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Biophotonics, Tryptophan and Disease

1st Edition - October 9, 2021

Editors: Laura A. Sordillo, Peter P. Sordillo

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 7 9 0 - 9

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 7 9 1 - 6

Biophotonics, Tryptophan and Disease is a comprehensive resource on the key role of tryptophan in wide range of diseases as seen by using optics techniques. It explores the use of… Read more

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Biophotonics, Tryptophan and Disease is a comprehensive resource on the key role of tryptophan in wide range of diseases as seen by using optics techniques. It explores the use of fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman, imaging techniques and time-resolved spectroscopy in normal and diseased tissues and shows the reader how light techniques (i.e. spectroscopy and imaging) can be used to detect, distinguish and evaluate diseases. Diseases covered include cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other age-related diseases.

Biophotonics, Tryptophan and Disease offers a clear presentation of techniques and integrates material from different disciplines into one resource. It is a valuable reference for students and interdisciplinary researchers working on the interface between biochemistry and molecular biology, translational medicine, and biophotonics.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Biophotonics to investigate tryptophan and its metabolites
Chapter 1: The physics of key biophotonic techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Tryptophan fluorescence
The design of photonic devices used in the evaluation of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence
Raman spectroscopy of tryptophan
References
Chapter 2: Tryptophan analysis using multiphoton microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging
Abstract
Introduction
Multiphoton microscopy
Lifetime fluorescence and Förster resonance energy transfer
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, one photon (1P), and two photon excitation of tryptophan
Three photon (3P) excitation of tryptophan
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Deep-ultraviolet microscopy for tryptophan label-free imaging in cells and tissue
Abstract
Introduction
Absorption
Intrinsic fluorescence
Resonance Raman scattering
Photothermal effect
Multiphoton excitation
Instrumentation
Discussion and conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Tryptophan as a biomarker using terahertz spectroscopy
Abstract
Introduction
High frequency modes: Terahertz spectroscopy at the upper range
Low frequency modes: Terahertz spectroscopy at the lower range
Overview of water: The environment of proteins
THz and tryptophan
References
Part II: Tryptophan in diseases
Chapter 5: The role of tryptophan in Chagas disease and other trypanosomatid infections
Abstract
Introduction
Tryptophan metabolism during the T. cruzi cycle in the insect vector and during human infection
The influence of tryptophan on other trypanosomatids
Genetic analysis of the enzymes tyrosine aminotransferase and aromatic L-2 hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (TcAHADH)
Role for photonics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Tryptophan fluorescence for early evaluation of cataracts
Abstract
Introduction
The eye lens
Tryptophan spectroscopy
Fluorescence measurements in the eye lens
Identification of the chemical nature of non-Trp emission
Spectral characterization of fluorescent PTMs
Quantification of fluorescent PTMs
Fluorescence confocal microscopy of post-mortem donor eye lenses
Significance of PTMs in crystallins
Cataracts therapy
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Tryptophan, after inflammatory cytokine stimulation, determines plaque vulnerability and risk of myocardial infarction
Abstract
Introduction
Inflammation
Kynurenines and cardiac disease
Plaque atherogenesis and vulnerability
References
Chapter 8: Tryptophan and metabolites (serotonin and kynurenines) in posttraumatic stress disorder
Abstract
PTSD: Definition and diagnostic criteria
Biology of PTSD
Metabolic pathways of tryptophan
Tryptophan derivatives and PTSD
Pharmacologic treatments
Non-pharmacologic interventions
References
Chapter 9: Effects of tryptophan metabolism on the brain: From early development to Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Introduction
Fluorescence-based techniques to detect tryptophan
Lifetime fluorescence techniques to analyze tryptophan
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 10: Excess activity of 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid, and other toxic tryptophan metabolites in neurogenerative diseases and other protein misfolding diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Parkinson's disease and abnormal protein aggregates
Protein aggregates cause cell death by puncturing lipid membranes
Protein aggregation in Alzheimer's (ALZ)
Tryptophan metabolism and the kynurenine pathway
Increased KYN pathway activity in neurodegenerative diseases
Kynurenines and quinolinic acid in other proteopathies
Optical techniques to measure TRY
Summary
References
Chapter 11: Tryptophan and kynurenine levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome-inflammation
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, tryptophan, and kynurenine pathway
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze tryptophan and kynurenine
Results of our previous study
Concluding remarks and future perspective
References
Part III: Current applications: Biophotonics to study the role of tryptophan in diseases
Chapter 12: Fluorescence-based techniques using plasma: A unique biomarker for different cancers
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Experimental details
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Synchronous luminescence spectroscopy of tryptophan in head and neck cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
The ratio technique for tissue characterization
Principle of the SLS technique
SLS of tryptophan in oral cancer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Tryptophan fluorescence for diagnosis and staging of gastrointestinal cancers
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Tryptophan in normal and cancerous tissues
Tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy
Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) of tryptophan
Tryptophan fluorescence in saliva and gastric juice for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers
Tryptophan fluorescence in tissues for diagnosis of oral and esophageal cancers
Tryptophan fluorescence in tissues for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers
Statistical evaluation of the fluorescence from normal and cancerous colorectal tissue
Tryptophan fluorescence for staging of gastrointestinal cancer
Conclusions
References
Part IV: The future: New directions in Biophotonics and the study of tryptophan and disease
Chapter 15: Tryptophan fluorescence and machine learning to study the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cell lines: A pilot study
Abstract
Introduction
NFL from fibroblast, DU-145, and PC-3 cell lines
NFL from LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 cell lines
Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to analyze the NFL spectra of fibroblast, DU-145, and PC-3 cell lines
Nonnegative matrix factorization to analyze NFL spectra of LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 cell lines
Support vector machines to classify the NFL spectra from LNCaP, DU-145, PC-3 cell lines
Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: The principles of machine learning algorithms: Applications to biophotonics and disease
Abstract
Introduction
Popular machine learning algorithms
Machine learning and optical spectroscopy for the assessment of disease
Future directions and limitations of machine learning algorithms in biophotonics
Conclusion
Appendix A. Math background and notation
References
Index