Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals

Lignin Biorefinery

1st Edition - January 22, 2021
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Thallada Bhaskar, Ashok Pandey
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 9 4 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 9 6 - 8

Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Lignin Biorefinery discusses the scientific and technical information relating to the structure and physico-chemical characteristics of lignin… Read more

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Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Lignin Biorefinery discusses the scientific and technical information relating to the structure and physico-chemical characteristics of lignin. The book covers the different processes (biological, thermal and catalytic routes) available for lignin conversion into specialty chemicals or fuels, activity relationships, and how optimized process parameters help establish the feasible size of the commercial plant in a centralized or decentralized model. In addition, the advantages and limitations of different technologies are discussed, considering local energy, chemicals, biopolymers, drug intermediates, activated carbons, and much more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
1. Development, economics and global warming potential of lignocellulose biorefinery
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lignin
1.3 Lignin conversion process
1.4 Economics
1.5 Global warming potential
1.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
2. Lignins and their close derivatives produced by biorefinery processes for the treatment of human diseases
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lignin isolation technologies
2.3 Lignin valorization for medical applications
2.4 Pharmaceutical applications of lignin and its derivatives
2.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
3. Value-added products from lignin: IsolationValue-added products from lignin: Isolation, characterization and applications
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Native lignin isolation
3.3 Technical lignin isolation
3.4 Lignin recovered from current biorefinery process
3.5 Lignin characterization
3.6 Quantification of lignin structures via 2D-HSQC spectra
3.7 31P-NMR characterization of lignin
3.8 Lignin-based chemicals and materials
3.9 Opportunities and challenges
3.10 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4. Preparation of cyclohexanol intermediates from lignin through catalytic intervention
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Organic transformation of lignin-based phenolic compounds
4.3 Hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation reactions in biomass conversion
4.4 Lignin-based phenolic compounds under H2 environment
4.5 Hydrogenation and hydrodemethoxylation of lignin-based phenolic compounds (alkyl, methoxy, alkyl-methoxy, and substituted) to cyclohexanols
4.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
5. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin to phenols: Effect of operating conditions on product distribution
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hydrogenolysis versus hydrodeoxygenation
5.3 Role of catalyst and support
5.4 Role of solvent
5.5 Effect of operating conditions on product distribution
5.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
6. Chemo-catalytic conversion of lignin
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Lignin structure
6.3 Lignin depolymerization techniques
6.4 Chemo-catalytic conversion of lignin
6.5 Typical laboratory procedure for chemo-catalytic lignin depolymerization
6.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
7. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation for upgrading of lignin-derived bio-oils
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Production of bio-oils from pyrolysis of lignin
7.3 Catalytic HDO of lignin-derived bio-oils
7.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
8. Potential of petrochemicals from lignin
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structure of lignin
8.3 Types of lignin and isolation methods
8.4 Depolymerization methods of lignin
8.5 Production of valuable compounds from lignin depolymerization
8.6 Plausible mechanism of lignin breaking
8.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
9. Isolation of lignin from spruce and pine wood: Role of structural difference for potential value addition
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pretreatment of spruce and pine
9.3 Similarities and differences in the structure of obtained lignin
9.4 Lignin depolymerization to monomers
9.5 Applications of lignin
9.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
10. Deep eutectic solvents: A greener approach towards biorefineries
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biomass and its classification
10.3 Conventional methods for biomass processing
10.4 Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their physicochemical properties
10.5 Role of DESs in biomass transformation
10.6 Recycling of DESs
10.7 Benefits and drawbacks of DESs
10.8 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
11. Application of ionic liquids for value-addition of lignin
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ionic liquid: potential solvent for lignin valorization
11.3 Lignin processing in ionic liquid
11.4 Mechanism of ionic liquid and lignin processing
11.5 Challenges in IL-lignin biorefinery
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
12. Fusion catalyst mediated lignin valorization
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources of lignin
12.3 Industrial operation
12.4 Characterization and mapping of various lignin-derived materials
12.5 Chemocatalytic processes for lignin valorization
12.6 Biocatalytic process for lignin valorization
12.7 Combined catalytic process for lignin valorization (fusion-catalyst concept)
12.8 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
13. Chemo-catalytic conversion of lignin derived molecules to speciality chemicals
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Catalytic production of veratryl aldehyde
13.3 Results and discussion
13.4 Catalytic production of vanillin
13.5 Heterogeneous catalysts
13.6 Results and discussion
13.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
14. Catalytic approaches for the selective preparation of cyclohexanone from lignin-based methoxyphenols/phenols
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Depolymerization of lignin to phenols/methoxy phenols
14.3 Catalytic conversion of lignin-based methoxy phenol or phenols to cyclohexanones
14.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Annexure
Index

Thallada Bhaskar

Dr Thallada Bhaskar, Senior Scientist, is currently heading the Thermo-catalytic Processes Area, Bio-Fuels Division (BFD) at CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, India. He received Ph D for his work at CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) from Osmania University, Hyderabad in the year 1999. He carried out Postdoctoral Research at Okayama University, Okayama, Japan after which he joined as Research Assistant Professor and taught catalysis, chemical kinetics and thermodynamics for ~7 years. He has about 90 publications in journals of international repute, contributed 10 book chapters to renowned publishers (ACS, Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing, CRC Press etc) and 11 patents to his in his field of expertise in addition to 250 national and international symposia presentations. His 20 years of research experience cover various fields of science revolving around his expertise in heterogeneous catalysis thermo-chemical conversion of biomass, waste plastics and e-waste plastics into value added hydrocarbons. He has prepared several catalysts and thrown a light on the structure activity relationships of novel catalytic materials for hydrotreatment of fossil based crudes. His contributions to the field of sustainable hydrocarbons are in the form of process knowhow and catalyst developments. His patents and publications discuss crucial points encompassing wide areas of thermo-catalytic conversion like pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction for biomass (agricultural, forest residues and aquatic biomass) and plastic waste (industrial and e-waste) conversion. In addition he worked on developing micro-channel reactors for several chemical reactions and separation processes. His other interests include utilization of non-conventional energies for the sustainable production of hydrocarbons utilizing the polymeric wastes available which will make the thermo-chemical methods of conversion more energy efficient. In view of his expertise, he is on the editorial board of 2 international peer reviewed journals and expert member of several committees. He received the Distinguished Researcher award from AIST (2013), Japan and Most Progressive Researcher award from FSRJ, Japan (2008). He is also the Fellow of Biotech Research Society of India and member of the Governing Council. He received the Raman Research Fellowship for the year 2013-14. He was also a JSPS Visiting Scientist to Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan during 2009. He has carried out several research projects with great success with national and international collaborators. He has organized several international symposia in India and abroad in this area and visited several countries to deliver invited/ plenary lectures.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Scientist, Thermo-catalytic Processes Area, Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, India

Ashok Pandey

Prof. Ashok Pandey is currently Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow. His major research and technological development interests are industrial and environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels and chemicals, waste to wealth and energy, etc.

Affiliations and expertise

Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health