Biotechnology of Filamentous Fungi

Acknowledgments


1. Editorial Introduction

Part I. Principles of Technology


2. Isolation, Preservation, and Taxonomy


2.1 Taxonomy


2.2 Isolation


2.3 Preservation

References

Appendix: Literature References


3. Strain Improvement and Strain Stability


3.1 Requirements for Industrial Strain Improvement


3.2 Genetic Instability in Industrial Microorganisms


3.3 Sources of Genetic Material


3.4 Re-Isolation and Purification


3.5 Generation of Novel Genotypes


3.6 Expression


3.7 Screening


3.8 Yield Improvement by Process and Medium Development


3.9 Preservation


3.10 Conclusions

References


4. Growth Kinetics and Fermentation Scaleup


4.1 Fungal Growth


4.2 Scaleup of Fermentation


4.3 Economics

References


5. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism


5.1 Delayed Formation of Idiolites


5.2 Effectors of Idiolite Biosynthesis


5.3 Other Factors


5.4 Cessation of Biosynthesis


5.5 Improvement of Idiolite Production

References


6 Transformation


6.1 Transformation Techniques and Properties of Transformants


6.2 Vector Integration


6.3 Autonomously Replicating Vectors


6.4 Selectable Markers for Use with Wild-Type Organisms


6.5 Selectable Markers for Use with Mutant Hosts


6.6 Gene Isolation

References


7. Bioconversions


7.1 The Scope of Fungal Bioconversions


7.2 Fungi as Chemical Reagents


7.3 The Products of Fungal Bioconversions


7.4 The Future of Fungal Bioconversions


8. Screening for Antifungal Drugs


8.1 Antifungal Screens


8.2 Targets


8.3 Fungal Biology—Source of New Targets


8.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Part II. Products


9. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of the β-Lactam Antibiotics


9.1 Historical Perspectives


9.2 Pathway for Synthesis of β-Lactams


9.3 Enzymes of β-Lactam Biosynthesis


9.4 Molecular Biology of Penicillin and Cephalosporin Producing Fungi


9.5 Application of Molecular Biology to β-Lactam Production


9.6 Future Prospects

References


10. Therapeutic Metabolites


10.1 Lovastatin


10.2 Cyclosporins


10.3 Ergot Alkaloids


10.4 Asperlicin


10.5 Future Products

References


11. Organic Acids


11.1 Citric Acid


11.2 Itaconic Acid


11.3 Gluconic Acid


11.4 Fumaric Acid


11.5 Miscellaneous Organic Acids

References


12. Insecticides and Herbicides


12.1 Fungi as Biological Control Agents


12.2 Mycoinsecticides


12.3 Mycoherbicides


12.4 Fungal Toxins as Mycopesticides


12.5 Commercialization


12.6 Genetic Manipulation

References


13. Food Enzymes


13.1 Proteases


13.2 Amylases and Glucoamylases


13.3 Pectic Enzymes


13.4 Lactases


13.5 α-Galactosidases


13.6 Dextranases


13.7 Cellulases


13.8 Hemicellulases


13.9 Lipases


13.10 Oxidation-Reduction Enzymes


13.11 Other Enzymes


13.12 Application of Gene Technology

References


14. Structure, Function, and Genetics of Cellulases


14.1 Production and Characterization of Fungal Cellulases


14.2 New Substrates for Cellulases


14.3 Cloning of Fungal Cellulolytic Enzyme Genes


14.4 Structure Determination of Trichoderma Cellulases


14.5 Functions of Fungal Cellulases


14.6 Expression of Cloned Cellulase Genes in Heterologous Host Systems


14.7 Genetic Engineering of the Cellulase Production Profiles of Trichoderma


14.8 Conclusions

References


15. Edible Mushrooms


15.1 The Mushroom Industry


15.2 Natural Life Cycle Barriers to Breeding in A. bisporus


15.3 Biotechnology—Breaking Mushroom Breeding Barriers


15.4 Diversity Analysis, Strain Typing, and Genetic Linkage Mapping of A. bisporus


15.5 Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Breeding in A. bisporus


15.6 Transformation


15.7 Developmental Studies


15.8 Concluding Remarks

References


16. Mycotoxins


16.1 Definitions and Background


16.2 Biosynthesis


16.3 Mycotoxins and Molecular Biology


16.4 Agricultural Ecology


16.5 Mycotoxin Control


16.6 Conclusions

References

Index