Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2-Volume Set

8th Edition - March 23, 2021
Imprint: Elsevier
Authors: Joseph Jankovic, John C Mazziotta, Scott L. Pomeroy
Editor: Nancy J. Newman
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 4 2 6 1 - 3

A practical, dynamic resource for practicing neurologists, clinicians and trainees, Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice, Eighth Edition, offers a straightforward… Read more

Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2-Volume Set

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A practical, dynamic resource for practicing neurologists, clinicians and trainees, Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice, Eighth Edition, offers a straightforward style, evidence-based information, and robust interactive content supplemented by treatment algorithms and images to keep you up to date with all that’s current in this fast-changing field. This two-volume set is ideal for daily reference, featuring a unique organization by presenting symptom/sign and by specific disease entities—allowing you to access content in ways that mirror how you practice. More than 150 expert contributors, led by Drs. Joseph Jankovic, John C. Mazziotta, Scott L. Pomeroy, and Nancy J. Newman, provide up-to-date guidance that equips you to effectively diagnose and manage the full range of neurological disorders.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Dedication
Copyright
Preface
List of Contributors
Video Table of Contents
VOLUME 1. PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS
PART I. Common Neurological Problems
1. Diagnosis of Neurological Disease
Neurological Interview
Chief Complaint
History of the Present Illness
Review of Patient-Specific Information
Examination
Assessment of the Cause of the Patient’s Symptoms
Management of Neurological Disorders
The Experienced Neurologist’s Approach to the Diagnosis of Common Neurological Problems
2. Episodic Impairment of Consciousness
Syncope
Seizures
Seizure Classification
Miscellaneous Causes of Altered Consciousness
3. Falls and Drop Attacks
Falls and Drop Attacks—Introduction
Drop Attacks With Loss of Consciousness
Drop Attacks Without Loss of Consciousness
Falls
4. Delirium
Clinical Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention and Management
Prognosis
5. Stupor and Coma
Definitions
Conditions that May Mimic Coma
Approach to the Patient in Coma
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Brain Death
6. Prolonged Comatose States and Brain Death
Concepts of Abnormal Consciousness
Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness
Imaging in Disorders of Consciousness
Treatment Options
Brain Death
Decision Making and Bioethics
Conclusions
7. Intellectual and Memory Impairments
Neural Basis Of Cognition
Memory
Other Types of Memory (Nondeclarative or Implicit Memory)
Bedside Tests of Memory and Cognitive Function
8. Global Developmental Delay and Regression
Typical and Atypical Development
Global Developmental Delay
Management
Prognosis
Recurrence Risk
Regression
9. Behavior and Personality Disturbances
Etiology of Behavior and Personality Change in Neurological Illness and Injury
Assessing Behavior and Personality Disturbances in Patients With Cerebral Dysfunction
Behavior and Personality Disturbances Associated With Cerebral Dysfunction
10. Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice
Principles of Differential Diagnosis
Principles of Neuropsychiatric Evaluation
Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Brain–Behavior Relationships
Biology of Psychosis
Biology of Depression
Clinical Symptoms and Signs Suggesting Neurological Disease
Psychiatric Manifestations of Neurological Disease
Treatment Modalities
Treatment Principles
11. Limb Apraxias and Related Disorders
Historical Perspective
A Model for Praxis
Classification of Limb Apraxias
Testing for Limb Apraxias
Pathophysiology of Limb Apraxias
Rehabilitation for Limb Apraxias
Related Disorders
Summary
12. Agnosias
Visual Agnosias
Auditory Agnosias
Tactile Agnosias
Summary
13. Aphasia and Aphasic Syndromes
Symptoms and Differential Diagnosis of Disordered Language
Bedside Language Examination
Differential Diagnosis of Aphasic Syndromes
Language in Right Hemisphere Disorders
Language in Dementing Diseases
Investigation of the Aphasic Patient
Differential Diagnosis
Recovery and Rehabilitation of Aphasia
14. Dysarthria and Apraxia of Speech
Motor Speech Disorders
15. Neurogenic Dysphagia
Normal Swallowing
Neurophysiology of Swallowing
Mechanical Dysphagia
Neuromuscular Dysphagia
Neurogenic Dysphagia
16. Neuro-Ophthalmology: Afferent Visual System
Afferent Visual System Anatomy and Physiology
Neuro-Ophthalmological Examination of the Afferent Visual System
Examination of the Ocular Fundus
Ancillary Diagnostic Techniques
Approach to the Patient With Visual Loss
Pattern of Visual Loss
Temporal Profile of Visual Loss
Nonorganic (Functional) Visual Disturbances
Optic Nerve and Retinal Disorders
Optic Disc Edema
Optic Neuropathies with Normal-Appearing Optic Discs
Optic Neuropathies with Optic Atrophy
Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies
Retinal Disorders
17. Pupillary and Eyelid Abnormalities
Pupillary Abnormalities
Eyelid Abnormalities
18. Neuro-ophthalmology: Ocular Motor System
General Principles of Ocular Motor Control
Eye Movement Anatomy
Disorders of Eye Movements—Ophthalmoplegia and Ocular Misalignment
Disorders of Eye Movements—Abnormal Spontaneous Movements and Oscillations
Development of the Ocular Motor System
Recording of Eye Movements
19. Disturbances of Smell and Taste
Anatomy and Physiology
Chemosensory Testing
Disorders of Olfaction
Disorders of Taste
Clinical Evaluation of Taste and Smell
Treatment and Management
20. Cranial and Facial Pain
History
Examination
Diagnostic Testing
Further Observation
21. Brainstem Syndromes
Ocular Motor Syndromes
Syndromes Involving Ocular Motor Nuclei
Other Brainstem and Associated Syndromes
Brainstem Ischemic Stroke Syndromes
22. Neuro-Otology: Diagnosis and Management of Neuro-Otological Disorders
Historical Background
Epidemiology of Vertigo, Dizziness, and Hearing Loss
Normal Anatomy and Physiology
History of Present Illness
Physical Examination
Specific Disorders Causing Vertigo
Common Causes of Nonspecific Dizziness
Common Presentations of Vertigo
Hearing Loss
Specific Disorders Causing Hearing Loss
Common Presentations of Hearing Loss
Tinnitus
Laboratory Investigations in Diagnosis and Management
Management of Patients With Vertigo
Management of Patients With Hearing Loss and Tinnitus
23. Cerebellar Ataxia
Function of the Cerebellum
Signs and Symptoms for Cerebellar Ataxia
Neurological Examination of Cerebellar Ataxia
Laboratory Tests for Cerebellar Ataxia
Neuroimaging for Cerebellar Ataxia
Other Diagnostic Tests for Ataxia
Acquired Causes for Ataxia
Genetic Causes for Ataxia
Degenerative Cause
Functional (Psychogenic) Ataxia
Management
24. Diagnosis and Assessment of Parkinson Disease and Other Movement Disorders
Parkinsonism
Tremor
Dystonia
Chorea/Athetosis
Stereotypy
Ballism
Tics
Myoclonus
Miscellaneous Movement Disorders
Investigation of Movement Disorders
25. Gait Disorders
Physiological and Biomechanical Aspects of Gait
Anatomical Aspects of Gait
History: Common Symptoms and Associations
Examination of Posture and Walking
Motor and Sensory Examination
Discrepancies on Examination of Gait
Classification of Gait Patterns
Elderly Gait Patterns, Cautious Gaits, and Fear of Falling
Perceptions of Instability and Illusions of Movement
Reckless Gait Patterns
Hysterical and Psychogenic Gait Disorders
Musculoskeletal Disorders and Antalgic Gait
26. Hemiplegia and Monoplegia
Anatomy and Physiology
Hemiplegia
Monoplegia
Pitfalls in the Differential Diagnosis of Hemiplegia and Monoplegia
27. Paraplegia and Spinal Cord Syndromes
Common Spinal Cord Syndromes
Characteristic Clinical Features of Lesions at Different Levels
Pain and Autonomic Dysfunction
28. Proximal, Distal, and Generalized Weakness
Clinical Presentation by Affected Region
Bedside Examination of the Weak Patient
Functional Evaluation of the Weak Patient
Clinical Investigations in Muscular Weakness
Differential Diagnosis by Affected Region and Other Manifestations of Weakness
29. Muscle Pain and Cramps
General Features of Pain
Muscle Pain: Basic Concepts
Clinical Features of Muscle Pain
Muscle Discomfort: Specific Causes
30. Hypotonic (Floppy) Infant
Approach to Diagnosis
Specific Disorders Associated with Hypotonia in Infancy
Summary
31. Sensory Abnormalities of the Limbs, Trunk, and Face
Anatomy and Physiology
Approach to Localization and Diagnosis
Common Sensory Syndromes
Pitfalls
Pitfalls
32. Arm and Neck Pain
Clinical Assessment
Pathology and Clinical Syndromes
33. Lower Back and Lower Limb Pain
Anatomy and Physiology
Approach to Diagnosis of Low Back and Leg Pain
Clinical Syndromes
Pitfalls
Neurological Investigations and Interventions
SECTION A. General Principles
34. Investigations in the Diagnosis and Management of Neurological Disease
Diagnostic Yield of Ancillary Tests
Interpretation of Results of Investigations
Risk, Cost, and Prioritization of Investigations
Reliability of Investigations
Decision Analysis
Research Investigations and Teaching Hospitals
Patient Confidentiality
The Role of Ancillary Tests in Neurological Disease Management
SECTION B. Clinical Neurophysiology
35. Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials
Intraoperative Monitoring
Evoked Potentials
Intraoperative Monitoring
36. Clinical Electromyography
Nerve Conduction Studies
Needle Electromyographic Examination
Specialized Electrodiagnostic Studies
37. Extracranial Neuromodulation
Methods and Their Neurophysiological Background
Stimulation Parameters for Diagnostic use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Clinical Applications for Diagnostic use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Rationale for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Therapeutic Applications
Basic Principles of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Current Concepts of Therapeutic Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Conclusion and Outlook
38. Intracranial Neuromodulation
Parkinson Disease
Dystonia
Tremor
Dementia
Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Pain
Epilepsy
Closed-Loop Stimulation—the Epilepsy Experience
Conclusions and the Future of Deep Brain Stimulation
39. Intraoperative Monitoring
Techniques
Interpretation
Response to Change
Prediction of Deficits
Anesthesia
Clinical Settings
SECTION C. Neuroimaging
40. Structural Imaging Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Structural Neuroimaging in the Clinical Practice of Neurology
Indications for Computed Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging
41. Vascular Imaging: Computed Tomographic Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, and Ultrasound
Computed Tomographic Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Ultrasound
42. Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging
Functional Neuroimaging Modalities
Clinical Applications
43. Ocular Functional and Structural Investigations
Investigations of Retinal and Optic Nerve Structure
Investigations of Visual Function
SECTION D. Clinical Neurosciences
44. Neuropsychology
Goals of Neuropsychology
Neuropsychological Evaluation
Brief Mental Status Examination
Neuropsychological Characteristics of Neurological Disease
45. Neurourology
The Lower Urinary Tract and its Neurological Control
The Lower Bowel and its Neurological Control
Sexual Function and its Neurological Control
Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Diagnostic Evaluation
Complications Arising From Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and the Risk for Developing Upper Tract Damage
Management of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Management of Neurogenic Sexual Dysfunction
Management of Fecal Incontinence
46. Sexual Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders
The Neurophysiology of Human Sexual Responses
The Impact of Neurological Conditions on Sexual Function
Treatment Options for the Primary Impact of Neurological Conditions on Sexual Function
Treatment Options for Secondary Impact Effects of Neurological Conditions on Sexual Function
Treatment Options for Tertiary Effects of Neurological Conditions on Sexual Function
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
47. Neuroepidemiology
Population-Based Rates
Cerebrovascular Disease
Primary Neoplasms
Convulsive Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis
Movement Disorders
Selected Infections and Neurological Disease
Overview of the Frequency of Neurological Disorders
48. Clinical Neurogenetics
Genetics in Clinical Neurology
Gene Expression, Diversity, and Regulation
Types of Genetic Variation and Mutations
Chromosomal Analysis and Abnormalities
Disorders of Mendelian Inheritance
Mendelian Disease Gene Identification by Linkage Analysis and Chromosome Mapping
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Common Neurological Disorders and Complex Disease Genetics
Genome/Exome Sequencing in Clinical Practice, Disease Gene Discovery, and Gene Therapy
Future Role of Systems Biology in Neurogenetic Disease
Environmental Contributions to Neurogenetic Disease
Genetics and the Paradox of Disease Definition
Clinical Approach to the Patient With Suspected Neurogenetic Disease
49. Neuroimmunology
Immune System
Organization of the Immune Response
Self-Tolerance
The gut Microbiome
Immune System and Central Nervous System
Putative Mechanisms of Human Autoimmune Disease
Neuroimmunological Diseases
Immune Response to Infectious Diseases
Tumor Immunology
Antibody-Associated Neurological Syndromes
Immunology of Central Nervous System Transplant
Summary
50. Neuroendocrinology
Neuropeptides, Neurotransmitters, and Neurohormones
Neuropeptides and the Immune System
Nonendocrine Hypothalamus
Endocrine Hypothalamus: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Unit
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Approach to the Patient With Hypothalamic-Pituitary Dysfunction
Neuroendocrine Tumors
VOLUME 2. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
PART III. Neurological Diseases and Their Treatment
51. Management of Neurological Disease
Principles of Neurological Management
Evidence-Based Medicine in Neurology
Goals of Treatment
Principles of Symptom Management
Legal Issues
Implications for Clinical Practice
52. Pain Management
Definition and Challenge
Anatomy and Physiology of the Pain Pathways
Multidisciplinary Approach to Pain Management
Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pain
Interventional Pain Management
Psychological Therapy in Chronic Pain Management
Rehabilitation in Chronic Pain Management
Common Pain Syndromes
Summary
53. Neurointensive Care
Clinical Assessment of Critically Ill Neurological Patients
Monitoring in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit
Global Brain Monitoring Techniques
Regional/Focal Brain Monitoring Techniques
Principles of Managing Critically Ill Neurological Patients
54. Principles of Neuroendovascular Therapy
Ischemic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistulas
Spinal Vascular Malformations
Tumor Embolization
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
SECTION B. Neurological Complications of Systemic Disease
55. Neurological Rehabilitation
Goals and Structure of Rehabilitation
Biological Bases for Rehabilitative Interventions
Neuromedical Complications that Interfere with Rehabilitation
Therapies for Impairments and Disabilities
Therapies for Cognitive and Behavioral Disabilities
Functional Outcomes with Rehabilitation
Future Directions
56. Transition to Adult Care for Youth with Chronic Neurological Disorders
Why is Transition Sometimes Difficult?
What Happens Without a Transition Program?
Guidelines for Transition Programs
How is Transition Best Orchestrated?
Conclusion
57. Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Neurological Disease
Introduction
Communicating Difficult News
Incorporating Palliative Care Into Specific Disease Categories
Goals of Care
Advance Care Planning
Caregiver and Family Support
Transition to Hospice Care
Summary
58. Neurological Complications of Systemic Disease: Adults
Cardiac Disorders and the Nervous System
Diseases of the Aorta
Connective Tissue Diseases and Vasculitides
Respiratory Diseases
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Hematological Disorders With Anemia
Proliferative Hematological Disorders
Hemorrhagic Diseases
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndromes
Liver Disease
Pancreatic Encephalopathy
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Renal Failure
Electrolyte Disturbances
Pituitary Disease
Diabetes Insipidus
Thyroid Disease
Parathyroid Disease
Adrenal Glands
Diabetes Mellitus
59. Neurological Complications of Systemic Disease: Children
Cardiac Disorders and the Nervous System
Connective Tissue Diseases and Vasculitides
Respiratory Disorders
Hypertension
Hematological Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Endocrine Disorders
Renal Disorders
SECTION C. Trauma of the Nervous System
60. Basic Neuroscience of Neurotrauma
Experimental Models of Traumatic Brain Injury
Neuronal Damage After Traumatic Brain Injury
Basic Mechanisms of Injury
Therapeutic Interventions Directed Against Pathophysiological Processes
Inflammation
Recovery of Function
Summary and Future Directions
61. Concussion in Sports and Performance
Epidemiology
Definition of Concussion
Pathophysiology
Initial Evaluation and Diagnosis
Acute and Subacute Management
Risk Involved With Premature Return to Participation
Long-Term Effects
When to Retire an Athlete
Prevention
62. Craniocerebral Trauma
Epidemiology
Classification
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Late Complications
Outcome
Future of Traumatic Brain Injury
63. Spinal Cord Trauma
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes
Transient Spinal Cord Syndromes
Spinal Shock
Mechanisms and Types of Injuries
Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
SCIWORA
Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries in the Acute Setting
Stabilization and Support
Long-Term Management of Spinal Cord Injuries
Delayed Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Syndromes
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Thromboembolism in Spinal Cord Injury
Future Directions
64. Trauma of the Nervous System: Peripheral Nerve Trauma
Anatomy of the Spinal Nerves of the Peripheral Nervous System
Classification of Nerve Trauma
Peripheral Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration
Mechanisms of Traumatic Nerve Injury
Evaluation of Nerve Trauma
Surgical Repair of Nerve Trauma
Management of Neuropathic Pain Associated With Nerve Trauma
Movement Disorders After Nerve Trauma
Future Directions in Treatment of Nerve Trauma
SECTION D. Vascular Diseases of the Nervous System
65. Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia
Pathology of Ischemic Stroke
Clinical Syndromes of Cerebral Ischemia
Diagnosis and Treatment of Threatened Ischemic Stroke
Large-Artery Atherothrombotic Infarctions
Small-Vessel or Penetrating Artery Disease
Cardiogenic Embolism
Nonatherosclerotic Vasculopathies
Inherited and Miscellaneous Disorders
Hypercoagulable Disorders
Infarcts of Undetermined Cause
Essential Investigations
Preventing Stroke Recurrence: Medical Therapy
Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
66. Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Mechanisms of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
67. Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Natural History of Intracranial Aneurysms
Imaging Modalities and Diagnosis
Symptoms
Treatment of Incidental Intracranial Aneurysms
Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
68. Stroke in Children
Stroke and the Developing Cerebrovascular System
Epidemiology
Presentations
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Treatment
Summary
69. Spinal Cord Vascular Disease
Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Infarction
Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations
Spinal Cavernous Malformations
Spinal Hemorrhage
70. Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Features and Diagnosis
Treatment
Mimics
Conclusions
SECTION E. Cancer and the Nervous System
71. Epidemiology of Brain Tumors
Classification
Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytical Epidemiology
Summary
72. Pathology and Molecular Genetics
General Principles of Nervous System Tumor Biology
Nervous System Tumor Classification
Primary Neuroepithelial Tumors
Primary Extra-Axial Neoplasms
Miscellaneous Tumors
Metastatic Tumors
73. Clinical Features of Brain Tumors and Complications of Their Treatment
Clinical Features of Brain Tumors
Complications of Brain Tumor Treatment
74. Primary Nervous System Tumors in Adults
General Aspects
Management of Specific Brain Tumors
75. Primary Nervous System Tumors in Infants and Children
Pediatric Primary Nervous System Tumors
Embryonal Tumors
Astrocytic Tumors
Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors
Other Central Nervous System Tumors
Treatment-Related Complications in Infants and Children With Primary Nervous System Tumors
Summary
76. Nervous System Metastases
Brain Metastases
Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression
Intramedullary Spinal Metastases
Skull and Dural Metastases
Leptomeningeal Metastases
Plexus Metastases
Peripheral Nerve Metastases
SECTION F. Infections of the Nervous System
77. Neurological Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Adults
Epidemiology and Current Trends
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Genome, Replication, and Molecular Heterogeneity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Natural History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Neuro-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease
Neuropathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease
Antiretroviral Therapy and its Effect on Neuro-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease
Clinical Spectrum of Neuro-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease
Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurological Syndromes
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neuromuscular Disorders
78. Viral Encephalitis and Meningitis
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Viruses
Ribonucleic Acid Viruses
79. Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System
Fungal infections of the Central Nervous System
Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System
Summary
SECTION G. Neurological Disorders
80. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Characteristic Clinical Symptoms and Physical Findings in Multiple Sclerosis
Cranial Nerve Dysfunction
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Course and Prognosis
Factors Influencing Clinical Course
Variants of Multiple Sclerosis
Treatment and Management
Clinical Symptoms and Symptom Management
Other Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System
81. Paraneoplastic Disorders of the Nervous System
Pathogenesis
General Diagnostic Approach
Specific Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Their Treatment
82. Autoimmune Encephalitis with Antibodies to Cell Surface Antigens
Specific Syndromes
General Treatment Recommendations
83. Anoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Pathophysiological Concepts
Clinical Examination
Management
Predicting Prognosis
Laboratory and Electrophysiological Testing
Neuroimaging
84. Toxic and Metabolic Encephalopathies
Clinical Manifestations
Toxic Encephalopathies
Metabolic Disturbances
85. Deficiency Diseases of the Nervous System
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Folate Deficiency and Homocysteine
Vitamin E
Pellagra (Nicotinic Acid Deficiency)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Thiamine
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Other Diseases Associated With Alcoholism
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Miscellaneous Deficiency Diseases
86. Effects of Toxins and Physical Agents on the Nervous System
Occupational Exposure to Organic Chemicals
Occupational Exposure to Metals
Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Effects of Nonionizing Radiation
Electric Current and Lightning
Vibration
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Burns
Neurotoxins of Animals and Insects
Neurotoxins of Plants and Fungi
Marine Neurotoxins
87. Effects of Drug Abuse on the Nervous System
Drugs of Dependence
Neurological Complications
88. Brain Edema and Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation
Brain Edema and Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation
Blood–Brain Interfaces
Brain Edema
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Hydrocephalus
89. Developmental Disorders of the Nervous System
Embryological and Fetal Development of the Nervous System
Neurulation
Mitotic Proliferation of Neuroblasts (Neuronogenesis)
Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)
Neuroblast Migration
Fissures and Sulci of Cortical Structures
Growth of Axons and Dendrites
Electrical Polarity of the Cell Membrane
Synaptogenesis
Biosynthesis of Neurotransmitters
Myelination
Cajal-Retzius Neurons and Subplate Neurons of the Fetal Brain
Etiology of Central Nervous System Malformations
Molecular Genetic Classification of Malformations of the Nervous System
Clinical Expression of Selected Malformations of the Nervous System
90. Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Intellectual Disability
Learning Disability
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
91. Inborn Errors of Metabolism and the Nervous System
General Considerations
Disorders Involving Complex Molecules
Disorders Involving Small Molecules
Other Subclassifications of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Conclusion
92. Neurodegenerative Disease Processes
Where do Neurodegenerative Disorders Begin?
Mechanisms of Cell Loss in Neurodegeneration
Conclusion
93. Mitochondrial Disorders
Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders
Pathophysiology of Mitochondrial Disorders
Approach to the Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disorders
Mitochondrial Clinical Syndromes
Management of Mitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disease
94. Prion Diseases
Human Prion Diseases
Clinical Aspects of Human Prion Diseases
Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Treatment of Human Prion Diseases
Differential Diagnosis
95. Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
Normal Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Dementia
Alzheimer Disease
Neurodegenerative Dementias Associated With Parkinsonism
Frontotemporal Dementias
Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging
Vascular Dementia (Vascular Cognitive Impairment)
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/Post-Traumatic Dementia
Other Causes
Young-Onset Dementia
96. Parkinson Disease and Other Movement Disorders
Movement Disorders and the Basal Ganglia
Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration
Parkinsonian Disorders
Tremor
Chorea
Dystonia
Tics
Myoclonus
Tardive Dyskinesia
Stereotypies
Miscellaneous Movement Disorders
97. Disorders of Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Disorders of Upper Motor Neurons
Disorders of Lower Motor Neurons
Disorders of Both Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
98. Channelopathies: Episodic and Electrical Disorders of the Nervous System
Ion Channels
Genetic Disorders of Muscular Ion Channels
Genetic Disorders of Neuronal Ion Channels
Epilepsy
Autoimmune Channelopathies
Summary
99. Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Hypomelanosis of Ito
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome
Neurocutaneous Melanosis
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy
Kinky Hair Syndrome (Menkes Disease)
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Other Neurological Conditions With Cutaneous Manifestations
Conclusions
100. Epilepsies
Seizures and Epilepsy Definitions
Ictal Phenomenology
Classification of Seizures
Seizure Types
Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes
Seizure Precipitants
Epidemiology of Epilepsy and Seizures
Morbidity and Mortality
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Other Therapies
Quality-of-Care Standards in the Management of Epilepsy
Seizure Clusters and Status Epilepticus
101. Sleep and Its Disorders
Definition of Sleep
Mechanism of Muscle Antonia During Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Physiological Changes In Sleep
Sleep Deprivation and Sleepiness
Classification of Sleep Disorders
Clinical Phenomenology
Laboratory Assessment of Sleep Disorders
Principles of Management of Sleep Disorders
Conclusion
102. Headache and Other Craniofacial Pain
Pain Transmission and Modulation as Related to Headache
Classification
Secondary Headaches
Primary Headaches
Other Headaches and Facial Pains
Headache in Children and Adolescents
103. Cranial Neuropathies
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)
Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)
Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
Spinal Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
104. Disorders of Bones, Joints, Ligaments, and Meninges
Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
Congenital and Inherited Craniospinal Malformations and Deformities
Spinal Dysraphism
Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia
Spinal Deformities and Metabolic Bone Disease
Degenerative Disease of the Spine
Infectious Diseases of the Spine
Inflammatory Joint Disease
Epidural Lipomatosis
Chronic Meningitis
Fibromyalgia
105. Disorders of Nerve Roots and Plexuses
Disorders of Nerve Roots
Disorders of the Brachial Plexus
Disorders of the Lumbosacral Plexus
106. Disorders of Peripheral Nerves
Clinical Approach to Disorders of Peripheral Nerves
Mononeuropathies
Hereditary Neuropathies
Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathies
Peripheral Neuropathies Associated with Monoclonal Proteins
Neuropathies Associated with Systemic Disorders
Toxic and Drug-Induced Neuropathies
Neuropathies Associated With Infections
Chronic Idiopathic Axonal Polyneuropathy
Pain In Peripheral Neuropathy
107. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
Classification of Autonomic Disorders
Clinical Features of Autonomic Impairment
Assessment of Autonomic Function
Functional Autonomic Disorders
Autonomic Disorders Characterized by Excessive Autonomic Outflow
Predominantly Peripheral Afferent Structural Autonomic Disorders Characterized by Impaired Autonomic Outflow
Predominantly Peripheral Efferent Structural Autonomic Disorders Characterized by Impaired Autonomic Outflow
Predominantly Central Structural Autonomic Disorders Characterized by Impaired Autonomic Outflow
Nonautonomic Disorders Causing Hypotension or Syncope to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis
Therapy of Dysautonomias
108. Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Myasthenia Gravis
Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia
Botulism
Other Causes of Abnormal Neuromuscular Transmission
109. Disorders of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Histology
Specific Disorders
110. Neurological Problems in the Newborn
Neonatal Seizures
Brain Injury in the Preterm Newborn
Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Term Newborn
Perinatal Stroke
Metabolic Brain Injury
Infections in the Central Nervous System
Trauma to Extracranial, Central, and Peripheral Nervous System Structures
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Antidepressant Exposure
111. Cerebral Palsy
History
Definition
Clinical Approach
Treatment
Summary
112. Neurological Problems of Pregnancy
Neurological Complications of Contraception
Ethical Considerations
Imaging
Headache
Leg Muscle Cramps
Myasthenia Gravis
Muscular and Neuromuscular Disorders
Neuropathy
Movement Disorders
Wernicke Encephalopathy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder—Devic Syndrome
Tumors
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
Epilepsy and its Treatments
Cerebrovascular Disease
Eclamptic Encephalopathy
113. Functional and Dissociative Neurological Symptoms and Disorders
Terminology
Epidemiology in Neurology and Other Medical Specialties
Clinical Assessment of Functional Neurological Disorders
Feigning and Malingering
Misdiagnosis
Prognosis
Etiology and Mechanism
Investigations
Treatment
Summary
Index

Joseph Jankovic

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Neurology, Distinguished Chair in Movement Disorders, Director, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

John C Mazziotta

Affiliations and expertise

Vice Chancellor of UCLA Health Sciences; Dean, David Geffen School of Medicine; CEO UCLA Health; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA

Scott L. Pomeroy

Scott L. Pomeroy is an internationally known expert on the biological origins, treatment and long-term outcomes of childhood brain tumors. He has served as the Chair of the Department of Neurology and Neurologist-in-Chief of Boston Children’s Hospital since 2005. Dr. Pomeroy graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Miami University in 1975 and in 1982 was the first graduate of the M.D., Ph.D. program of the University of Cincinnati. He trained in pediatrics at Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School and in child neurology at St. Louis Children’s Hospital/Washington University of St. Louis. In 1989, he won the Child Neurology Society Young Investigator Award for work done as a postdoctoral fellow of Dale Purves. The Pomeroy lab focuses on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of medulloblastomas and other embryonal brain tumors. Dr. Pomeroy has served as an ad hoc and chartered member of many NIH study sections, as co-Editor of Neurology in Clinical Practice and Associate Editor of Annals of Neurology, as President of the Child Neurology Foundation and as a member of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. He has received numerous awards including the Sidney Carter Award of the American Academy of Neurology, the Daniel Drake Medal of the University of Cincinnati, the inaugural Compassionate Caregiver Award of the Kenneth Schwartz Center, and the Bernard Sachs Award of the Child Neurology Society. In 2017, he was elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Bronson Crothers Professor of Neurology; Director, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center; Harvard Medical School; Chair, Department of Neurology; Neurologist-in-Chief; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston, MA, USA

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Nancy J. Newman

Joseph Jankovic

John C Mazziotta

Scott L. Pomeroy

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