Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes

Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications

2nd Edition - January 20, 2023
Editor: Goutam Brahmachari
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 9 0 5 9 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 9 0 6 0 - 5

Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications, Second Edition provides a complete survey of the latest innovations on microbial… Read more

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Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications, Second Edition provides a complete survey of the latest innovations on microbial enzymes, highlighting biotechnological advances in their production and purification along with information on successful applications as biocatalysts in several chemical and industrial processes under mild and green conditions.

The application of recombinant DNA technology within industrial fermentation and the production of enzymes over the last three decades have produced a host of useful chemical and biochemical substances. The power of these technologies results in novel transformations, better enzymes, a wide variety of applications, and the unprecedented development of biocatalysts through the ongoing integration of molecular biology methodology, all of which is covered insightfully and in-depth within the book.

This fully revised, second edition is updated to address the latest research developments and applications in the field, from microbial enzymes recently applied in drug discovery to penicillin biosynthetic enzymes and penicillin acylase, xylose reductase, and microbial enzymes used in antitubercular drug design. Across the chapters, the use of microbial enzymes in sustainable development and production processes is fully considered, with recent successes and ongoing challenges highlighted.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
About the editor
Preface
Chapter 1. Biotechnology of microbial enzymes: production, biocatalysis, and industrial applications—an overview
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 An overview of the book
1.3 Concluding remarks
Chapter 2. Useful microbial enzymes—an introduction
Abstract
2.1 The enzymes: a class of useful biomolecules
2.2 Microbial enzymes for industry
2.3 Improvement of enzymes
2.4 Discovery of new enzymes
2.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 3. Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Production of microbial enzymes
3.3 Strain improvements
3.4 Downstream processing/enzyme purification
3.5 Product formulations
3.6 Global enzyme market scenarios
3.7 Industrial applications of enzymes
3.8 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 4. Solid-state fermentation for the production of microbial cellulases
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solid-state fermentation
4.3 Lignocellulosic residues/wastes as solid substrates in solid-state fermentation
4.4 Pretreatment of agricultural residues
4.5 Environmental factors affecting microbial cellulase production in solid-state fermentation
4.6 Strategies to improve production of microbial cellulase
4.7 Fermenter (bioreactor) design for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation
4.8 Biomass conversions and application of microbial cellulase
4.9 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 5. Hyperthermophilic subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus kodakarensis
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Two Subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus Kodakarensis KOD1
5.3 TK-subtilisin
5.4 Tk-SP
5.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 6. Enzymes from basidiomycetes—peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brown- and white-rot fungi
6.3 Isolation and laboratory maintenance of wood-rot basidiomycetes
6.4 Basidiomycetes as producers of enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose biomass
6.5 Production of ligninolytic enzymes by basidiomycetes: screening and production in laboratory scale
6.6 General characteristics of the main ligninolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications
6.7 Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes from basidiomycetes
6.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 7. Metagenomics and new enzymes for the bioeconomy to 2030
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metagenomics
7.3 Activity-based methods for enzyme search in metagenomes
7.4 Computers applied to metagenomic enzyme search
7.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8. Enzymatic biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics
8.3 Semisynthetic β-lactam derivatives
8.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of β-lactam antibiotic synthesizing and modifying enzymes in fungi
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 ACV synthetase
9.3 Isopenicillin N synthase
9.4 Acyl-CoA ligases: a wealth of acyl-CoA ligases activate penicillin side-chain precursors
9.5 Isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT)
9.6 Transport of intermediates and penicillin secretion
9.7 Production of semisynthetic penicillins by penicillin acylases
9.8 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 10. Role of glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of antibiotics
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification and structural insights of glycosyltransferases
10.3 Role of glycosylation in enhancing bioactivity
10.4 Engineering biosynthetic pathway of antibiotics by altering glycosyltransferases
10.5 Identification of glycosyltransferases and glycosylated molecules using bioinformatics
10.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 11. Relevance of microbial glucokinases
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis, biochemical properties, and regulation
11.3 Structure
11.4 Catalytic mechanism
11.5 Production
11.6 Potential applications in industrial processes
11.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12. Myctobacterium tuberculosis DapA as a target for antitubercular drug design
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Challenges encountered by the scientific communities
12.3 MTB cell wall: a source of drug targets
12.4 The diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway (lysine synthesis pathway)
12.5 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA)
12.6 Previous experiments targeting MTB Dap pathway enzymes
12.7 Significance of inhibitors against MTB Dap pathway enzymes
12.8 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 13. Lipase-catalyzed organic transformations: a recent update
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemoenzymatic applications of lipases in organic transformations: a recent update
13.3 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 14. Tyrosinase and Oxygenases: Fundamentals and Applications
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Origin and Sources
14.3 Molecular Structure of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase
14.4 Mechanism of Catalytic Action
14.5 Applications of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase
14.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgement
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 15. Application of microbial enzymes as drugs in human therapy and healthcare
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Manufacture of therapeutic enzymes
15.3 Examples of microbial enzymes aimed at human therapy and healthcare
15.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 16. Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical industry
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cataloging of hydrolases used in pharmaceutical industry
16.3 Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical processes
16.4 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 17. Microbial enzymes of use in industry
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification and chemical nature of microbial enzymes
17.3 Production of microbial enzymes
17.4 Applications of microbial enzymes
17.5 Future of microbial enzymes
17.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 18. Microbial enzymes used in food industry
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Microbial enzymes in food industry
18.3 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 19. Carbohydrases: a class of all-pervasive industrial biocatalysts
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classification of carbohydrases
19.3 Sources
19.4 Industrial production of carbohydrase
19.5 Industrial applications of carbohydrases
19.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 20. Role of microbial enzymes in agricultural industry
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Soil and soil bacteria for agriculture
20.3 Microbial enzymes
20.4 Microbial enzymes for crop health, soil fertility, and allied agro-industries
20.5 Agricultural enzyme market
20.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 21. Opportunities and challenges for the production of fuels and chemicals: materials and processes for biorefineries
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Brazilian current production and processing of lignocellulosic sugarcane biomass
21.3 Technical and economic prospects of using lipases in biodiesel production
21.4 Perspectives on biomass processing for composites and chemicals production
21.5 Biogas/biomethane production
21.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 22. Use of lipases for the production of biofuels
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Lipases
22.3 Feedstocks
22.4 Catalytic process
22.5 Reactors and industrial processes
22.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 23. Microbial enzymes used in textile industry
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Isolation and identification of microorganism-producing textile enzymes
23.3 Production of textile enzymes by bacteria and fungi
23.4 Process aspect optimization for producing microbial textile enzymes
23.5 Purification strategies of textile enzymes
23.6 Microbial enzymes used in the textile industry
23.7 Immobilization of textile enzymes
23.8 Genetic engineering of bacteria- and fungi-producing textile enzymes
23.9 Manufacturers of some commercial textile enzymes
23.10 Textile industry effluents’ treatment
23.11 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 24. Microbial enzymes in bioremediation
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Robust microbes/superbugs in bioremediation
24.3 Role of microbial enzymes
24.4 Remedial applications for industries
24.5 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 25. The role of microbes and enzymes for bioelectricity generation: a belief toward global sustainability
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Bioresources: biorefinery
25.3 Hydrolytic enzymes and their applications in various sectors
25.4 Bioelectricity and microbial electrochemical system
25.5 Limitations and their possible solutions in biorefinery and bioelectricity generation
25.6 Prospects
25.7 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 26. Discovery of untapped nonculturable microbes for exploring novel industrial enzymes based on advanced next-generation metagenomic approach
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Need for nonculturable microbe study
26.3 Problems associated with nonculturable microbial studies
26.4 Culture-independent molecular-based methods
26.5 Different approaches for metagenomic analysis of unculturable microbes
26.6 Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics
26.7 Application of unculturable microbes and significance of next-generation metagenomic approaches
26.8 Concluding remarks
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Index

Goutam Brahmachari

Born on April 14, 1969 in Barala, a village in the district of Murshidabad (West Bengal, India), Goutam Brahmachari had his early education in his native place. He received his high school degree in scientific studies in 1986 at Barala R. D. Sen High School under the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE). Then, he moved to Visva-Bharati (a Central University founded by Rabindranath Tagore at Santiniketan, West Bengal, India) to study chemistry at the undergraduate level. After graduating from this university in 1990, he completed his master’s in 1992, specializing in organic chemistry. After receiving his Ph.D. 1997 in chemistry from the same university, he joined his alma mater the next year and has been a full professor of chemistry since 2011. The research interests of Prof. Brahmachari’s group include synthetic organic chemistry, green chemistry, natural products chemistry, and the medicinal chemistry of natural and natural product-inspired synthetic molecules. With more than 25 years of experience in teaching and research, he has produced over 260 scientific publications, including original research papers, review articles, books, and invited book chapters in the field of natural products and green chemistry. He has already authored/edited 27 books published by internationally reputed major publishing houses, namely, Elsevier Science (The Netherlands), Academic Press (Oxford), Wiley-VCH (Germany), Alpha Science International (Oxford), De Gruyter (Germany), World Scientific (Singapore), CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group, USA), Royal Society of Chemistry (Cambridge), etc. Prof. Brahmachari serves several scientific bodies in India and abroad, and also many international journals as an editorial member. He has also been serving as co-editor-in-chief for Current Green Chemistry. Prof. Brahmachari is the founder series editor of the Elsevier Book Series ‘Natural Product Drug Discovery’. Prof. Brahmachari is an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a recipient of the CRSI (Chemical Research Society of India) Bronze Medal-2021 (for his contribution to research in chemistry), Dr Basudev Banerjee Memorial Award-2021 (for his contribution to the field of chemical sciences) from the Indian Chemical Society, INSA (Indian National Science Academy) Teachers Award-2019, Dr Kalam Best Teaching Faculty Award-2017, and Academic Brilliance Award, 2015 (Excellence in Research). Prof. Brahmachari was featured in the World Ranking of the Top 2% Scientists (Organic Chemistry Category) in 2020-23, the AD Scientific World Ranking of Scientists in 2022-2024, and as the Scholar GPS Highly Ranked Scholar-2024 (Lifetime, securing a position in the top 0.05% of all scholars worldwide).

Affiliations and expertise

Goutam Brahmachari, PhDFull Professor, Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, India

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