Biotechnology of Blood

Part I. Oxygen Delivery Systems


1. Biotechnology, Economies, and the Business of Blood


1.1 Cellular Components and Biotechnology


1.2 Plasma Products

References


2. Long-Term Storage and Preservation of Red Blood Cells


2.1 Current State of Liquid Preservation at 4°C


2.2 Current Research in Nonfrozen Systems


2.3 Frozen Red Cells


2.4 Post-Thaw Preservation of Red Cells


2.5 Conclusions

References


3. Autologous Blood Salvage Procedures


3.1 Advantages of Autologous Transfusion


3.2 Clinical Applications


3.3 Contraindications


3.4 Intraoperative Blood Salvage Devices


3.5 Postoperative Blood Salvage


3.6 Complications


3.7 Characteristics of Salvaged Blood


3.8 Administrative Considerations


3.9 Summary

References


4. The Production of Group O Cells


4.1 Biochemistry, Genetics, and Formation of the ABO Blood Group Antigens


4.2 Treatment Conditions Compatible with RBC Viability


4.3 Enzymatic Conversion of Group B RBC to Group O: In Vivo Studies


4.4 Enzymatic Conversion of Group A RBC to Group O: In Vitro Studies


4.5 Future Perspectives: Rh Modification

References


5. Chemically Modified and Recombinant Hemoglobin Blood Substitutes


5.1 Regulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin


5.2 Dissociation of the Hemoglobin Tetramer


5.3 Chemical Modification of Hemoglobin


5.4 Purification of Hemoglobin


5.5 Autooxidation of Hemoglobin


5.6 Recombinant Production of Hemoglobin


5.7 Summary

References


6. Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: Historical Development of a Blood Substitute


6.1 Fabrication


6.2 In Vivo Studies


6.3 Future Directions

References


7. Medical Oxygen Transport Using Perfluorochemicals


7.1 History of Perfluorochemicals in Oxygen Transport


7.2 Data on the Use of PFC Emulsions


7.3 Medical Applications and Clinical Studies


7.4 Future Perfluorochemical Products


7.5 Conclusion

References

Part II. Plasma Fractions


8. Current Approaches to the Preparation of Plasma Fractions


8.1 Albumin


8.2 Plasma Protein Fraction


8.3 Antihemophilic Factor (Factor VIII, or AHF)


8.4 Immunoglobulins


8.5 Fibrinogen


8.6 Prothrombin Complex


8.7 Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates


8.8 Antithrombin III


8.9 Current Equipment and Technologies Used in Plasma Fractionation

References


9. Recombinant Antihemophilic Factors


9.1 Factor VIII


9.2 Factor IX


9.3 Factor VII


9.4 Other Recombinant Coagulation Factors


9.5 Conclusion

References


10. Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator


10.1 The Fibrinolytic System


10.2 Nonrecombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)


10.3 Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA)


10.4 Mutants and Variants of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator


10.5 Conclusions

References


11. Fibrinogen and Fibrin Formation and Its Role in Fibrinolysis


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Physicochemical Properties of Fibrinogen


11.3 Chains and Prosthetic Groups of Fibrinogen


11.4 Primary Structure of Fibrinogen


11.5 Activation of Fibrinogen


11.6 Fibrin(ogen)olysis in Presence of Plasmin


11.7 Interaction of Fibrinogen and Fibrin with Ions, Plasma Proteins, and Cells


11.8 Biosynthesis of Fibrinogen


11.9 Evolution of Fibrinogen and Hemostatic Mechanisms


11.10 Role of Fibrinogen in Health and Disease

References


12. Fibrinogen-Fibrin: Preparation and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as Diagnostics


12.1 Fibrinogen-to-Fibrin Transition and Fibrin(ogen)olysis


12.2 Monitoring Blood Levels of Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products


12.3 Characterization of Fibrin(ogen) Antigens in Tissues


12.4 Monoclonal Antibodies as Thrombus Imaging Agents Abbreviations and Terms

References

Part III. In Vivo and In Vitro regulation of Blood Cell Production


13. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Processing and Storage


13.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Collection and Processing


13.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Storage


13.3 Summary and Conclusions

References


14. Erythropoietin: Its Role in the Regulation of Erythropoiesis and as a Therapeutic in Humans


14.1 The Erythropoietin (Epo) Gene


14.2 Regulation of Epo Production


14.3 Plasma Epo


14.4 Interactions of Epo with Its Target Cell


14.5 Epo as a Therapeutic Treatment


14.6 Summary

References


15. Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors


15.1 Biotechnology of CSFs


15.2 Multi-CSF


15.3 GM-CSF


15.4 G-CSF


15.5 M-CSF


15.6 Summary

References


16. Long-Term Bone Marrow Cell Cultures


16.1 Evolving Hierarchy of Hematopoietic Progenitors


16.2 Hematopoietic Microenvironment


16.3 Clinical Applications—Current and Future

References

Part IV. Blood-Borne Viral Diseases


17. Inactivation of Viruses Found with Plasma Proteins


17.1 Viral Risk from Single Units of Blood


17.2 Viral Risk from Plasma Protein Fractions


17.3 Summary and Conclusion

References


18. Inactivation of Viruses Found with Cellular Components


18.1 Physical Methods for Virus Removal or Inactivation


18.2 Immune Neutralization


18.3 Hydrolyzable Chemical Agents


18.4 Photosensitization Techniques


18.5 Irradiation Methods


18.6 Summary and Conclusions

References

Index