolution: Eukaryotes
The Puzzle of Eukaryote Complexity
Eukaryotes: Archaeal Molecular Biology with Eubacterial Biochemistry
Endosymbiotic-Derived Organelles Are a Hallmark of Eukaryotic Cells
Mitochondrion or Phagocytosis First?
Were All Eukaryote Features Associated with a Single Transitional Event?
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Evolution of Altruism
The Paradox of Altruism
Individualist versus Collective Representations of Altruism
The Definitions of Altruism
The Conditions for the Evolution of Altruism
The Self-Recognition of Altruism
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Evolution of Gene Families
Genomic Complexity Increases by Gene Duplication
Three Main Ways of Gene Duplication
How Duplicated Genes Diverge?
Concerted Evolution via Genetic Exchange between Duplicated Gene Copies
Interplay between Gene Conversion and Natural Selection
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Evolution: Viruses
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
EWS
EWS Is Encoded by the Ewing’s Sarcoma Breakpoint Region 1
EWS Is Part of a Family of Genes Frequently Rearranged in Sarcoma and Leukemia and Predisposing to Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
EWS Plays a Role in Transcription and Posttranscriptional RNA Processing
EWS Functions in Recombination, Repair, and Cellular Longevity
Structure–Function Relationship of EWS
see also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Exchange
See also
Excision Repair
DNA Damage
General Comments on DNA Repair
Excision Repair in E. coli
Excision Repair in Mammalian Cells
See also
Further Reading
Exonucleases
See also
Expression Vector
See also
Expressivity
See also
F
F1 Generation
See also
F1 Hybrid
Introduction
Genetic Basis of F1 Hybrids
Production of F1 Hybrids in Plants and Animals
Advantages
Disadvantages
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
FAB Classification of Leukemia
Introduction
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukemias
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fabry Disease (α-Galactosidase A Deficiency)
Overview, Inheritance, and Frequency
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Molecular Genetics
Treatment
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
1-, 2-, 3-Factor Crosses
1-Factor Crosses
2-Factor Crosses
3-Factor Crosses
Tetrad Analysis
Variations on Mendel’s Rules
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Introduction
FH – Treatment and CHD Risk
FH Diagnosis Using Molecular Methods
Cascade Testing
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fanconi Anemia
General Description
Prognosis and Treatment
Genetic Basis, Prevalence, and Carrier Frequencies
Cellular Features
Molecular Basis
Animal Models of FA
Major Unanswered Questions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fate Map
See also
Favism
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
F-Duction
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Feline Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Female Carriers
Introduction
Pedigree Analysis
Pitfalls in Pedigree Analysis
Gonadal Mosaicism
Carrier Tests
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Feral
See also
Fertilization
Introduction
In Vitro Fertilization
See also
Fertilization, Mammalian
Introduction
Egg Development
Sperm Development
Eggs and Sperm in the Oviduct
Binding of Sperm to Unfertilized Eggs
The Acrosome Reaction
Penetration of the ZP by Sperm
Fusion of Sperm and Egg
Prevention of Polyspermy
Final Considerations
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Filamentous Bacteriophages
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Filial Generations
See also
Filter Hybridization
See also
First and Second Division Segregation
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization)
See also
Fisher, Ronald A.
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Fitness
Definition
Historical Overview
Components of Fitness: Inclusive Fitness
Adaptation, Adaptedness, and the Propensity Interpretation of Fitness
On Population Fitness
See also
References
Fix Genes
Introduction
Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation
The FixL–FixJ Regulatory Cascade
The FixK Transcriptional Regulator
The FixT Repressor
Variations in the Fix Regulatory Pathway
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fixation Probability
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Flagella
Number of the Flagellar Genes
Flagellar Gene Clusters
Gene Regulation for Peritrichous Flagella
Gene Regulation for Polar Flagella
Lateral Flagella
Substrate Specificity Switching
Multiple Genes for Flagellin
Perspective and Prospect for Future Research
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
FLI1 Oncogene
Characteristics of Transcription Factor Fli1
Fli1 Functions as a Proto-oncogene in ESFT
Role of Fli1 in Hematopoietic Cells
Role of Fli1 in Autoimmune Diseases
Impact of Fli1 on Endothelial Integrity
Role of Fli1 in Fibrosis
Impact of Fli1 Deficiency on the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Flower Development, Genetics of
Essentials of Flower Developmental Genetics
Floral Induction
Floral Meristem Formation
Flower Formation and Floral Organ Development
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Flp Site-Specific Recombination System
Flp Site-Specific Recombinase
The Biological Source of Flp and Its Functions
The Flp Active Site and Recombination Mechanism
Structures of Flp in Association with DNA in a Recombination Synapse
Half-of-the-Sites Activity; Holliday Junction Isomerization
Geometry, Topology, and Chirality of Recombination
Difference Topology
Chemistry and Stereochemistry of Flp Recombination
Extra Catalytic Roles of the Flp Active Site
Cryptic RNase Activities within the Flp Active Site
Applications of Flp in Basic Biology and Biotechnology
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Fluctuation Test
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
FMS Oncogene
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Foldback DNA
Follicular Lymphoma
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Symptoms
Pathogenesis
Pathology and Histological Diagnosis
Prognosis
Therapy
Clinical Management
Laboratory Assessment of Therapy Response: Analysis of Minimal Residual Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Footprinting
See also
Ford, Charles
See also
References
Forward Mutations
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Forward Mutation Tests
Forward Mutation Tests, Determining the Origin of Mutations
Using Forward Mutation Tests to Study How Mutations Are Produced
Descriptions of Useful Forward Mutation Tests
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fosmid
See also
Relevant Websites
Founder Effect
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Fragile Chromosome Sites
Introduction
Common Sites
Rare Fragile Sites
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fragile X Syndrome
Genetics and Inheritance
Clinical Features
Pathophysiology
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Frameshift Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Frequency-Dependent Selection
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Frequency-Dependent Selection as Expressed in the Rare Male Mating Advantages
See also
Further Reading
Fruiting Body
Why Do Myxobacteria Construct Fruiting Bodies?
Starvation Induces Production of Fruiting Bodies
Sensing the Starvation Signal
Starving Cells Construct FBs by Coordinating Their Movements and Communicating Their Positions to One Another
The Quiescent Myxospore
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Functional Genomics
See also
Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
Introduction
The ‘Classical’ Interpretation of the Theorem
The Modern Interpretation
The Biological Relevance of the Theorem
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Fungal Genetics
Introduction
Reproduction and Genetic Recombination in Fungi
Genes and Genomics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fungi
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Fusion Gene
Introduction
History
Current Uses
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Fusion Protein
Introduction
History
Uses of Fusion Proteins
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
G
G1
See also
G2
See also
Galactosemia
Introduction
Transferase-Deficiency Galactosemia
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Galton, Francis
Introduction
Heredity: Conceptual
Methods in Population Studies
Galton’s Influence
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Galton’s Law of Ancestral Heredity
Ancestral Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gametes
Animals
Variations in the Form of Gametes in Other Organisms
See also
Gametes, Mammalian
Introduction
Gametogenesis
Mammalian Gamete Diversity
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gametic Disequilibrium
Introduction
Measures of Gametic Disequilibrium
Haplotype Homozygosity as a Measure of Gametic Disequilibrium
Gametic Disequilibrium Is Not a Monotonic Function of Physical Length
Applications of Measurement of Gametic Disequilibrium
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gametogenesis
Introduction
Gametogenesis in Animals
Gametogenesis in Plants
Gametogenesis in Simple Eukaryotes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gamma Distribution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gastroenteropancreatic and Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms, Genetics of
Background
Origin of GEP and BP NENs
Mechanisms of Transformation
Molecular Analyses
Family Cancer Studies and Genetic Syndromes
Concluding Comments
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gaucher’s Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
G-Banding
See also
Gel Electrophoresis
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gene
See also
Gene Action
See also
Gene Amplification
See also
Relevant Website
Glossary
Gene and Operon Fusions
Introduction
Monitoring lac Gene Expression
LacZ as a Reporter
Transcriptional or Operon Fusions
Translational or Gene Fusions
Methods of Constructing Fusions
Uses of Fusions
Variations on a Theme
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Cassettes
Gene Cassettes and Integrons
Structure of Gene Cassettes
Cassette Movement
Cassettes Congregate in Integrons
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Conversion
Related Aberrant Segregation Ratios
Conversion Results in Nonreciprocal Recombination
Conversion Gradient
Aberrant Segregation and Crossing-Over
DSBs and Conversion
Conversion Initiated by Single-Strand Gaps?
Meiotic Conversion Separable from Crossing-Over
Other Occurrences of Conversion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Gene Dosage
See also
Gene Duplication
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Expression
Transcription
Translation
Posttranslation Steps in Gene Expression
See also
Gene Family
Origins and Examples
Tandem Families of Identical Genetic Elements
See also
Gene Flow
Introduction
Elaboration
Some Generalizations Concerning Gene Flow
Direct Measurement of Gene Flow
Inference from Genetic Data
Caveats Concerning the Relationship of Fst to Nm
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Frequency
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gene Insertion
Gene Interaction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gene Library
See also
Gene Mapping
The Detection of Recombination within Genes
Mapping by Recombination Frequency
The Use of Flanking Markers
Deletion Mapping
The Principle of Collinearity
See also
References
Gene Number
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gene Pool
Gene Pool and Natural Populations
Gene Pool, Supraspecific Grouping, and Plant Breeding
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Product
See also
Gene Rearrangement, Eukaryotic
The Genome Architecture of Ciliates
Genome Arrangement in Plants
Generation of Diversity in the Vertebrate Immune System
Karyotype Variability: Giardia
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Rearrangements, Prokaryotic
Stochastic Rearrangements
Developmentally Regulated Gene Rearrangements in Bacteria
See also
Further Reading
Gene Regulation
Introduction
Eukaryotic Gene Transcription
Enhancer cis-Acting Elements and Transcription Factors
Chromatin Modification and High-Order Chromatin Structure
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Silencing
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Substitution
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gene Therapy, Human
See also
References
Gene Trapping
Introduction
Enhancer Trapping
Exon Trapping
PolyA Trapping
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gene Trees
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetic Alzheimer’s Disease
Introduction
β-amyloid
APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2
APOE
Modifier or Risk Genes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Code
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Colonization
Genetic Colonizations Associated with Climate Change
Genetic Colonizations by Invading Species
Genetic Colonizations in Species with Metapopulations
Founder Effect
See also
Further Reading
Genetic Correlation
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetic Counseling
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Covariance
An Introduction to Genetic Covariance
Why Should the Molecular Biologist Care about Covariance?
The Relationship between Site-Specific Covariance and Molecular Structure
How Is Covariance Measured?
Covariance in RNA Molecules: A Success Story
Covariance in Proteins
Covariance of Full-Length Genes
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetic Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Distance
Commonly Used Distance Measures
Genetic Distance and Phylogenetic Trees
Evolutionary Relationships of Human Populations
Software
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Drift
Introduction
Example
Genetic Drift and Population Size
Bottleneck and Founder Effects
Minimal Viable Population Size
Genetic Drift and Gene Flow
Genetic Drift and Evolutionary Theory
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Engineering
See also
Genetic Enhancement Technologies
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Equilibrium
Introduction
Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
Mutation–Selection Balance
Overdominance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Homeostasis
What Is Homeostasis?
Populations as well as Individuals Can Be Homeostatic
Organisms May Achieve Homeostasis via Heterozygosity
Inbreeding Leads to Genetic Uniformity but Not Phenotypic Uniformity
Fluctuating Asymmetry Is Another Indicator of Poor Homeostasis
Increased Variability among Inbreds Has Practical Implications
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetic Load
Introduction – Definitions of a Genetic Load
The Mutational Load
The Segregational Load
The Substitutional Load
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetic Marker
See also
Genetic Material
See also
Genetic Migration
See also
Further Reading
Genetic Nomenclature, Bacteria
Nomenclature
Genotypes
Phenotype
Transposon Insertions
Chromosome Rearrangements
Strain Collections
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetics Nomenclature, Mouse
Background
Guidelines
Genes
Expressed Sequence Tags
Gene-Trap Loci
Mapped Genomic DNA Fragments
Chromosomal Anomalies
Mitochondrial Genes
Nuclear tRNA and rRNA Genes
MicroRNAs
Mutant Alleles
Mutant Phenotypes
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Spontaneous Mutations in Structural Genes
Induced Mutations in Structural Genes
Controversy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Ratios
See also
Genetic Recombination
Definitions
Genetic Mapping
Recombination and DNA Structure
DNA Repair by Recombination
Genome Engineering by Recombination
See also
Glossary
Genetic Redundancy
Introduction
Mechanisms of Genetic Redundancy
Genetic Interactions Provide an Experimental Framework for Genetic Redundancy
Genetic Redundancy as a Tool for Biology Discovery
See also
Further Reading
Genetics (as a Discipline)
Introduction
Transmission Genetics
Physiological Genetics
Population Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genetic Translation
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genetic Variation
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genome Analysis, YACs
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genome Organization
Introduction
Whole-Genome DNA Sequencing
Genomes of Bacteria
Genomes of Placental Mammals
Genomes of Fish, Plants, Yeasts, Ciliates, Crustaceans, and an Ant Species
Localized Repetitive DNA Sequences in Rats, Humans, and Flies
Organization of Centromeres in Fungi, Worms, Flies, and Humans
Organization of Telomeres in Humans, Ciliates, Yeasts, and Flies
Dispersed Transposable Sequences in Humans, Flies, Plants, Worms, Yeasts, and Bacteria
Gene Numbers in Bacteria, Yeasts, Worms, Flies, Plants, Fish, and Humans
Gene Families
Pseudogenes
Orphan Genes
Gene Sizes
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Genome Relationships: Maize and the Grass Model
See also
References
Genome Size
What Is Genome Size?
C-Value Paradox
Extragenic DNA
C-Value Enigma
Phenotypic Correlates of Genome Size: The Nucleotype
Evolution of Genome Size
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genomic Libraries
Introduction
Fragmentation
Vectors for Small Inserts
Vectors for Medium Inserts
Vectors for Large Inserts
Next-Generation Libraries
The Future of Genomic Libraries
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genomics
Introduction
DNA Sequencing and Genomics
Understanding Genomics
Whole-Genome Studies
Advantages of Genomics Research
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Genotoxic Stress
Introduction
Characteristics of Genotoxic agents
Types of Genetic Damage
DNA Mutation in Cancer
Mechanisms of Genetic Damage and Carcinogenesis
DNA Repair Mechanisms
Test Systems for GS Evaluation
DNA Damage and Human Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genotype
See also
Genotypic Frequency
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Genotyping (Subtyping) Bacteria
History of Genotyping
History of Bacterial Genotyping
Genotyping versus Subtyping
Molecular Methods
Data Analysis and Inferences
Future of Genotyping Bacteria
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Germ Cell
Overview
Germline Development
Meiosis
Gametogenesis
Imprinting in Germ Cells
Immortality and Totipotency
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Disease
History and Characterization
Epidemiology and Genetics
Clinical Course
Neuropathology
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Giemsa Banding, Mouse Chromosomes
See also
References
Further Reading
Gilbert, Walter
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gliomas
Introduction
Childhood Gliomas
Common Adult Gliomas
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Globin Genes, Human
Introduction
Hemoglobin Genes Are Organized in Clusters
Structure of Globin Genes and Their Clusters
How Globin Genes Are Regulated
How Human Hemoglobin Genes Evolved
Normal Variation of Structure of Globin Genes
Mutations of Globin Genes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase’s Role in Red Blood Cell Metabolism
G6PD: Biochemistry
G6PD Deficiency: Necessary But Not Sufficient Condition for Clinical Manifestations
Biochemical Evaluation of G6PD Deficiency
G6PD: Genetics
Molecular Diagnosis of G6PD Deficiency
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glutamic Acid
See also
Glutamine
See also
Glycine
See also
Glycolysis
The Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas Pathway
The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway
Nonglycolytic Energy Generation from Glucose
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Glycosylase Repair
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict
See also
Further Reading
Grasses, Synteny, Evolution, and Molecular Systematics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana
Introduction
A. thaliana as a Model for the Study of Gravitropism
Gravity Sensing and Signal Transduction
Signal Transmission to the Responding Zone
The Curvature Response
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Group Selection
The Origin of Group Selection
The Modern Theory of Group Selection
Group Adaptation
Summary and Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Growth Factor and Signaling Networks
Introduction
History and Background
GF and Cancer
EGFR
HER2
IGF
VEGF
GF and Stem Cells
Cross talk between GFR and Other Membrane-Bound Receptors
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
GT–AG Rule
See also
GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)
See also
Guanine
See also
Relevant Website
Gynogenone
See also
Gyrase
Introduction
Gyrase Reaction Mechanism
Drug Inhibition of Gyrase
DNA Replication
Chromosome Segregation
DNA Compaction
Transcription
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
H
H19 Locus
Introduction
Isolation and Characterization
Expression Profile
Genomic Imprinting
Biological Functions
Molecular Mechanisms of H19-Mediated Regulation
Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Infertility
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hadulins
See also
Reference
Hairpin
See also
Hairy Cell Leukemia
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Haldane, J. B. S.
Introduction
Population Genetics
Metastable Populations
Cost of Natural Selection
Human Genetics
India
Science and Ethics
Science Popularization
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Haldane–Muller Principle
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Handedness, Left/Right
Introduction
Molecular Handedness
Developmental Handedness
Behavioral Handedness
See also
Haploid Number
See also
Haploinsufficiency
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Haplotype
See also
Hardy–Weinberg Law
Introduction
Deriving Hardy–Weinberg Proportions
Importance of Hardy–Weinberg Proportions
Applications of the Hardy–Weinberg Law
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Harlequin Chromosomes
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heat Shock Proteins
Introduction
Twenty-Five Years from the Thermally Induced Puffs in Polythene Chromosome to the Chaperone
Molecular Chaperones
Heat Shock Response
Regulation of the Heat Shock Response
The World of ‘Stress Proteins’
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Helicases
Helicases Participate in All Aspects of Nucleic Acid Metabolism
Biochemical Properties of Helicases
Helicases Are Nucleic Acid-Dependent ATPases but Can Be Distinguished from Translocases
Helicases Are Classified into Superfamilies but Share Core Domains
Further Classification of Helicases
Studying the Mechanism of Action of Helicases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Helicobacter pylori
Background
Genetics of H. pylori
The Vacuolating Cytotoxin
cagA
oipA
Combinations of Virulence Factors
Evolution of H. pylori
Adaptive Evolution of H. pylori
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Helix-Turn-Helix Motif
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Helper Phages
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hematopoiesis
Introduction
Hematopoiesis – The ‘Hematopoietic Tree’
Hematopoiesis – The Hematopoietic ‘Niche’
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hemizygote
See also
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Pathophysiology
Molecular Basis
Clinical Practice
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hemophilia
Introduction
Population Genetics
Factor VIII Gene (F8)
Factor IX Gene (F9)
Factor VIII and Factor IX
Mutations Causing Hemophilia A
Mutations Causing Hemophilia B
Genotype–Phenotype Correlations
Mutational Heterogeneity and Its Relevance to Genetic Counseling
Treatment of Hemophilias A and B
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hereditary Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hereditary Neoplasia
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heritability
Introduction
Magnitude
Discrete Traits
Estimation
Uses and Possible Abuses
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hershey, Alfred
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heteroallele
Definition
Heteroallelic Complementation
Heteroallelic Recombination
History
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Heterochromatin
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heterochronic Mutation
Heterochronic Mutation
Developmental Timing in C. elegans
Molecular Analysis of Heterochronic Genes Led to the Discovery of MicroRNAs
Coordination of Developmental Time throughout the Organism
Developmental Timing Mutants in Other Organisms
Heterochronic Abnormalities in Humans
Relationship to Heterochrony
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heteroduplexes
Introduction
Natural Occurrence of Heteroduplex
Making Heteroduplex in the Laboratory
Mismatch Repair
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heterogenote
See also
Heterokaryon
See also
Heteropyknosis
See also
Heterosis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Heterotrimeric G Proteins
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Heterozygote and Heterozygosis
Alleles and Heterozygotes in Populations
Allelic Origins in a Heterozygote
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Phenotypic Effects of Alleles in Heterozygotes
Reproductive Fitness of Heterozygotes
Heterozygote Advantage
See also
Hfr
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hin/Gin-Mediated Site-Specific DNA Inversion
DNA Inversion Systems
DNA and Protein Requirements for DNA Inversion
Assembly of the Invertasome and DNA Cleavage
DNA Exchange by Subunit Rotation
Regulation of the Hin/Gin DNA Inversion Reaction
Current and Future Research
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hirschsprung’s Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Histidine
See also
Histidine Operon
The Histidine Biosynthetic Pathway
Origin and Evolution of the Histidine Genes
Organization of the Histidine Genes
Regulation of the Histidine Biosynthesis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Histocompatibility
See also
Histone Genes
Background
Organization
Transcriptional Control of Histone Genes
Posttranscriptional Control of Histone mRNA
Importance of Histone Gene Sequences for Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Nucleus
See also
Further Reading
Histones
See also
Hitchhiking Effect
See also
Further Reading
HIV Genetics
HIV Evolutionary Tree
HIV Mutagenesis and Evolutionary Genetics
Viral–Host Coevolution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Introduction
Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hogness Box
Introduction
Structures of the Hogness Box
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Holliday Junction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Holliday’s Model
See also
Further Reading
Relevant websites
Glossary
Holocentric Chromosomes
Introduction
Mitotic Behavior
Meiotic Behavior
Chromosome Rearrangements
Evolutionary Implications
Outstanding Questions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Holophyly
See also
Homeobox Genes
Structure of the Homeodomain
Classes of Homeobox Genes
Plant Homeobox Classes
Evolution
Function
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Homeotic Genes
See also
Homeotic Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Homogeneously Staining Regions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Homologs
See also
Homology
Introduction
Homology at the Taxon Level
Origin of Homologous Characters
Homology and Homoplasy at Different Levels of Organization
Independence of Different Homologues
Recognition and Testing of Homologues
Similarity Test
Conjunction Test
Congruence Test
Homology Issues in Molecular Genetics
Issues of Analysis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Homoplasy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Homozygosity
Homozygosity
Genomic Runs (Blocks) of Homozygosity Record Population History and Consanguinity
Homozygosity of the MHC, HLA Class II in Alloreactivity
Homozygosity of Immunoglobulin Allotypes and Natural Killer Functions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hordeum Species
Introduction
Origins and Phylogeny
Uses of Barley
Cytogenetics of Barley
Genetic Markers and Genetic Maps of Barley
Sequencing the Barley Genome
The Breeding of Barley
Pests and Diseases
Genetic Engineering of Barley
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Introduction
Frequency of Horizontal Transfer
Mechanisms of Horizontal Transfer
Detection of Horizontal Transfer
Trans-Domain Horizontal Transfer
Horizontal Gene Transfer between Eukaryotes
Significance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Host-Lethal Gene
See also
Host-Range Mutant
See also
Hot Spot of Recombination
Basic Properties of Meiotic Hot Spots
Molecular Basis of Meiotic Hot Spots
Hot Spots in Prokaryotes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hot Spots
See also
Housekeeping Gene
See also
Hox Genes
Introduction
Hox Gene Expression Pattern
Regulation of Hox Gene Expression in the Hindbrain
Epigenetic Regulation of Hox Expression
Hox Gene Function
Hox Genes and Human Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
HTLV-1
HTLV-1-Associated Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Human Chromosome Aberrations
Introduction
Numerical Chromosome Aberrations
Structural Chromosome Aberrations
Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Human Chromosomes
Human Chromosomes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Human Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Human Genome Project
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Human Mitochondrial Genetics and Evolution
Mitochondrial DNA: Characteristics
Molecular Variation in Human mtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography
Pseudo-Mitochondrial Genome
Phylogeny as a Tool for Data Quality Control
Human Population Considerations in Biomedicine
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Human Prion Diseases
Introduction
Clinical Syndrome in Genetic Prion Diseases
Epidemiology
Genes
Mutations
Diagnostic Principles
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Human Sex Reversal Loci
Introduction
Genes Implicated in Both 46,XY and 46,XX DSDs
Genes Implicated in 46,XY DSDs
Genes Implicated in 46,XX DSDs
Androgen-Related Genes Implicated in DSDs
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hunter Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Picture
Genetics and Epidemiology
Treatment
Future Perspectives
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Huntington’s Disease
Introduction
Epidemiology and Clinical Features
Genetics
Pathology
Pathological Mechanisms
Relationships with Other Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases
Treatment Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Huxley, Julian Sorell
Introduction
Family
Career
Research in Embryology
Huxley as Popularizer
The Evolutionary Synthesis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Huxley, Thomas Henry
See also
Hybrid
See also
Hybrid Dysgenesis
Introduction
Nonreciprocal Induction
Hybrid Dysgenesis in Nature
Hybrid Dysgenesis-Induced Sterility
Hybrid Dysgenesis in Taxa Other Than Drosophila
Evolutionary Implications and Genetic Engineering Applications
Mechanism of Nonreciprocal Induction
Evolutionary Implications
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Hybrid Sterility
What Is Hybrid Sterility?
Why Is Hybrid Sterility Important?
What Causes Hybrid Sterility?
What Causes Haldane’s Rule?
What Is the Mechanism for Hybrid Sterility?
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hybrid Sterility, Mouse
What Does the Mouse Contribute to Hybrid Sterility Studies?
Hybrid Sterility Loci and the Dobzhansky–Muller Model
Hybrid Sterility 1 Locus Encodes the Histone Methyltransferase, PRDM9
Large X-Effect and the Role of Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hybrid Vigor
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hybrid Zone, Mouse
What Is a Hybrid Zone?
Tension Zones
A Case Study: The House Mouse
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hybrid-Arrested Translation
See also
Hybridization
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hybridization, Organismal
Introduction
Hybridization Rates
Hybridization and Hybrid Zones
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hydatidiform Moles
Introduction
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
Imprinting in Hydatidiform Moles
Molar Tissue Coexisting with a Normal Fetus
Familial Recurrent Hydatidiform Moles
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Hyperchromicity
See also
Hypervariable Region
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
I
Ichthyosis
Introduction
Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis
Congenital Ichthyosis with Other Inheritance Patterns
Syndromic Ichthyoses
Discussion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Identity-by-Descent
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Idiogram
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
IGF2 Locus
The Biological Function of IGF2
Genomic Structure and Organization of the IGF2 Locus
The Regulatory Control of Genomic Imprinting
The IGF2 Locus and Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Igf2r Locus
The IGF2R Locus
Gene Nomenclature
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Illegitimate Recombination
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Imaginal Disks
General Overview
Developmental Origin and Larval Development of the Imaginal Disks
Cellular Structure of Imaginal Disks
Genetic Regulation of Imaginal Disk Development
Imaginal Disks as a Developmental Models of Epithelial Development and Biomedical Research
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Immunity: Phage, Plasmids, Transposons
See also
Immunogenetics
Introduction
Genetic Defects that Affect Lymphocyte Development or Function
Genetic Defects That Impact Development or Function of Phagocytic Cells
Defects in Cytokine Signaling
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Immunoglobin Superfamily
The Origins of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily
What Is an IgSF Domain?
How Did IgSF Domains Evolve?
What Are the Functions of IgSF Domains?
IgSF Domains and Immunity
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Immunological Tolerance
An Overview of Immunological Tolerance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Imprinting, Genomic
Developmental Consequences of Imprinting
Genetic Studies of Imprinting in the Mouse
Imprinting in Disease
Mechanism of Imprinting
Function and Evolution of Imprinting
See also
Further Reading
In Situ Hybridization
DNA Probes Used in FISH
Other Applications of FISH
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
In Vitro Evolution
Introduction
The History of In Vitro Evolution
In Vitro Evolution: Basic Insights
In Vitro Evolution: Applied Research
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
In Vitro Fertilization
The Early History of In Vitro Fertilization
IVF and Genetics Today
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
In Vitro Mutagenesis
Nonselective Mutagenesis
Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Primer-Directed Mutagenesis
Libraries of Mutations
Prospects
See also
Further Reading
In Vitro Packaging
See also
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
See also
Inbred Strain
Introduction
The Generation of Inbred Strains
See also
129 Inbred Strain
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Inbreeding Depression
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Incompatibility
See also
Incomplete Dominance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Incross
See also
Indel
See also
Independent Assortment
See also
Independent Segregation
See also
Inducer
See also
Induction of Prophage
See also
Induction of Transcription
History and General Principles
The Example of the lac Operon
Some Other Inducible Systems
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Infertility
Introduction
Genetic Infertility: Problems with Egg and Sperm Production
Infertility Associated with Reproductive Tract Abnormalities
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Influenza
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Influenza Virus
See also
Relevant Websites
Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Inherited Rickets in Humans and Domestic Animals
Background
Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism
Renal Tubular Defects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Initiation Factors
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Insertion Sequences
Discovery
General Structure
Occurrence and Variety
Role of ISs in Gene Transfer and Expression
ISs as Part of Transposons
IS Ends: Terminal IRs
IS Ends: Terminal Secondary Structures
Tpases: Domain Structure and Catalytic Site
Transposition Strategies
Target Specificity
Control of Transposition Activity
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Insulinoma
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Integrase
Integrase
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Integrase Family of Site-Specific Recombinases
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Integration
Integrons
Many Different Classes of Integrons
Integrons Capture Gene Cassettes
The Recombination System
Expression of Cassette-Associated Genes
Class 1 Integrons: A Special Case
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Intelligence and the ‘Intelligence Quotient’
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Intelligent Design
Introduction
The Argument of Design
The Bacterial Flagellum
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Intercross
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Interference, Genetic
See also
Interphase
See also
Intersex
See also
Further Reading
Interspecific, Intraspecific Cross
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Intervening Sequence
See also
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
New Look at Protein Structure and Function
Brief Structural Classification of IDPs
Amino Acid Determinants of Intrinsic Disorder
Abundance of Intrinsic Disorder
Biological Functions of IDPs
Functional Disorder-to-Order Transitions
Fuzzy Complexes and Binding Staccato
Modification of IDP Function via Posttranslational Modifications
Intrinsic Disorder and Alternative Splicing
IDPs and Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Intron Homing
Overview of Mobile Introns
Group I Introns: Intron Homing
HE Genes
Group II Introns: Retrohoming
Intron Mobility by Reverse Splicing and Retrotransposition
Applications and Biotechnology
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Introns and Exons
Diversity and Distribution
Role in Gene Expression
Mutation and Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Inversion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Inverted Repeats
See also
Glossary
Inverted Terminal Repeats
See also
Isochromosome
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Isolation by Distance
See also
Further Reading
Isoleucine, Chemical Structure
See also
Isomerization (of Holliday Junctions)
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Isotype
J
Jacob, François
Introduction
One of the Main Founders of Bacterial Genetics
The Later Work of François Jacob
Some Characteristics of François Jacob’s Work
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Jukes–Cantor Correction
Jukes–Cantor Correction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Junk DNA
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
K
Karyotype
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
kb (Kilobase)
See also
α-Ketoacids
Introduction
Structure and Biochemistry
Physiology
Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Kimura Corrections
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Kimura, Motoo
Introduction
The Life of the Pioneering Scientist
The Selectionist–Neutralist Controversy
Kimura’s Dream: The Four-Step Scenario
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Kin Selection
Introduction
Kin Selection Optimizes Inclusive Fitness
Kin Selection and Social Behaviors
How Does Kin Selection Operate in Nature?
General Application of Kin Selection
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Kin Selection: Hamilton’s Theory
Exploitation and Cooperation
Kin Selection
Hamilton’s Rule and the Social Insects
Multilevel Selection
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Kinases (Protein Kinases)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Kinetochore
Introduction
Structure
DNA Composition of Kinetochore-Associated Chromatin
Centromere-Associated Proteins
Role in Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Klinefelter Syndrome
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Knockout
See also
Khorana, Har Gobind
See also
Further Reading
Koelreuter, Joseph Gottlieb
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Kornberg, Arthur
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Kuru
Kuru
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
L
lac Mutants
See also
lac Operon
See also
Lactose
See also
Lagging Strand
See also
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste
Life and Career
Theory of Evolution
The Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Lamarckism
J.-B. Lamarck (1744–1829)
Nineteenth- to Early Twentieth-Century Lamarckism
Late Twentieth- to Early Twenty-First-Century Lamarckian Perspective
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Lampbrush Chromosomes
Evidence for the Read-Through Hypothesis for LBCs
Other Questions We Should Ask about Lampbrushes
See also
Glossary
Relevant Websites
Late Genes
Definition
Cascade of Viral Gene Expression and Regulation
Function
Late Gene Positions and Arrangements within the Viral Genome
Late Gene Promoters
Mechanisms Coupling Viral DNA Replication and Late Gene Transcription
‘Late’ Genes in RNA Viruses
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lateral Signaling
Lateral Inhibition/Lateral Specification
Classic Studies of Bristle Patterning Suggested the Existence of Lateral Specification
LIN-12/Notch Signaling Mediates Lateral Specification
The Importance of Feedback Mechanisms in Lateral Specification
LIN-12/Notch Signal Transduction
Biased Lateral Signaling: Modulation of LIN-12/Notch
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Leader Peptide
See also
Leader Sequence
Transcription in Bacteria
Translation in Bacteria
Translation in Eukaryotes
Transcription and Translation of Viral mRNAs
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Leading Strand
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
DNA Polymerases Replicate DNA in the 5′ to 3′ Direction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Least Squares
See also
Lederberg, Joshua
Introduction
Lederberg’s Early Life and Education
Focusing on Microbial Genetics
Exobiology and Studies on Biological Weapons
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Leguminosae
Introduction
Origin and Domestication of Legumes
Phylogeny and Evolution in Legumes
Cytogenetics of Legumes
Legumes: Functional Genomics to Molecular Breeding
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lejeune, Jérôme
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome
Introduction
Etiology
Clinical Description
Epidemiology
Diagnostic
Genetics
Genetic Counseling
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lethal Locus
See also
Lethal Mutation
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Leucine
Leukemia
Introduction
Diagnosis
Therapy
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Leukemia, Acute
Introduction
Acute Myeloid Leukemias
Lymphoblastic Leukemias
Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Leukemia, Chronic
Normal Hematopoiesis
Chronic Leukemias of the Lymphoid Lineage
Chronic Leukemias of the Myeloid Lineage
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Levan, Albert
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lewis, Edward B.
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Library
See also
LIM-domain Proteins
Introduction
Classifications of LIM Domains and LIM Domain Proteins
Structures of LIM Domains
Mechanisms of Action
Group 1 LIM Proteins
Group 2 and 3 LIM Proteins
Group 4 LIM Proteins
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Line
Introduction
The Human LINE-1 Retrotransposon
LINE-1 Replication and the Mechanism of Target-Primed Reverse Transcription
Potential Beneficial Effects of LINE-1 Activity
Host-Encoded Mechanisms of Defense against LINE-1 Retrotransposition
LINE-1-Mediated Genome Manipulation in Vertebrates
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Linkage
Introduction
Detection of Linkage
Linkage to a Centromere
Linkage Maps
Linkage in Prokaryotes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Linkage Disequilibrium
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Linkage Group
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Linkage Map
Introduction
Construction of Linkage Maps
Composite Linkage Maps
Utilizing Human Linkage Maps
Integration of Human Linkage Maps with Genes and Physical Maps
Utilizing Mouse Linkage Maps
Using Linkage Maps for Defining Homology Relationships
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Linker DNA
See also
Lipomas and Leiomyomas
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Little, Clarence Cook
See also
Further Reading
Relevant websites
LMO Family of LIM-Only Genes
Discovery of the LIM-Only Genes
The LIM-Only Gene Family and Proteins
LIM-Only Protein Structures
LMO Proteins Function as Transcriptional Regulators in Development
LMO Proteins and Cancer
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Locus
See also
Glossary
LOD Score
See also
Long-Period Interspersion
See also
Long Terminal Repeats
See also
Glossary
Loss of Heterozygosity
Genetic Alterations and Tumorigenesis
Sources of Heterozygosity and their Detection
LOH and the Location of Tumor Suppressor Genes
LOH Analysis and Clinical Research
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lotus japonicus: A Model Plant for the Legume Family
The Model Plant Features
Symbiosis
Genetics of Symbiotic Pathways
Translational Genetics and Genomics
Genome and Proteome Resources
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lung Cancer, Chromosome Studies
Introduction
Cytogenetic Analysis
Common Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Lung Cancer
Clinical Relevance of Chromosomal Abnormalities
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Luria–Delbrück Experiment
Luria–Delbrück Experiment
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Luria, Salvador
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lutheran Blood Groups
Introduction
The Lutheran Gene (BCAM) and the Lutheran Glycoproteins (CD239)
The Lutheran Antigens
Lutheran Deficiency Phenotypes
Lutheran Antibodies
Functional Aspects of the Lutheran Glycoproteins
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lysenko, T. D./Lysenkoism
Lysenko
Lysenkoism
Soviet Genetics and Politics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lysine
Lysis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Lysogeny
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Lysozyme
See also
Further Reading
M
Macronuclear Development, Ciliates
Conjugation
DNA Rearrangements during Macronuclear Differentiation
The Control of Macronuclear Differentiation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Macronucleus, Ciliates
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mammalian Genetics (Mouse Genetics)
Mice Are the Ideal Mammalian Model Organism
Beyond Genetic Similarities: Mice as Ideal Genetic Model Organisms
High-Resolution Genetic Maps
Mapping of New Mutations
Loss of Function of a Gene through Homologous Recombination
Conditional Deletion of a Gene Can Overcome Early Lethality
From LoF to GoF: A Necessary Step to Verify the Function of a Gene
Analyzing Gene Networks through Mutagenesis and Expression Profiles
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Map Distance, Unit
See also
Glossary
Map Expansion
Introduction
Explanations for Map Expansion
Misuse of ‘Map Expansion’
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mapping Function
Haldane’s Mapping Functions
Haldane’s No-Interference Function
Haldane’s Interference Function
Other Mapping Functions
Circular Functions
Functions and Chromosomes
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Mapping Panel
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Marfan Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevalence
Cause
Management
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Marker
See also
Glossary
Marker Effect
See also
Glossary
Marker Rescue
See also
Masked mRNA
See also
Maternal Effect
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Maternal Inheritance
What Is Maternally Inherited?
How Is It Inherited?
Maternal Inheritance versus Maternal Effects
Evolutionary Consequences of Maternal Inheritance
Medical Implications of Maternal Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Mating Types
See also
Mating-Type Genes and Their Switching in Yeasts
The Homothallism Phenomenon of Yeast
The Pattern of Switching in Cell Pedigrees Is Highly Regulated
Site-Specific DNA Transposition Mechanism of Cell-Type Switching
The DSB Initiates MAT/mat1 Gene Transposition
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Maximum Likelihood
Maximum Likelihood Estimator
Hypothesis Testing Using Maximum Likelihood
Profile Likelihood
Application to Linkage Analysis
Application to Population-Based Genetic Association Studies
Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Analysis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
MC29 Avian Myelocytomatosis Virus
MC29 Avian Myelocytomatosis Virus
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
McClintock, Barbara
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Medicago truncatula
Medicago truncatula: A Model Legume
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Meiosis
Why Meiosis?
Initiation of Meiosis
Meiotic Cell Division
Evolution of Meiosis
Meiosis in Mammals
Meiotic Errors
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Meiotic Drive, Mouse
Mouse t Haplotypes
Other Examples of Meiotic Drive
Deviation from Mendelian Inheritance
See also
Glossary
Meiotic Product
See also
Melanoma, Cytogenetic Studies
General Overview of Cytogenetic Abnormalities Detected in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
Differences in Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings among Various Types of Cutaneous Melanoma
Cytogenetic Findings in Intraocular Uveal Melanoma
Clinical Usefulness of Cytogenetics in Melanoma
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Melting Temperature (Tm)
See also
Mendel, Gregor
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mendelian Genetics
See also
Mendelian Inheritance
See also
Mendelian Population
See also
Mendelian Ratio
See also
Mendel’s Laws
Introduction
Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics
Influences on Mendel
Mendel’s Early Life
Mendel’s Paper
Choosing Traits to Follow
The First Generation from the Hybrids, and Beyond
Tracking More Than One Trait
Mendel’s Conclusions
Mendel Is Ignored, Then Rediscovered
Influences on Mendelian Ratios
A Molecular View of the Traits Mendel Studied
Mendel’s Laws Today
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Meselson–Radding Model
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Meselson–Stahl Experiment
See also
Glossary
Messenger RNA
The Genetic Code
Transcription
Processing of the Transcribed RNA
mRNA Binding to Ribosomes
Reading Frame and Usage of the Genetic Code
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
MET
Discovery of MET and Its Ligand, HGF
MET Signaling Transduction Regulated by Down-Streamed Adaptor Molecules
Organogenesis and Tissue Homeostasis via Endogenous HGF–MET Pathway
Gain of MET Function by HGF for Regeneration Therapy
Loss of MET Function by HGF Antagonists for Antitumor Therapy
Summary and Perspective
Further Reading
Glossary
Metabolic Disorders, Mutants
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Metacentric Chromosome
See also
Glossary
Metagenomics
Samples
DNA/RNA Isolation
Sequencing
Special Cases
Data Analysis
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Methionine
See also
Metric, Manhattan
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Metric, Ultra
See also
Further Reading
Metrics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
MIC and MIC-M Classifications of Leukemia
See also
Microarrays
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Microbial Genetics
The Power of Microbial Genetics
The Activities of Microbial Genetics
Genetics Beyond E. coli
Mutagenesis and Phenotype
Mapping
Complementation
Reversion and Second-Site Suppression
Epistasis and Pathway Analysis
Analysis of Regulons and Regulatory Circuits
Genomics
See also
Further Reading
Microbial Genetics: F Factor
Introduction and Early History
General Features of the F Plasmid
Conjugative F Plasmid Transfer
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Microbial Genomics
Introduction
Microbial Genome Sequencing and Annotation
Current Applications of Genomic Data
Future Applications for Genomics
Conclusions
See also
References
Relevant Websites
Microchromosomes
Introduction
Evolution of Microchromosomes
Microchromosome Genomics and Dynamics
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Microcomplement Fixation
See also
Further Reading
Microinjection
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Micronucleus, Ciliates
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Microsatellite
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Microtubules
See also
Minicells
See also
Minichromosome
See also
Minimal Residual Disease
Introduction
Hematological Malignancies
Solid Tumors
Implications for Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Minimum Change
See also
References
Minisatellite
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mismatch Repair, Long/Short Patch
Introduction
Escherichia coli Long-Patch MMR
Human Long-Patch MMR
MMR and DNA Damage Response
MutY (MYH) Repair Pathway
Repair of Deaminated 5-Methylcytosine
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mistranslation
Errors in Translation
Antibiotics and Mutations Which Influence Error Frequency
Alternative Readings of Standard Code
See also
Mitochondria
Structure
Function
Biogenesis
Evolutionary Origin
Varieties of Mitochondria: Mitochondria-Related Organelles
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mitochondria, Genetics of
Cellular Basis of Life
Mitochondrial Genomes
Inheritance
Unusual Features
Mitochondrial Proteins
Evolution
Cellular Communication
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mitochondrial DNA
Isolation
Form
Size and Copy Number
Gene Organization
Evolutionary Origin
Inheritance and Usage
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mitochondrial Genetics/Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mitochondrial Genome
Function
Mitochondrial Genes
Genetic Code
Gene Expression
Evolutionary Origin
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Introduction
Mitochondrial Bottleneck
Evolution of Organelle Uniparental Inheritance
Doubly Uniparental Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mitochondrial Mutants
Fungi
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
Humans
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mitosis
Overview of Mitosis
NEBD Marks the Onset of Mitosis
Chromosomes
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Regulation of the Mitotic Cell Cycle Phases
Mitotic Asymmetry
Mitotic Abnormalities in Disease Like Cancer
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
MLL
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Molecular Chaperones
Introduction
Protein Folding by Chaperonins
Protein Remodeling by Hsp70/DnaK
Protein Activation by Hsp90
Protein Unfolding and Disaggregation by Clp/Hsp100 Chaperones
Protection from Irreversible Protein Aggregation by sHsps
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Molecular Clock
Discovery
Global Clock and Local Clocks
Molecular Clock and Neutral Theory
Controversy over the DNA Clock
The Extended Concept of the Molecular Clock
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Molecular Drive
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Molecular Genetics
See also
Monochromosomal Somatic Cell Hybrids
See also
Monocistronic mRNA
See also
Monoclonal Antibodies
Background
Monoclonal Antibodies from Plasmacytomas
Monoclonal Antibodies from Epstein–Barr Virus-Transformed cells
Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies from Libraries of Genes and Gene Segments
Monoclonal Antibodies from Synthetic Libraries
See also
References
Monod, Jacques
See also
Further Reading
Monomorphic Locus
See also
Monophyly
See also
References
Monosomy
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Morgan, Thomas Hunt
Further Reading
Morpho-Agronomic Traits
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
MOS
See also
Further Reading
Mosaicism in Humans
Origins of Mosaicism
Timing of Mosaicism
Development of Mosaic Embryos
Chromosome Specific Factors
Mosaicism in Pre-Implantation Embryos
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mouse
The Strategy
Inbred Strains
Crosses
Selection
Chromosomal Aberrations
A Specific Disease Analogy
Specific Gene Homologies or Analogies
Other Models
Advanced Protocols
Nomenclature
Breeding Systems
Record Keeping and Colony Management
Cryobiology
Informatics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Mouse Genetics
Historical Overview
Transgenesis and Targeted Mutagenesis
Forward Genetic Screens
Sequence of the Mouse Genome and Inbred Strains
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mouse Leukemia Viruses
Basic Virology
Host–Virus Interactions
MLV and Neoplasia
MLVs as Genetic Vectors
Vaccination against MLV
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Mouse Sex-Reversed Rearrangement
Introduction
Sxr Mutation
Ods Mutation
An Atypical Sex Determination System
Mouse Genetic Background Impact
Mouse Transgenic Models
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
mtDNA
See also
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Introduction
Mechanism of Disease in MPS
Features of Specific Types of MPS
Treatment for MPS
Clinical Manifestations of Neurological Disease
Clinical Manifestations of Bone and Joint Disease
Clinical Manifestations of Cardiovascular Disease
Other Clinical Manifestations
Therapies under Development
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mule
See also
Muller, Hermann J.
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Muller’s Ratchet
Introduction
A Broader View of Muller’s Ratchet
Using the Ratchet Idea with Asexual Recombination and Assortment
Further Reading
Multicopy Plasmids
See also
Multifactorial Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Multiplicity of Infection
MOIinput, an Estimation of Limited Utility
MOIactual, a Better but More Complicated Calculation
Poisson Distribution
Experimental Determination of MOI
Killing Titers
The Problem of Clumping
More Problems with MOI, Particularly MOIinput
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Multisite Mutation
See also
Murine Plasmacytomas
Introduction and Objectives
Characterization of Human and Murine Plasma Cells
Mechanisms of Transformation and Cellular Origin of PCNs
Identification of Cellular Origins of PL, APCT, and Plasmacytic PCT
Summary and Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mus musculus
Origin and Differentiation
Evolution in Association with Humans: Secondary Expansion
Secondary Admixture, Hybridization, and Reproductive Isolation
Laboratory Strains and the Wild Reservoir of Genetic Variability
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mus musculus castaneus
Taxonomy and Phylogeography
Secondary Expansion and Admixture
Contribution to Laboratory Strains
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mus spretus
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Muscular Dystrophies
Introduction
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Distal Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
Myotonic Dystrophy
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mutagenic Specificity
Introduction
DNA Damage
Replication Fidelity at DNA Damage
DNA Repair as a Source of Specific Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mutagens
Mutagens Damage DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPs), and Inhibit DNA Repair Enzymes
Endogenous Mutagens: Oxygen, Water, and Alkylating Agents
Exogenous (Environmental) Mutagens
Detecting Mutagens
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mutant Allele
See also
Mutation
What is a Mutation?
What Kinds of Mutations Occur and What are their Consequences?
Base-Substitution Mutations
Addition or Deletion Mutations
Inversions and Complex Mutations
Large Deletion/Addition Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
How Frequently Do Mutations Occur?
Why Mutations Occur
Examples of How Mutations Can Occur
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mutational Analysis
Mutational Analysis of Identified Sequence Variants
Mutational Analysis to Examine Protein Structure and Function
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mutational Site
See also
Further Reading
Mutation, Back
See also
Mutation Frequency
See also
Mutation, Leaky
See also
Mutation Load
See also
Mutation, Missense
See also
Mutation, Nonsense
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mutation, Null
See also
Mutation Rate
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mutation, Silent
Traditional Interpretation of Silent Mutations
Synonymous Mutations Are Not Always Silent
Evolutionary Significance
Application of Silent Mutations
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mutation, Spontaneous
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Mutator Phenotype
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Mutators
See also
Myb Oncogene
Myb Family Proteins
c-Myb Is a Critical Regulator of the Hematopoietic Hierarchy
c-Myb Is Directly Linked to Leukemogenesis
Other Tissues in which c-Myb Normally Plays a Role and Can Be Implicated in Oncogenesis
Altered c-Myb Activity Is Linked to Many Diseases in Addition to Cancer
Regulation of c-Myb Functional Activity
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Myxococcus Genetics
Genetic Tools
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Etiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prognosis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
N
N2, N3, N4, etc.
See also
Nägeli, Carl von
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nathans, Daniel
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Natural Selection
Darwin, Wallace, and the Theory of Natural Selection
Genetic Consequences of Natural Selection
Selection on Continuous Traits
Detecting Natural Selection
Levels of Selection
See also
Further Reading
Nature–Nurture Controversy
Introduction
Roots of the Controversy
Polarization in the Political and Policy Arenas
Dialectic Reconciliation
Cancer: A Prototype for a Complex Systems Approach
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Nearly Neutral Theory
History
Verification of the Nearly Neutral Theory by Comparison of Nonsynonymous and Synonymous Substitutions
DNA Polymorphisms
Robustness of Gene Regulation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Negative Complementation
See also
Negative Interference
Bacteriophage Crosses
Meiosis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Negative Regulators
See also
Negative Supercoiling
See also
Neoteny
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Network
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Neu Oncogene
Neu Oncogene
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Neurogenetics
Introduction
Animal Models in Neurogenetics
Integrative Neurogenetics
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Neurogenetics in Drosophila
Introduction
Early Years
Behavioral and Developmental Genes
An Example of the Neurogenetic Approach to Complex Behavior
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Neurogenetics of Neurotransmitter Release in Caenorhabditis elegans
Using a Free-Living Nematode to Study Neurobiology
Genetic Dissection of Neurotransmission
Neurotransmitters
Trafficking of Vesicles
Synaptic Vesicle Cycle
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Propagation of the Electrical Signal along Axons
Future
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Neuronal Guidance
Introduction
The Structure of Growth Cones
Attractive and Repulsive Guidance Forces
Guidance Molecules
Guidance Cues in Brain Repair and Genetic Disorders
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Neurosensory Specification and Development
Bmp’s and Fgf’s Transform Ectodermal Cells into Competent Neuroectoderm
Regional Expression of Transcription Factors Defines Neurosensory Domains
Identity of Neurosensory Compartments Depend on Cell Cycle Dynamics
Proliferation Can Be Divided into Three Phases
The bHLH Transcription Factors Play a Key Role in the Balance between Proliferation and Differentiation That Is Essential for Proper Cell Fate Decision Making
Dynamic Interplay among bHLH Transcription Factors both in a Given Cell and between Cells Defines and Refines Cell Fate
Transformation of Naïve Ectoderm to Neurosensory Cell Fate Decision Marks the Start of Functional Differentiation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Neurospora crassa
Life Cycle
History
Genome Structure and Genome Defense Systems
Heterokaryons
Other Features of the Organism
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Neutral Drift
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Neutral Mutation
Dynamics within Populations
Evolutionary Dynamics
Empirical Evidence for Neutral Evolution
Related Theories
See also
Further Reading
Neutral Theory
History
Behavior of Mutants in Populations
Selective Constraint
Molecular Clock
The Neutral Theory as a Null Hypothesis for Detecting Selection
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Nick
See also
Nick Translation
See also
nif Genes
See also
Further Reading
Nirenberg, Marshall Warren
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nod Factors
Introduction
Signal Exchange in Early Stages of Rhizobium–Legume Interaction
NF Perception and Signaling Pathway
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Nodulins
See also
Nomenclature of Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Nomenclature of Human Genes
Background
Symbols and Names
Current Issues
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Nonautonomous Controlling Elements
See also
Non-coding
Noncoding DNA
Noncoding RNA
See also
Glossary
Noncoding RNA
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Non-Darwinian Evolution
History of the Term ‘Non-Darwinian Evolution’ as Popularized by King and Jukes
The King and Jukes Argument
Responses to King and Jukes
A More Literal Definition
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nondisjunction
Consequences of NDJ
Molecular Mechanisms of NDJ
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Introduction
Diagnosis
Therapy
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nonreciprocal Exchange
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nonrepetitive DNA
See also
Nonsense Codon
See also
Nonsense Suppressor
See also
Nontranscribed Spacer
See also
Northern Blotting
The History of Northern Blotting
Use and Current Manifestations of Northern Blotting
Principle of the Northern Blotting Method
An Example of a Northern Blot
Interpretation of Northern Blotting Results
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nuclear Envelope, Transport
Structure of the Nuclear Envelope
Functions of the NE
NE and Inherited Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nuclear Pores
See also
Nuclear Transfer
Somatic Cell Hybridization
Nuclear Transfer into Egg Cytoplasm
Nuclear Transfer as a Tool to Study Nuclear Reprogramming
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nuclease
Nucleases Function in Many Processes that are Important for Life
Nuclease Classification
Nucleases in DNA Replication
Nucleases in DNA Repair and Recombination
RNases
Nucleases Used for Biotechnology
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Nucleic Acid
See also
Glossary
Nucleolar Organizer
See also
Nucleolus
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nucleomorph Genomes
Nucleomorph Genomes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Nucleoside
See also
Glossary
Nucleosome
See also
Nucleosome Remodelling
Changing the Chromatin Structure
Mechanisms of Nucleosome Remodeling
SNF2 Family of Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes
SWI/SNF Class
ISWI Complexes
INO80 Family
CHD/Mi-2 Family
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nucleotide
See also
Glossary
Nucleus
See also
Glossary
Nude Mouse
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Null Hypothesis
See also
Further reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Nullisomy
See also
Nutritional Mutations
Introduction
Mutations Effecting the Utilization of Organic Compounds for the Supply of Major Elements (Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus) and Energy
Mutations Effecting Central Fueling Pathways
Mutations Effecting Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Lipids, Nucleotides, and Cofactors
Occurrence of Nutritional Mutations
Selection of Auxotrophic Mutations
Screening for Nutritional Mutants after Saturation Mutagenesis of Genomes
Intersection with Recombinant DNA Technology and Biotechnology
Expanding the Analysis of Nutritional Mutants in Humans
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
O
Ochoa, Severo
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ochre Codon
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Ochre Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Ochre Suppressor
See also
Ohno’s Law
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Okazaki Fragment
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
DNA Polymerases Replicate DNA in the 5′ to 3′ Direction
Discontinuous Replication Generates Okazaki Fragments
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Olfaction
Introduction
Olfaction in Mammals
Olfactory Receptors
Organization of Olfactory Receptors
Olfactory Signal Transduction
Genetic Approaches to Studying Olfaction – C. elegans as Model System
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Oncogenes
Genetic Basis of Cancer
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
OncoMouse®
OncoMouse® Biology
OncoMouse® Policy Ramifications
See also
Oogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Oogenesis, Mouse
See also
Opal Codon
See also
Open Reading Frame
See also
Operators
Definition and History
Current Use of the Term and Some Examples
Multiple Operators
Some Properties of Operators
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Operon
The lac Operon
lac Regulation
The Tryptophan Operon in E. coli
Operons on a Catabolic Plasmid of Pseudomonas putida
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Organelles
Types of Organelles
Organelles of Energy Production and Oxygen Metabolism
Other Organelles
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Origin (ori)
See also
Origin of Life, Theories Of
Origin of Life: A Brief Historical Overview
Origin of Life: A Survey of Possible Scenarios
Synthetic Biology and the Empirical Approach to the Origin of Life
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Orphan Receptor
Orthology
See also
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Introduction
Clinical Presentations and Features
Nondeforming OI with Blue Sclerae (OI Type I)
Common Variable OI (OI Type IV)
Progressively Deforming OI with Normal Sclerae (OI Type III)
Perinatally Lethal OI Syndromes (OI Type II)
OI with Calcification in Interosseous Membranes (OI Type V)
Syndromes with Bone Fragility or Osteoporosis Plus Additional Features
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Outbreeding
Definition
Mechanism of Outbreeding
Genetic Effect and Utilization of Outbreeding
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Outcross
See also
Overdominance
See also
Further Reading
Overwinding
See also
Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development (Hermaphroditism)
Ovotesticular Disorders of Sexual Development
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ovulation
Further Reading
Glossary
P
p120RasGAP
Introduction
Structure and Biochemistry
Aberrant Function and Human Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Paedomorphosis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Painter, Theophilus Schickel
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Palindrome
See also
Panmixis
See also
Paralogy
See also
Paramecium Molecular Evolution
Introduction
Cell Structure and Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Molecular Evolution
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Parapatric
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Paraphyly
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Parasegment
See also
Parental
See also
Parsimony
Motivation of Parsimony
Generalizations of Parsimony
Potential for Systematic Error
Applications of Parsimony
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Parthenogenesis
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Paternal Inheritance
Paternally Inherited Nuclear Factors
Paternally Inherited Cytoplasmic Components
Paternal Contributions as Revealed by Paternal Effect Mutations
Summary
See also
Glossary
Pathogenicity and Other Genomic Islands
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Pathogenicity Island Definition
PAI-Carried Virulence Genes
PAIs as Mediators of ‘Quantum Evolution’
Genomic Islands
New General Definition
Island Origins
PAI Mobility
SaPIs and Their Transfer
Conjugative Mobilization of PAIs
Converting Phages
Future Work
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Pattern Formation: An Integument Paradigm
Spatial Patterns
Temporal Patterns
Regeneration and Engineering of Patterns
Recognition of Patterns
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Pax Genes
Introduction
Protein Structure
Expression Pattern during Development
Expression Pattern during Development
Mutations, Phenotypes, and Function
Cell Differentiation and Oncogenesis
Pax Genes in Adult Tissue and Regeneration
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
pBR322
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Pearson, Karl
Karl Pearson (1857–1936)
Pearson’s Early Life and Education
Pearson’s German Wanderlust
Mechanics and University College London
Gresham Lectures and a New Statistical Methodology
Correlation, Regression, and Heredity
Pearson’s Early Hereditarian Ideas
Homotyposis and the Biometric Teas
Mendelian Distributions and The Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test
Pearson and Mendelism
Yule’s Synthesis of Mendelism and Biometry
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pedigree Analysis
See also
P Elements
A Genetic Element in Drosophila
Transposition
The P Transposase Gene
P Repressor Polypeptides
Hybrid Dysgenesis
Cytotype Regulation
A P Invasion
Research Applications
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Penetrance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Peptide Bond
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Perinuclear Space
See also
Permissive Cells
See also
Petite
See also
Glossary
P-Glycoprotein
Relationship to Other ABC Transporters
Substrate Profiles and Binding
Normal Tissue Distribution and Physiological/Pharmacological Relevance
Pgp in Cancers and Regulation of MDR Gene Expression
Mechanisms of Action
Pgp Inhibitors and Strategies for Modulating Resistance
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Phage (Bacteriophage)
See also
Relevant Websites
Phage Crosses
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Phage Mu
The Mu Life Cycle
The Mature Phage
The Genetic Map and Expression of the Mu Genome
The Decision: Lysis or Lysogeny
Transposition: Conservative and Replicative
Nonrandom Integration and Transposition Immunity
Mom Modification
G Segment Inversion and Host Range Specificity
Mu as a Genetic Tool
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Phage Receptor
Introduction
Receptors, Antireceptors, and the Infection Process
Antireceptor Evolution
Receptor and Phage-Based Applications
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Phage λ Integration/Excision
Introduction
Integrase
Accessory Proteins
Tetramer Structure
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Pharmacogenomics
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phase Variation
Overview
Mechanisms of Phase Variation
Alterations in DNA Sequence (Genetic)
Methylation of DNA (Epigenetic)
Biological Significance of Phase Variation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans)
Taxonomy and Genetic Resources
Production
Genetics and Genomics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phenetics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phenocopy
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Phenogram
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phenotype
See also
Phenotypic Lag
See also
Phenotypic Mixing
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Phenylalanine, Chemical Structure
See also
Phenylketonuria
Introduction
Classification of PKU
Biochemistry
Genetics
Diagnosis
Clinical Outcome
Treatment
Nondietary Treatments
Monitoring the Diet
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Phi (φ)X174, Genetics of
Introduction
The Genetic Map and Its Evolution
The Genetics of Genome Replication and Packaging
The Genetics of Gene Expression
The Genetics of Particle Morphogenesis
Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Philadelphia Chromosome
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Photomorphogenesis in Plants, Genetics of
Overview
Mutants with Defective Light Responses
The Phytochromes: A Class of Dichromic Red/FR Photoreceptors
The Cryptochromes
Phototropins and Other Light Oxygen Voltage-Domain Photoreceptors
General Themes in Plant Photoreceptor Signaling
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Photoreactivation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Photorepair
See also
Photosynthesis, Genetics Of
Photosynthesis
The Chloroplast and Its Genome
Model Organisms
Chloroplast Genetics
Photosynthesis Mutants and Their Phenotypes
The Genes of Photosynthesis
Regulation
Concluding Remarks and Perspective
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phylogenetic Invariants
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phylogeny
Tree Searching
Tree Construction
Networks
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Phylogeography
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Physical Mapping
See also
Piebald Trait
Human Piebald Trait
Related Disorders: Waardenburg Syndrome and Hirschsprung’s Disease
Unrelated Pigmentation Disorders: Albinism and Vitiligo
Mice and the Piebald Trait
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pigmentation, Mouse
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pim Family of Proto-Oncogenes
Identification
Regulation of Pim Expression
Physiological Functions of Pim Kinases
Pim Role in Tumorigenesis
Pim Kinases in Human Malignancies: Targets for Cancer Therapy
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Pisum sativum (Peas)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Plant Development, Genetics of
Introduction
Embryonic Development
Shoot Development
Root Development
Flower Development
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Plant Embryogenesis, Genetics of
The Unique Nature of Plant Embryogenesis
Establishing the Embryo Body Plan: Formation of the Apical–Basal Axis
Establishment of the Shoot Apical Meristem
Establishing the Embryo Body Plan: Formation of the Radial Pattern
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Plant Hormones
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Plant Root Development, Genetics and Genomics Of
Root Architecture and Development
Genetic Dissection of Root Formation
Genomic Dissection of Root Development
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
The Rhizosphere
The Rhizosphere Effect on Soil Microorganisms
Effect of Rhizobacteria on Plant Growth
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Mechanisms of Growth Promotion by PGPR
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Plaques
Introduction
General Characteristics of Plaque
Plaque Formation
Enumeration Using Plaques
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Plasmid Replication
Introduction
Control by Negative Feedback
Control by Antisense RNA
Control by Limiting Initiators
Control by Iterons
Plasmid Incompatibility
Ensuring Replication
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Plasmids
General Concepts
Inheritance
Incompatibility
Conjugation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pleiotropy
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Plesiomorphy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ploidy
See also
Pluripotent Stem Cells
A Brief History of Pluripotency
Defining Traits of Human PSCs
Human PSC Characterization
Induced PSCs
Human PSC Culture
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pneumonia Bacteria
Medical Significance
DNA Uptake
Competence and Quorum Sensing
Understanding the Capsule
Antibiotic Resistance
Model System for Research
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Point Mutations
See also
Polarity, Developmental
Cell Polarity: A Universal Feature of Development
Cell Polarity in Yeast
Anterior–Posterior Polarity in Animals: Early Patterning of ‘the Worm’
Planar Cell Polarity in Animals: Wing Hairs in Fly
Apical–Basal Polarity in Animals: Epithelial Cells
Epithelial Cell Polarity: Organized Joint Venture
Apical–Basal Polarity in Plants: Plant Embryogenesis
Planar Cell Polarity in Plants: Plant Root Hairs
Perspective
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Polaron
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Poly(A) Tails
Introduction
Poly(A) Tails in Eukaryotes
Functional Importance of Eukaryotic Poly(A) Tails
Fate of Eukaryotic Poly(A) Tails
Substrates for Polyadenylation in Eukaryotes
Poly(A) Tails in Prokaryotes
Substrates for Polyadenylation in Prokaryotes
Function of Prokaryotic Poly(A) and Polynucleotide Tails
Polyadenylation Signals in Prokaryotes
Polyadenylation Complexes in Prokaryotes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Polyadenylation
See also
Polycistronic mRNA
See also
Polymerase
Introduction
Polymerase Structure and Function
The Replisome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary terms
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-Time Quantitative
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Polymorphism
Introduction
Blood Group Polymorphism
Inversion Polymorphism
Protein Polymorphisms
DNA Polymorphisms
Uses of Polymorphisms
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Polymorphisms, Tree Reconstruction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Polypeptides
See also
Polyploidy
Types of Polyploidy and Nomenclature
Detection of Polyploidy
Palaeopolyploidy in Evolution
Origin of Polyploidy
Polyploidy in Crop Plants
Polyploid Cell Types
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Polysome (Polyribosome)
See also
Polytene Chromosomes
Endoreplication
Organization of Polytene Chromosomes of D. melanogaster
Gene Localization
Gene Isolation and Cloning
See also
References
Relevant Websites
Population Genetics
Definition and Scope
Population Genetics Theory
Applications
Future Developments
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Population Genomics/Macro vs Microevolution
Genomic Perspectives on Human Origins
Footprints of Human Migrations in Genome-Wide Data
Insights into Adaptation and Speciation
Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Population Substructure
Origins of Population Substructure
Genetic Consequences of Population Substructure
Wright’s F Statistic
Migration between Subpopulations
Inferring Population Structure
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Position Effects
Introduction
Variegated Position Effects
Genomic Position Effects
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Positive Regulator Proteins
See also
Positive Supercoiling
See also
Relevant Websites
Postmeiotic Segregation
Normal Meiotic Segregation
Definition of Postmeiotic Segregation
Origin of Postmeiotic Segregation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Posttranscriptional Modification
See also
Posttranslational Modification
Chemical Extension of the Genetic Code
Major Types of PTMs
Expanding Structural and Functional Repertoires of Proteins via PTMs
Classification of PTMs
Intrinsic Disorder and PTMs
PTMs and Diseases
Experimental Tools for PTM Finding and Characterization
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
(p)ppGpp
Introduction
Structure
Differential Effects on pppGpp/ppGpp Ratios
Chemical Properties
Permeability and Cellular Localization of (p)ppGpp
Biological Synthesis and Degradation
Identification of (p)ppGpp Synthetase and/or Hydrolase Activities Arising from a Gene of Interest
Tests to Determine Sensitivity of Regulatory Targets to (p)ppGpp
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Predator–Prey and Parasite–Host Interactions
Introduction
Sequential Structure of Enemy–Victim Interactions
Monogenic Control of Simple Defense Traits
Polygenic Control of Complex Defense Traits
Host–Parasite Coevolution
Gene-for-Gene Interactions between Plants and Pathogens
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Preimplantation Genetic Screening, and the Transfer of In Vitro Fertilized Embryos
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pre-mRNA Splicing
Precursor Messenger RNA
The Pre-mRNA Splicing Reaction
Spliceosomal Small Nuclear RNAs and Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles
Assembling the Spliceosome on Pre-mRNA
Proteins Involved in Pre-mRNA Splicing
Molecular Switches in the Spliceosome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Prenatal Diagnosis
Prenatal Diagnosis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Primary Transcript
See also
Primase
Discovery
Bacterial Primases
Biochemical Properties
Essential Physiological Properties
Macromolecular Synthesis Operon
Archaeal/Eukaryotic Primases
Primase Genes
Genetic Control of Primase Expression
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Primer
The Initiation of DNA Replication: In Vitro Reactions
The Initiation of DNA Replication In Vivo
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Primer RNA
Definition
Discontinuous DNA Synthesis and the Primer RNA Hypothesis
The Sequence of Primer RNA
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Primitive Character
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Primosome
See also
Probe
See also
Processed Pseudogene
See also
Progenote
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Progeny Testing
Overview
Testing for Recessive Genes
Selection Based on Progeny Performance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Prokaryotes
See also
Glossary
Proline
See also
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Promoters
Promoters in Escherichia coli
Promoters of Eukaryotic Protein-Encoding Genes
Future Research on Promoters
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Proofreading
See also
Prophage
See also
Protein Interaction Domains
See also
Protein Microarrays
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP-on-chip) Technology: DNA Bound Proteins
RNA–Protein Translation Microarray
Enzyme–Substrate Microarray
Antibody Sandwich ELISA microarray
Reverse Phase Protein Microarrays
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Protein Secretion Systems
Signal Hypothesis: Directing Proteins to Membranes
Secretion in Bacteria
Bacterial General Secretory Pathway
Assembly of a Complex Organelle in the Periplasm and Outer Membrane
Type III Secretion Systems
Secretion in Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vesicle Loading and Transport to the Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Diseases Caused by the Misfolding of Secretory Proteins
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Protein Splicing
Discovery of Inteins
Intein Organization
Chemical Mechanisms of Intein Action
Intein Applications in Modern Biotechnology/Molecular Biology
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Protein Synthesis
See also
Proteins and Protein Structure
Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids
Levels of Protein Structure
Features of Secondary Structures
Combinations of Secondary Structure Form Motifs
Globular Proteins Form Structural Domains at the Level of Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Protein Complexes and Networks
Fibrous Proteins
Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins
Structural Genomics
See also
References
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Proteolysis
Regulatory Mechanisms and Biological Function of Proteases
Tools for Studying Proteases
Proteases as Tools for Cell Biology Research
Proteases as Drug Targets
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Proteome
Introduction
Biomarker Discovery: Winners and Losers
Mass Spectrometry
Bioinformatics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Proteomics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Proto-Oncogene
See also
Provirus
See also
Proximal
See also
Pseudoautosomal Linkage, Region
Introduction
How Do PARs Evolve?
PAR Function
How Similar Are PARs across Species?
Human PARs
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Pseudogene
See also
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Psoriasis
Introduction
Immunopathogenesis
Genetics
Changes in the Transcriptome in Psoriasis
MicroRNA Expression in Psoriasis
Epigenetic Alterations in Psoriasis
Conclusion
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Puff
See also
Pulse–Chase
See also
Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis
The Principle of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis
Types of PFGE
Running Conditions for PFGE
Pulsed-Field Applications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Punnett Square
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Punnett, Reginald Crundall
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Purine
Pyrimidine
See also
Pyrimidine Dimers
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Q
Q-Banding
Introduction
Mechanism of Q-banding
Application of Q-banding
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus)
Introduction
QTL Mapping via Linkage
Results of QTL Analyses
From QTL to the Underlying Causal Variation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
QTL Mapping
Introduction
One-Marker Analysis
Interval Mapping
Composite Interval Mapping
Multiple Interval Mapping
See also
References
Quantitative Genetics
Definition
Classical Quantitative Genetics
Molecular Quantitative Genetics Based on Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
Molecular Quantitative Genetics Based on Genomics
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Quantitative Inheritance
Quantitative Trait and Quantitative Inheritance
Historical Hypotheses on Quantitative Inheritance
A Further Hypothesis: Gene Network of Quantitative Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Quantitative Trait
Phenotypic and Genetic Variation
Resemblance between Relatives
Effectiveness of Selection
Direct Evidence of Polygenic Inheritance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Quorum Sensing
What Is Quorum Sensing?
What Constitutes a QS Signal?
QS and Communication between Bacterial Species and Higher Organisms
Evolutionary Implications of QS
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
R
RAD Genes (in Yeast)
See also
Radiation Genetics, Mouse
See also
References
Random Mating
Definition
Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium in Random Mating Population
Factors Breaking the Equilibrium in Random Mating Population
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Ras Gene Family
Protein Function
RAS Signaling Pathways
Functional Diversity within the RAS Family
Transcriptional Control via RAS
Oncogenic Mutations
Cancer
Protein Structure
Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors
X-Ray Structural Studies of RAS
See also
References
Rats: Genetic and Functional Genomic Analyses of Complex Phenotypes
Background
Genetic Mapping of Complex Phenotypes in the Rat
Rat Genetic and Genomic Resources
Disease Gene Identification in Rat Models
Transgenesis and Gene Targeting
Perspectives
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
rDNA Amplification
See also
Glossary
Reading Frame
Glossary
Rearrangements
Rearrangements
Genesis of Rearrangements by Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination
Genomic Rearrangements Occur in Healthy Individuals
Prediction, Identification, and Purification of Genomic Rearrangements
Natural Genomic Design
Genomic Rearrangements as a Powerful Evolutionary Force
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Rec Genes
See also
References
Further Reading
RecA Protein and Homology
RecA Monomer Structure
RecA Filament Structure
RecA Protein-Mediated DNA Strand Exchange Reaction
ATP and the RecA-Mediated Strand Exchange Reaction
Eukaryotic RecA Homologs
Function of Homologous Genetic Recombination: DNA Repair
RecA and the E. coli SOS Response to DNA Damage
See also
Further Reading
RecBCD Enzyme and Pathway
Composition of RecBCD Enzyme and Its Encoding Genes
Activities of the Purified Enzyme
Atomic Structure of RecBCD
Control by Chi Sites in DNA
recBCD Mutations
Roles in Recombination and DNA Break Repair
The RecBCD and Other Pathways of Recombination
Additional Roles in DNA Metabolism
Related Enzymes of Other Bacterial Species
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recessive
See also
Recessive Inheritance and Recessiveness
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recessive Lethal
See also
Reciprocal Cross
Definition
Genetic Effect and Utilization of Reciprocal Cross in Plants
Genetic Effect and Utilization of Reciprocal Cross in Animals
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Reciprocal Recombination
Reciprocal Recombination in Meiosis
Relationship to Gene Conversion
Site-Specific Recombination is Often Reciprocal
Nonreciprocal Recombination in Prokaryotes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Reciprocal Translocation
See also
Reciprocality
See also
Reckless DNA Degradation
General Description of the Phenomenon
Molecular Mechanism of Reckless DNA Degradation
Biological Significance of Reckless DNA Degradation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Recombinant
See also
Recombinant Congenic Strains
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Recombinant DNA
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recombinant DNA Guidelines
See also
Relevant Websites
Recombinant Inbred Strain
Introduction
Production
Nomenclature
Genetics
History
Applications
Extensions of RI Families
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recombination Hot Spots, Mouse
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Recombination in the Immune System
The Antigen Receptor Repertoire
V(D)J Recombination and Lymphocyte Development
The V(D)J Recombination Pathway
Allelic Exclusion
Regulation of V(D)J Recombination
Antigen Receptor Diversity
Secondary Diversification: Somatic Hypermutation and CSR of the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
The CSR Pathway
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recombination Nodules
Definition
EN Functions
LN Functions
Relationship between ENs and LNs
Detection of RNs
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recombination Pathways
RecBCD Recombination Pathway
RecF Recombination Pathway
Interaction between RecBCD and RecF Recombination Pathway
RecE Recombination Pathway
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Recombination Suppression
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Recombination, Models of
The Nature of Homologous Recombination
The Three Possible Outcomes of HR
The DNA Formalism of HR
ssDNA Generation and Intermediate Resolution
Two Types of Recombinases
The Elemental Models
Complex Models
Systems to Detect HR
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Recombinational Repair
Detection of Homologous Recombination in E. coli
Pathways of Homologous Recombination in E. coli
Two-Strand DNA Lesions and the Idea of Recombinational Repair
Chromosomal Lesions and Their Physical Detection
The Inferred Pathways of Recombinational Repair
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Recombineering: A Modern Approach to Genetic Engineering
What Is Recombineering?
Recombineering with dsDNA
Recombineering with ssDNA
On the Mechanism of ssDNA Recombination
Moving Recombineering to Other Systems
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Reed–Sternberg Cells
Description and Associated Pathologies
Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg Cell Lines
Cellular Origin
Immunophenotype
Deregulated Signaling Pathways
Genetic Lesions in Reed–Sternberg Cells
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Reeler Locus
See also
Further Reading
Regulation of DNA Repair
See also
Regulatory Genes
Why Do Organisms Need Regulatory Genes?
Definition of a Regulatory Gene
History
An Effector Can Make or Break a Regulator
Superimposed Controls
Autoregulatory Genes
Specific versus Global Regulators
Some Regulators May Both Repress and Activate Transcription
Regulators May Perform Other Cellular Functions
DNA-Binding Properties
Allosteric Modification
Interaction of Regulators with RNA Polymerase
Mechanistic Details of the Action of Regulators
Complex Regulatory Structures: DNA Loops
Epilog
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Regulatory RNA
Introduction
The World of Regulatory RNAs
Widespread Functionality of Regulatory RNAs
Medical Significance of Regulatory RNAs
Concluding Remarks – Multifaceted RNAs
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Rel Oncogene
Introduction
The Retroviral Oncogene v-rel
The Normal Function of the Proto-oncogene c-rel
Associations of REL with Human Cancer
Associations of REL with Other Human Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Release (Termination) Factors
See also
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Pathology, Classification, and Clinical Behavior of RCC
Neuroblastoma-Associated RCC
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Renaturation
See also
Repair Mechanisms
Correction of Errors and Damage in DNA
Types and Sources of Errors and Damage
Biological Effects of DNA Damage and Errors
Direct Reversal of Damage
Indirect Reversal of Errors and Damage
Recombinational Repair
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Repair of Oxidatively-Modified DNA
Base Excision Repair
Nucleotide Excision Repair and Transcription-Coupled Repair
Nucleotide Incision Repair
Strand Break Repair
Mismatch Repair
Interstrand Cross-link Repair
Nudix Hydrolases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Repeat Induced Point Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Repetitive Sequences
The Discovery History
Classification
The Biological Function
Utilities of Repetitive Sequences
Repetitive Sequences and Diseases
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Replication
Replication Errors
See also
Replication Eye
See also
Replication Fork
DNA Replication Forks Are Sites of Ongoing DNA Replication
Coordinating DNA Replication Fork Activities
Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Blocked Replication Forks
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Replication Origin Sequences
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Replicon
See also
Replisome
See also
Reporter Gene
See also
Repression
See also
Repressor
See also
Reproductive Isolation
The Relationship between Selection and Reproductive Isolation
Forms of Reproductive Isolation
Cause of Evolution of Reproductive Isolation
Genetic Basis and Rate of Evolution of Reproductive Isolation
Genomics and the Genic View of Reproductive Isolation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Resistance Plasmids
See also
Resistance to Antibiotics, Genetics of
See also
Resolvase
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Resolvase Mediated Deletion
Introduction
Resolvase and Its Resolution Site
The Resolution Process
Evolutionary Advantages of Resolvase-Mediated Deletion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Restriction and Modification
See also
Further Reading
Restriction Endonuclease
Types of Restriction Endonucleases
Adenosine Triphosphate Dependent Restriction Endonucleases
Type II Restriction Endonucleases
Applications of Type II Restriction Endonucleases
Mechanisms of DNA Recognition and Cleavage
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Introduction
Applications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Restriction Map
See also
RET Proto-Oncogene
See also
Glossary
Reticulation
Examples of Reticulation
Different Types of Phylogenetic Networks
Spit Networks as an Example for Unrooted Implicit Phylogenetic Networks
Hybridization Networks as an Example for Rooted Explicit Phylogenetic Networks
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Introduction
Genetics
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Retinoblastoma
Presentation and Diagnosis
Clinical Aspects
Treatment
Genetics
Molecular Aspects
Gene Product
Families with Retinoblastoma
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Retroposon
See also
Retroregulation
See also
Retrotransposons
Definition
Classification of Retrotransposons
Structure and Retrotransposition Mechanism
Distribution and Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Retroviruses
Overview
Genetic Structure of Retroviruses
Molecular Description of the Retroviral Life Cycle
Control of Gene Expression
Retroviruses and Cancer
Human Retroviruses
Retroviral Restriction Mechanisms
Retroviruses and Genetic Manipulation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Reverse Genetics
Background
Virus
Yeast
Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila
Mouse
Arabidopsis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Reverse Mutation
Introduction
True Reversion and Pseudoreversion
Selection
Forward Mutations Are More Frequent and Less Biased
Specific Useful Reversion Assays
Stress-Induced Mutation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Reverse Transcriptase
Structure of Reverse Transcriptase
Enzymology of Reverse Transcriptase
Reverse Transcriptase and Retrotransposons
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Reverse Transcription
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Reverse Translation
See also
Reversion
See also
Glossary
Reversion Tests
Reversion Tests Are Used to Assess Genome Stability
Information Learned from Reversion Tests
Applications
Advantages and Disadvantages
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Revertants
See also
Rh Factor and Rh System
What Is Rh Factor and How It Was Discovered?
Why Is Rh Factor Important in Clinical Medicine?
What Are the Biochemical Features of Rh Antigens or Polypeptides?
How Are Rh Factor and Rh Blood Group Systems Polymorphic?
What Are the Genetic Bases underlying Rh Diversification?
How Is the Expression of Rh Antigens Determined?
How Are Rh Antigens Related to Other Family Members by Molecular Evolution?
What Are the Functional Roles of Rh Proteins in Erythroid Cells and Epithelial Tissues?
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Rhabdomyosarcoma
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Rhizobia and Legume Nodulation Genes
Rhizobia Nodulation Genes
Legume Nodulation Genes
Legume Nodule Number Regulation Genes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Rhizobium
See also
Rho Factor
Transcription Termination
Structure
Termination Mechanism
Rho-Dependent Terminators
A Role for NusG in Termination
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Ribosomal RNA
rRNA Molecules
Structure of rRNA
Functional Sites
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ribosome Binding Site
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ribosomes
History
The Composition of Ribosomes
The Structure of the Ribosome
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, Antibiotics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Ribozymes
Definition
Discovery
Small Ribozymes
Large Ribozymes
Folding, Structure, and Catalytic Mechanism
Artificial Ribozymes
Ribozymes – Remnants of an RNA World?
See also
Further reading
Glossary
Rice
Introduction
Genome Sequence
Annotation
Resequencing
Functional Analysis
Impact in Rice Breeding
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Rifamycins
See also
Right/Left Handed DNA
See also
R-Loops
Introduction
Formation of R-Loops
Detection of R-Loops In Vivo
Nuclear Processes in Which R-Loops Can Form
Physiological Consequences of R-loop Formation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
RNA
See also
Further Reading
RNAases
History
Enzymology
Classes and Biological Functions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
RNA Bacteriophages
Introduction
The Leviviridae
The Cystoviridae
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
RNA-Binding Domains in Proteins
Introduction
RNP Domain (RNA-Recognition Motif)
Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Domain
K Homology Sequence Domain
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
RNA Editing
Introduction
RNA Editing in Mitochondrial and Choloroplast-Encoded Transcripts
RNA Editing in Nuclear-Encoded RNAs of Animals
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
RNA Editing in Animals
Insertion and/or Deletion Editing
Substitution or Modification RNA Editing
Other Forms of RNA Editing
See also
References
RNA Editing in Plants
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
RNA Interference
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
RNA Polymerase
Bacterial RNAPs
Eukaryotic RNAPs
See also
RNA Splicing
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
RNA Turnover
Biological Role of mRNA Degradation
A Diversity of mRNA Turnover Pathways in Eukaryotic Cells
The Deadenylation-Dependent Decapping Pathway
3′→5′ Exonucleolytic Degradation of Eukaryotic mRNAs
Deadenylation-Independent Decapping and mRNA Surveillance
Degradation of mRNAs Initiated by Endonucleolytic Cleavage
See also
Further Reading
RNA World
Overview
The Unlikely Nature of the RNA World
Worlds in Context
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Robertsonian Translocations
Introduction
Homologous Translocations
Heterologous Translocations
Meiotic Drive
De Novo Translocations
Postzygotic Correction and UPD
Types of RTs
RTs and Infertility
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Rolling Circle Replication
See also
RuvAB Enzyme
Crossed-Strand DNA Junctions Are Part of Intermediates in Recombination/Repair
Formation of Crossed-Strand Junctions by Strand Exchange
RuvAB Catalyzes Branch Migration
Biological Functions of RuvAB-Mediated Branch Migration
See also
References
Glossary
RuvC Enzyme
Crossed-Strand DNA Junctions in Repair and Recombination Intermediates
Endonucleolytic Resolution of Holliday Junctions by RuvC
Sequence Specificity of RuvC-Mediated Cleavages In Vitro
Other Holliday Junction Resolution Enzymes
See also
References
Further Reading
S
S Phase
See also
S1 Nuclease
See also
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer’s Yeast)
See also
References
Further Reading
Saccharomyces Chromosomes
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Salmonella
Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella enterica, Serotype Typhimurium): A Genetic System in a Pathogenic Bacterium
Taxonomy of Salmonella
Phage P22 and Transductional Crosses
Development of Salmonella as a Genetic System
Evolutionary Divergence of S. enterica and E. coli
Genetic Functions That Define Salmonella as a Species
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sanger, Frederick
Introduction
Early Career
Biochemical Research
The Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Sequencing Nucleic Acids
Retrospect and Honors
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Sarcomas
Introduction
Classification
Etiology and Biology
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Grading
Selected Sarcoma Subtypes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Satellite Chromosomes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Schizophrenia
Clinical Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Genetics
Molecular Genetics
The Future of Schizophrenia Genetics
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Schizosaccharomyce, Comparative Genomics of the Fission Yeasts
History
Pre-Genomic Studies
Comparative Genomics
Chromosome Evolution
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Principal Subject of Fission Yeast Genetics
History
General Genetics
Reverse Genetics
Genomics
Nuclear Division Cycle
Cell Shape and Growth
Sexual Differentiation
Meiosis and Recombination
Epigenetic Silencing in Heterochromatin
Mitochondrial Genetics
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Screening
See also
scRNA
See also
Seed Development, Genetics of
Seed Development
Screening for Seed Mutations
Mutant Phenotypes and Gene Functions
Basic Questions and Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Seed Storage Proteins
Classification of Seed Storage Proteins
Deposition of SSPs in Seed Cells
Regulation of SSP Genes
Decomposition of SSPs at Seed Germination Stage
Novel Application of SSPs
See also
Further Reading
Segmental Interchange
Visualization
Genetic Consequences
Interchange Complexes in Plants
See also
Further Reading
Segmentation Genes
Segregation
See also
Segregation Distortion, Mouse
See also
Selection Coefficient
Homozygotes Are Dead or Sterile
Change in Allele Frequency
Other Models
Selection Coefficients in Finite Populations
Selection Coefficients May Help to Preserve Allelic Variation
Selection Coefficients May Vary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Selection Differential
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Selection Index
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Selection Intensity
Selection intensity
Selection Response
Natural Selection
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Selection Limit
Factors Determining Limit due to Fixation
Mutation
Natural Selection
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Selection Pressure
Introduction
One Locus
Multiple Loci
Four-Locus Histogram
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Selection Techniques
See also
Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Selective Neutrality and Near Neutrality
Effect of a Mutant and Neutrality
Selective Neutrality
Selective Near-Neutrality
Patterns of Molecular Evolution
Effective Population Size
Robustness, Epigenetics, and Morphological Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Selective Sweep
See also
Further Reading
Self-Fertilization
Why Control Fertilization?
Strategies to Prevent Self-Fertilization in Plants
Genetic Control of Self-Incompatibility
Sporophytic Self-incompatibility
Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Selfish DNA
Selfishness in Nucleic Acids
Does the Nonfunctional Exceed the Functional Content of Genomes?
Repeated DNA: Selfish or Not; if Selfish, How Selfish?
Selfish Behavior of Chromosomes
Transposons and Retrotransposons
Mobile Introns
Plasmids and Episomes
Maliciously Selfish Genetic Elements
Summary and Perspectives
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Semiconservative Replication
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Semidiscontinuous Replication
See also
Sense Codon
See also
Serine
See also
Sex Chromatin
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy: XYY
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Sex Chromosomes
Introduction
Environmental Sex Determination
Genetic Sex Determination
Chromosomal Sex Determination
Sex Determination in Insects
Sex Determination in Birds
Sex Determination in Mammals
Sex Chromosome Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Sex Determination, Human
Overview
Genes Required for Early Undifferentiated Gonad Formation
SRY: The Critical Y-Linked Testis-Determining Gene
Testis Development
Ovary Development
Future Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Sex Determination, Mouse
Morphology and Cell Biology
Molecular Aspects of Gonad Development
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Sexduction
See also
Reference
Sex-Limited Character
See also
Sex Linkage
See also
Sex Plasmid
Sex Ratios
The Düsing–Fisher’s Theory of Equal Investment in the Sexes
Biased Sex Ratios
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Sex Reversal
XY Females (46,XY Ovarian DSD)
XX Males (46,XX Testicular DSD)
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Sezary Syndrome
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
SH Domains
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
SH2 Domain
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
SH3 Domain
See also
Further Reading
Shearing
Shifting-balance Theory of Evolution
The Shifting Balance Theory
The Three-Phase Shifting Balance Process
Controversial Aspects of the Theory
The Legacy of the Shifting Balance Theory
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
See also
Shotgun Cloning
See also
Shuttle Vector
See also
Sickle Cell Anemia
Inheritance
Effect of the Sickle Cell Mutation
Clinical Features
Control and Treatment
Prognosis
Other Sickling Disorders
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Sigma Factors
Introduction
Basic Role in Transcription: The Sigma Cycle
σ70 Structure and Function
How Sigma Activity Is Regulated
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Signal Sequence
See also
Relevant Websites
Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction, Cellular Communication, and Perception of the Environment
Signal Transduction by G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Signal Transduction by Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Similarity
See also
Further Reading
SINE
See also
Single Nucleotyde Polymorphisms
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Single-Copy Plasmids
See also
Single-Gene Inheritance
Further Reading
Glossary
Single-Strand Annealing
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Single-Strand Assimilation
See also
Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Proteins
Functional Aspects of Having a High Affinity for Single-Stranded DNA
Structure of SSBs: How Do They Bind DNA?
Roles in Cellular Processes
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Single-Strand Exchange
See also
Sister Chromatid Exchange
Introduction
SCEs Methodology
SCE Significance
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Sister Chromatids
See also
Site-specific Recombination
Introduction
Products of Site-Specific Recombination
Biological Functions of Site-Specific Recombination
Mechanism of Site-Specific Recombination: The Basics
Families of Recombinases
Site-Specific Recombination in Biotechnology
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Small Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins
Origin of Small Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins
scRNPs and Disease
Composition of the Ro (SS-A)- and La (SS-B)-Containing scRNPs
Functions of the La/SS-B-Containing scRNPs
Other scRNPs
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Small Nuclear RNA
Introduction
snRNAs
snoRNAs/psoRNAs/sdRNAs
miRNAs/siRNAs
piRNAs
tiRNAs
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Smith, Hamilton
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Snell, George
Sno/Ski Proto-Oncogene Family
Family Tree and Conserved Domains
Sno Function in Loss-of-Function Experiments
Sno Function in Gain-of-Function Experiments
Ski Function in Gain- and Loss-of-Function Experiments
Current Studies
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
snRNPs
See also
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (Tomato)
Taxonomy, Origin, and Diffusion
Genetic Stocks
Genetic Breeding
Recent Advances in Biotechnology Tools: Molecular Markers and Genomics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Solanum tuberosum (Potatoes)
Introduction
History
Potato Breeding
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Soluble RNA
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Somatic Mutation
See also
Somatic Pairing
See also
References
Further Reading
SOS Bypass
See also
SOS Repair
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Southern Blotting
Southern Blot Method
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Soybean (Glycine max L)
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Specialized Recombination
DNA Transposition
Retrotransposition
Site-Specific Recombination
V(D)J Joining
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Class Switch
Intron (and Intein) Homing
Mating-Type Switching in Yeast
Abrupt Telomere Shortening
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Specialized Transduction
Basis of Specialized Transduction
Extending the Range of Specialized Transduction
Other Specialized Transducing Systems
Uses of Specialized Transducing Phages
See also
Further Reading
Speciation
Introduction
Types of Speciation
Hybridization and Incomplete Speciation
Rates of Speciation
Isolating Mechanisms
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Species
Introduction
Species as Indivisible Units of Diversity
The Generative Principle of Species
Species as Phenetic Clusters of Organisms
Phylogenetic Basis of Species Demarcation
The Irreversible Separateness of Species
Incompatibility of Components of Different Species
Interfertility within Species and Intersterility between Species
The Cohesive Nature of Species
Ecological Distinctness of Species
The Origin of Species
The Reality of Species Versus the Nominal Nature of Species Taxa
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Species Selection
See also
Further Reading
Species Trees
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Specific Locus Test
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Glossary
Spermatids
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spermatocytes
The Beginning: Fertilization and Its Consequences
Spermatogonial Cells Proliferate by Mitosis and Form Spermatocytes
Spermatocytes Undergo Meiosis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spermatogenesis in C. elegans
General Description of Spermatogenesis
C. elegans Reproductive Biology
Mutants Affecting C. elegans Spermatogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spermatogenesis, Mammals
Events of Spermatogenesis
Mitosis and Meiosis, Spermiogenesis, and Spermiation
Hormonal and Local Functional Axes That Regulate Spermatogenesis
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spermatogenesis, Mouse
Introduction
Spermatogonia
Meiosis
Haploid Differentiation
Intercellular Bridges
Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Study of Mouse Spermatogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Spermatogonia
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spina Bifida
Definition and Developmental Basis
Causes of Spina Bifida and Other NTDs
Prevention of NTDs by Folic Acid and Other Vitamins
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spindle
See also
Splicing
See also
Splicing Junctions
See also
Split Genes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Spongiform Encephalopathies (Transmissible), Genetic Aspects of
Introduction
Prion Protein and Gene
Clinical Characteristics
Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker Syndrome
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Codon 129 Protein Polymorphism
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Spores
See also
Src Family Tyrosine Kinases
Src Family
Structural Organization and Regulation of Src Proteins
Src Kinase Activity in Cellular Responses to Environmental Stimuli
Oncogenic Transformation by Src
Src in Human Cancer
See also
Further Reading
srRNA
See also
Further Reading
Staggered Cuts
See also
Staphylococcus aureus
Background on Organism
Classification
Genetics
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Start, Stop Codons
See also
Steel Locus
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Steroids
See also
Sticky Ends
See also
Strain
Strain Distribution Pattern (SDP)
See also
Strand Displacement
See also
Streptomyces
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Streptomycin
History of Streptomycin as an Antibiotic
Clinical Use of Streptomycin
Mechanism of Activity
Bacterial Resistance to Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes
Structural Modifications of the Streptomycin-Binding Sites
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Stringent Mutant/Stringent Response
How Are Stringent Mutants Isolated?
Could the Location of Stringent Mutations Provide Clues to (p)ppGpp–RNAP Interactions?
How Do the Stringent Mutants Work?
Stringent Mutants in the Other Organisms
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Stringent Response
Introduction
RelA
SpoT
ppGpp0
RSH
(p)ppGpp Cycle
(p)ppGpp in Other Bacteria and Plants
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Structural Genomics
Introduction
HT Structural Biology
Major Worldwide SG Efforts
Impact of SG
Structural Biology of Membrane Proteins
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Subcellular RNA Localization
Mechanisms of RNA Localization
cis-Acting RNA Localization Signals
Proteins That Bind RNA Localization Elements
The Role of the Cytoskeleton and Other Cellular Organelles
Localized Protection from Degradation
Biological Functions of RNA Localization
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Subcloning
See also
Superinfection Immunity
Introduction
Lysogeny and the CI Repressor
Superinfection Immunity and Its Bypass
Analogy, Practicality, and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Superrepressor
See also
Suppression
Types of Translational Errors
Suppressor tRNAs
Other Compensatory Changes Result in Suppression
Therapeutic Potential of Suppression
See also
Further Reading
Suppressor Mutations
Suppressor Mutation Concept
Intragenic Suppressors
Intergenic Suppressors
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Suppressor tRNA
See also
Symbionts, Genetics of
Definition of Symbiosis
Genetic Consequences of Symbiosis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Symbiosis Islands
Genomic Islands
The Symbiosis Island ICEMlSymR7A
Symbiosis Islands in Other Rhizobia
ICEMlSymR7A Defines a Family of Genomic Islands with Shared Transfer Functions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Symbiosome
Introduction
Specific Example 1: Legume/Rhizobia Facultative Symbioses
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Sympatry and Patterns of Genetic Differentiation in Sympatry
Introduction
General Considerations
A Changing Empirical Perspective
New Theoretical Insights
Genomic Structure and Speciation-with-Gene-Flow
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Symplesiomorphy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Synapomorphy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Synapsis in DNA Transactions
DNA-Mediated Synapsis
Protein-Mediated Synapsis
See also
Further Reading
Synaptonemal Complex
Historical Background
Development and Fate of the Synaptonemal Complex at First Meiotic Division
Structural Components of the Synaptonemal Complex
Recombination and Synapsis: Proteins Associated with the Synaptonemal Complex
Cohesin Axes and Synaptonemal Complex
Chromatin Attachment to the Synaptonemal Complex
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Syndactyly
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Syngenic
See also
Synovial Sarcoma
Disease Presentation
Molecular Biology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Synteny (Syntenic Genes)
Introduction
Human Genetics and Synteny
Comparative Genomics and Synteny
Controversy about the Correct Use of the Term Synteny
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Systemic Acquired Resistance
Innate Immunity: A Summary of the Current Concept
Resistance at a Distance: Another Aspect of Innate Immunity
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
T
T Cell Receptor Gene Family
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
t Haplotype
History and Genetics
Transmission Ratio Distortion
Evolution
Population Biology
Glossary
T Phages
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
TAL Family of bHLH Genes
Introduction
TAL Proteins Serve as DNA-Binding Transcription Factors
The Role of the TAL Genes in T-Cell Leukemia
See also
Further Reading
Tandem Repeats
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Targeted Mutagenesis, Mouse
Background
Zinc Finger and TALEN Technology
Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
TATA Box
See also
Tautomerism
Introduction
The Decalogue of Tautomerism
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Taxonomy, Evolutionary
Darwinian Classification
Cladification
Other Systems of Ordering Species
See also
References
Taxonomy, Numerical
Steps in Numerical Taxonomy
Additional Techniques
Other Applications
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Tay–Sachs Disease
Inheritance, Distribution, and Frequency
Pathogenesis
Clinical Description
Diagnosis
Molecular Genetics
Treatment
Prevention
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
T-Box Genes
History
Defining Features of the Family
Phylogenetic Analysis
Role in Development
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Telomerase
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Telomeres
The Need for Telomeres
Terminal Repeats
Subtelomeric Structure
Telomere Overhangs
Telomerase Function
Telomere-Binding Proteins
Drosophila Telomeres
Telomeres, Aging, and Cancer in Humans
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Temperate Phage
See also
Temperature-Sensitive Mutant
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Template
Introduction
See also
Relevant Websites
Terminal Redundancy
See also
Terminator
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Test Cross
Definition
Utilization in Genetic Study
Utilization in Plant Breeding
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Testes-Determining Locus
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Tetrad Analysis
Meiotic Tetrads: Advantages and Availability
Tetrads and Octads in Fungi
Ordered Tetrads
Two-Locus Segregations: Independent Assortment
Linked Segregations
Strand Relationships in Double Crossovers
Distinguishing between Independence and Distant Linkage
See also
Further Reading
Tetraparental Mouse
See also
Tetratype
See also
Thalassemias
Classification of the Thalassemias
Molecular Basis
Clinical Course and Outcome
Clinical Diversity
Coinheritance of Thalassemia with Hb Variants
Population Genetics
Avoidance and Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Thermophilic Bacteria
Genome Sequences and the Evolutionary History of Thermophilic Bacteria
Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange
Bacteriophage and Plasmids of Thermophiles
DNA Supercoiling in Thermophilic Bacteria
Recombinant Genetics of Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacteria
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Theta Replication
See also
Three-point Cross (Test Cross)
See also
Threonine
See also
Threshold Characters
See also
Thymine
See also
Thymine Dimer
See also
Tissue Culture
The Dawn of Tissue Culture
The Beginning of Modern Cell Culture
Serum-Free Cell Culture
The “Hayflick Limit”
Histoculture
Other Applications of Histoculture
In Vitro Skin Histoculture Assay
Lymphoid Histoculture for In Vitro Immunology
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Tjio, Joe-Hin
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Topoisomerases
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Tortoiseshell Coloring
See also
Glossary
Toxicogenomics
Introduction
Background
Experimental Design
Analysis of Microarray Data
Toxicogenomics Databases
Applications of Toxicogenomics
Future Perspectives
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transcribed Spacer
See also
Transcription
Transcription Decodes the Genetic Information and Is a Complex Process
Transcription Templates
RNA Polymerases
Transcription Cycle
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Transcription Factors
Transcription and the Transcription Apparatus
Transcription Factors Are a Subset of Factors Involved in Transcription
Transcription Factors: How They Were Discovered
Transcription Factors: How They Are Studied
Transcription Factors: How They Recognize Their Targets
Transcription Repressors: How They Work
Transcription Activators: How They Work
Transcription Factors: How Their Activity Is Controlled
Transcription Factors: What They Do
Transcription Factors: Key Regulators of the Cell’s Genetic Material
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transcriptional Attentuation
Introduction
Modulation of Leader RNA Structure
Modification of RNAP Processivity
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Transcriptome
Introduction
Means (Methods)
RNA Isolation/Copying/Hybridization
Data Acquisition
Data Processing and Experimental Design
Analyses Based Upon Known Biological Organization
Some Applications
Basal Level and Fold Change
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transduction
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transfection
See also
Transfer of Genetic Information from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Plants
Introduction
Events in the Bacterium
Events in the Plant
Use of A. tumefaciens for the Generation of Transgenic Plants
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Transfer RNA
History
Structure
tRNAs and tRNA Synthetases
tRNAs and Translation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transformation
See also
Transgenes
Introduction
Transgenic DNA Construction
Transgenic DNA Delivery
Transgenic DNA Persistence
Applications
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Transgenic Animals
History of Transgenic Animals
Methods for Production of Transgenic Animals, and Genetic and Physical Properties of Transgenes
Transgenesis via Pronuclear Microinjection of DNA
Transgenesis via Infection with Retroviral Vectors
Transgenesis via ES Cells
Transgenesis via Nuclear Transfer
Expression of Transgenes
Applications of Transgenic Animals
Targeted Mutations, Random Insertional Mutations, and Gene Traps
Cell-Type-Specific or Conditional Gene Disruption
Ectopic Expression or Overexpression of Normal Gene Products
Expressing Dominant Gain-of-Function or Dominant-Negative Mutant Gene Products
Genetic Markers of Specific Cell Types or Lineages
Genetic Ablation of Specific Cell Lineages
Applications in Agriculture and the Pharmaceutical Industry
See also
Further Reading
Transient Polymorphism
See also
Further Reading
Transition
See also
Translation
The Genetic Code
Reading Frame and Usage of the Genetic Code
Translation on Ribosomes
Transport of Product
The Molecular System of Translation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Translation Elongation
The Elongation Cycle in Translation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Translational Control
See also
Translocation
Introduction
Reciprocal Translocation (Symbol T in Mouse, t in Humans)
Insertion (Symbol Is in Mouse)
Shift (Transposition)
Robertsonian Translocation (Symbol Rb in Mouse)
See also
References
Further Reading
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transmission Genetics
Selective Breeding
Mendelian Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Mendelian Traits in Man
Modes of Inheritance
Hereditarianism
Conclusions and Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Transposable Elements
Structure of Transposons
Classification
DNA Transposons
Retrotransposons
Mechanism of Transposition
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Transposable Elements in Plants
Discovery of TEs in Maize
Overview and Classification
Class I: Retrotransposons
Class II: DNA Transposons
Regulation of Transposition
Transposons as Tools: Transposon Tagging and Reverse Genetics
Quantitative Contributions to the Genetic Material
TEs and DNA Diversity
Transposons and Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Transposase
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transposon Excision
See also
Further Reading
Transposons
Introduction
Transposons and Genomes
Classes of TEs
Transposon Domestication
Transposon-Based Tools
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Trans-Splicing
Introduction
SL Addition
Group II trans-Splicing
Other Instances of trans-Splicing
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Transvection
See also
Transversion Mutation
See also
Trees
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Trichome Development, Genetics of
Introduction
Genetic Dissection of Trichome Development in Arabidopsis
Trichome Patterning
Trichome Expansion
Regulation of Branching
Endoreduplication
Trichome Maturation
Transcriptomics Approaches toward Next-Generation Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Trinucleotide Repeats: Dynamic DNA and Human Disease
Trinucleotide Repeat Mutations in Coding Regions of Genes
Trinucleotide Repeat Mutations in Noncoding Regions of Genes
DNA Expansion Mechanism
See also
References
Triplet Code, Genetic Evidence
See also
Triploidy
Triploidy in Humans
Triploidy in Plants
Triploidy in Animals
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Trisomics
Introduction
Types of Trisomics
Source of Trisomics
Cytogenetic Consequences of Trisomics
Significance of Trisomics
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Trisomy 18
References
Relevant Websites
Trisomy X Syndrome (47,XXX)
History
Clinical Presentation
Genetics
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Genetic Counseling Recommendations
Management
Disclaimer
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Triticum Species (Wheat)
Species Relationships
Cytogenetic Structure
Wheat Gene Space
Cytogenetic Stocks
Genetic Transmission
Genetic Diversity
Gene Mapping
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Trivial Equilibrium
See also
References
Trophoblast
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
trp Operon Organization and Regulation in Different Bacterial Species
Regulation of the Biosynthetic trp Operon of Bacteria
Operon Organization of the trp Genes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Trypanosome Editing
RNA Editing and gRNAs
The Basic Editing Mechanism
RNA Editing Enzymes and Complexes
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Trypsin
Overview
Background
A Model for Protein Engineering
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Tryptophan
See also
Tryptophan Operon of Escherichia coli
The trp Operon and Tryptophan Biosynthesis
Gene Arrangement in the trp Operon of E. coli
The Pathway and Enzymes of Tryptophan Biosynthesis
Structure/Function Studies with the Tryptophan Biosynthetic Enzymes
Regulation of Expression of the trp Operon of E. coli
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Tschermak-Seysenegg, Erich von
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Tumor Antigens Encoded by Simian Virus 40
Introduction
Infectious Cycle of SV40
Role of Large T Antigen in Viral DNA Replication
Regulation of Gene Expression by the Large and Small T Antigens
Viral Tumorigenesis
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Introduction
The Role of TNF in the Pathogenesis of RA and Bone Damage
The Role of TNF in Host Defense and Tumor Surveillance
The Role of TNF in Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Two Classes
The Biological Basis of Tumor Suppression
Approaches to Identification
Examples
Mutations in Cancer Pathogenesis
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Turner Syndrome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Twisting Number
See also
Tyrosine
See also
U
Ubiquitin
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Umber Codon
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Underdominance
Definition
Examples
Evolutionary Dynamics
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Underwinding
See also
Unidirectional Replication
See also
Unequal Crossing Over
Introduction
UCO Was First Identified at the Bar Locus
UCO May Result in Gene Duplication, Deletion, Chimeric Genes, and Mobile Extrachromosomal Genetic Elements
UCO Can Generate Gene Families
UCO Can Cause Disease
UCO May Cause Chromosomal Rearrangement
Repeat Polymorphisms May Occur through UCO
UCO Plays a Major Role in Molecular Evolution
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Uniparental Inheritance
Introduction
Parthenogenesis in Invertebrates
Uniparental Inheritance in Vertebrates
Mammalian Cloning
See also
Further Reading
Unique DNA
Unique DNA and Cot Filtration
A Large Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes in Their Unique DNAs
Global Repetitive DNA in Eukaryotic Genomes
Measuring the Level of Unique DNAs in In Silico Settings
Heterozygotes
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Universal Genetic Code
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis
See also
Upstream
See also
Relevant Websites
Upstream, Downstream Site
See also
Uracil
See also
URF
See also
UTP (Uridine Triphosphate)
See also
V
Valine
See also
Variable Region
See also
Variegation
See also
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Introduction
VEGF Isoforms
VEGF Receptors
Biological Effects of VEGF
Therapeutic Applications of VEGF Antagonists
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Vectors
Introduction
Vector Characteristics
Plasmid Vectors
Viral Vectors
Library Construction in Vectors
Vectors for Protein Expression
Vectors for Chromosomal Alteration
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Vertebrate Limb Development
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Vertical Transmission
See also
Relevant Websites
V Gene
See also
Viroids
See also
Further Reading
Virulence, Genetics of
Introduction
Portals of Entry
Understanding the Genetics of Virulence
Methods for Comparison of Different Microbial Strains
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Virulent Phage
See also
Virus
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Viruses of the Archaea
Viruses of Hyperthermophilic Archaea
Viruses of Extremely Halophilic Archaea
Evolutionary Implications
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Visconti–Delbrück Hypothesis
Further Reading
Glossary
Vitamins
Introduction
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
B Vitamins
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Triage
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Von Gierke Disease
History
Function of Liver Glycogen
Role of Liver Glucose-6-Phosphatase
The Liver Glucose-6-Phosphatase System
Molecular Bases of Type 1a GSD: (G6PC) Deficiency
Molecular Bases of Type 1b GSD: G6PT1 Deficiency
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Prevalence of GSD1a
Management
Potential for Gene Therapy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Von Willebrand Disease
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
W
W (White-Spotting) Locus
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
W Chromosome
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
WAF1
See also
Wahlund Effect
A Numerical Example
Formal Specification of the Wahlund Effect for Diallelic Autosomal Loci
Wahlund’s Formula
Check of Our Numerical Example
Practical Implications
Derivation of the Wahlund’s Formulas
Wahlund Effect with Multiple Alleles
Conclusion
See also
Wallace, Alfred Russel
See also
Further Reading
Watson, James Dewey
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Weisman, August
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Wheat
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
WHO Classification of Leukemia
Introduction
Myeloid Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms with Eosinophilia and Abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia
Lymphoid Neoplasms
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Whole Organism Cloning
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Wild Type
See also
Wilms’ Tumor
See also
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Wilson Disease
Clinical Features
Genetic Cause of WND
Laboratory Diagnosis of WND
Therapy
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Wilson, Edmund Beecher
See also
Further Reading
Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Wobble Hypothesis
Introduction
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Wright, Sewall
Wright’s Contributions to Genetics
Statistics
Animal Breeding
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
X
X Chromosome
Introduction
Evolutionary Conservation of the X Chromosome
X-Chromosome Configuration
Human X-Linked Diseases
X-Inactivation
X-Chromosome Genes and Brain Development
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
X-Chromosome Inactivation
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Xenology
See also
Xenopus laevis
See also
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Introduction
Roles for XP Gene Products in NER Mechanism
XP Variant Gene and TLS
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Xist Locus
Discovery
Developmental Regulation
Concluding Thoughts
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
X-Ray Crystallography
Introduction
Steps in a Successful Structure Determination by X-Ray Crystallography
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
XXYY Syndrome
Introduction
Phenotype
Research
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Y
Y Chromosome Evolution
Sex-Determination Systems
Evolution of Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes
Genetic Erosion of Y Chromosome
Human Sex Chromosomes
Plant Sex Chromosomes
Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Y Chromosome (Human)
Introduction
What Is the Biological Role of the Y Chromosome?
What Do We Know about the Structure and Gene Content of the Y Chromosome?
What Is the Importance of the Y Chromosome for Medical Genetics?
How Is the Y Chromosome Important for Forensic Genetics?
What Have We Learned about Human History from Studies of the Y Chromosome?
How Do We Expect Y Chromosome Studies to Develop in the Near Future?
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Yanofsky, Charles
See also
Further Reading
Yeast Chromosomes
Yeasts Have Small Genomes
Chromosome Structure
Nuclear Organization
Chromosome Replication
Chromosome Segregation
Artificial Chromosomes and Minichromosomes
Studying Chromosome Repair in Yeast
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Yeast Genetics
Introduction
Basic Features of Yeast Biology Facilitate Genetics
Genetic Screens
Secondary Genetic Screens
Molecular Manipulations
Mutational Analysis
Studying Gene Interaction Networks in Yeast
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Yeast Plasmids
Naturally Occurring Plasmids
Engineered Plasmids
Different Plasmids Have Different Uses
Manipulating Cells with Plasmids
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Z
Z Chromosome
See also
References
Z-DNA
Introduction
Role of Z-DNA in Transcription
Proteins Bind to Z-DNA
The B–Z Junction and Mutagenesis
See also
Further Reading
Glossary
Zebrafish
Background
Zebrafish Pigmentation
Zebrafish Genetics and Genomics
Imaging Zebrafish
Modeling of Human Biology and Disease
Chemical Genetics
Zebrafish and Behavior
Zebrafish and Education
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Zoo Blot
See also
Zygote
Fertilization, Meiosis, and Mitosis
Pronuclei and Zygote Formation
Centrioles and Mitochondria
Gene Expression
Genetic Imprinting
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Glossary
Zygotic Lethal Gene
See also
Subject Index
Authors
- No. of pages: 4368
- Language: English
- Edition: 2
- Published: February 27, 2013
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123749840
- eBook ISBN: 9780080961569
SM
Stanley Maloy
Stanley Maloy is Dean of the College of Sciences and a Professor of Biology at San Diego State University. He obtained a PhD from the University of California Irvine and did postdoctoral work at the University of Utah before moving to the University of Illinois. He was also Director of the UIUC Biotechnology Center government. He was the first President of the American Society for Microbiology. Research in the Maloy lab has focused on bacterial genetics, genomics, and pathogenesis, with an emphasis on Salmonella, bacterial viruses, and emerging infectious diseases. He has also been involved in translational research projects focused on new vaccine delivery systems and nanoengineering approaches for the development of narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Affiliations and expertise
Dean of the College of Sciences and Professor of Biology, San Diego State University, USAKH
Kelly Hughes
Kelly Hughes is Professor Ordinaire at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. After receiving a BS degree from the University of California at Irvine and a PhD from the University of Utah working with John Roth and Baldomero Olivera, he joined Mel Simon’s group at Caltech as a postdoctoral fellow in 1986. He was appointed assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Washington in Seattle in 1989 and moved up the ranks to full professor in 2001. He moved to the University of Utah in 2005 and spent 5 years in the Biology Department there before taking his current position. He was a visiting professor in Winfried Boos’ lab at the University of Konstanz, Germany, in 1997–98, in Guy Cornelis’ lab at the Biozentrum in Basel, Switzerland, in 2004 and in Keiichi Namba’s lab at the University of Osaka in 2005 and 2007. His major research interests have focused on the biogenesis of the bacterial flagellum and coupled gene regulatory mechanisms.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Ordinaire, University of Fribourg, SwitzerlandRead Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics on ScienceDirect