Biomarkers of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease

Series Page

Contributors

Preface

General overview

I. The Quest for Biomarkers in Neuroscience

II. Tools for Biomarker Discovery in Neuroscience

III. Advancements in Biomarker Discovery in Neuroscience

IV. Considerations for Biomarker Discovery and Translation in Neuroscience

V. Outlook—The Perspective of Personalized Medicine

Acknowledgments

Imaging Brain Microglial Activation Using Positron Emission Tomography and Translocator Protein-Specific Radioligands

I. Introduction

II. Principles of PET Imaging

III. TSPO for Assessment of Microglial Expression

IV. Challenges Facing PET Imaging of the TSPO

V. Disease Applications

VI. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

The Utility of Gene Expression in Blood Cells for Diagnosing Neuropsychiatric Disorders

I. Introduction

II. Microarray Gene Expression Analysis

III. Diagnostic Gene Expression Classifiers

IV. Blood Gene Expression Studies of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

V. MicroRNA Expression Analysis

VI. Pharmacogenomics

VII. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Proteomic Technologies for Biomarker Studies in Psychiatry

Abbreviations

I. Introduction

II. The Social Impact of Psychiatric Disorders

III. The Role of Proteomics in Psychiatry

IV. Proteomic Studies in Psychiatry: What Methods Have Been Used to Date?

V. Underexplored Proteomic Methods in Psychiatry Studies

VI. The Importance of Validation Experiments in Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery in Psychiatry

VII. Clinical Translation

VIII. Summary

Acknowledgments

Converging evidence of blood-based biomarkers for schizophrenia

I. Introduction

II. Methodology

III. Results

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Abnormalities in Metabolism and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Function in Schizophrenia

I. Introduction

II. Peripheral Metabolic Effects

III. Altered Hormone Secretion in Schizophrenia

IV. Altered Hormone Production in Schizophrenia Pituitaries

V. Evidence for Altered Insulin Signaling in Schizophrenia Brain

VI. Environmental Causes of Psychiatric Illness

VII. Specificity of Molecular Signature for Schizophrenia

VIII. Therapeutic Implications

IX. Special Considerations

X. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Immune and Neuroimmune Alterations in Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

I. Introduction

II. Inflammatory Cytokines in Psychiatric Disorders—State of the Art 2010

III. Circulating Immune Cells in Psychiatric Disorders—State of the Art 2010

IV. Our Recent Studies on the Inflammatory State in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

V. Communication of Immune System and Brain in Psychiatric Illness: The Role of Microglia

VI. The Origin of the Activated Immune System in Psychiatric Patients: Genes or Environment?

VII. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Behavioral and Molecular Biomarkers in Translational Animal Models for Neuropsychiatric Disorders

I. Introduction: The Problems with Animal Models

II. Toward Etiological Models in Neuropsychiatry

III. Reverse Translation

IV. Statistical Methods to Link Biomarkers from Animal Models with the Human Disease

V. Integration of Animal Models Using the Framework of RDoC

Acknowledgments

Stem Cell Models for Biomarker Discovery in Brain Disease

I. Introduction

II. Need for Cellular Models

III. Understanding Disease

IV. Biomarker Discovery

V. Accessible Cells for Biomarker Discovery in Brain Diseases

VI. Patient-Derived Stem Cells for Biomarker Discovery in Brain Diseases

VII. Olfactory Mucosa—An Accessible Neural Tissue for Biomarker Discovery

VIII. Patient-Derived Olfactory Stem Cells as Models for Brain Diseases

IX. Patient-Derived Pluripotent Stem Cells as Models for Brain Diseases

X. Advantages and Disadvantages of Current Cell Models

XI. Future Directions: Biomarkers from Stem Cell Models

Acknowledgments

The Application of Multiplexed Assay Systems for Molecular Diagnostics

I. Introduction

II. The Problem of Disease Heterogeneity

III. Multiplexed Assays are Needed to Characterize Heterogeneous Illnesses

IV. Multiplex Immunoassay Profiling

V. Toward Functional Analysis

VI. Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgments

Algorithm development for diagnostic biomarker assays

I. Introduction

II. Methods

III. Results and Discussion

IV. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Challenges of Introducing New Biomarker Products for Neuropsychiatric Disorders into the Market

I. Introduction

II. Biomarker Blood Tests for Diagnosis and Management of Mental Disorders

III. Current Dilemmas in Psychiatric Diagnosis

IV. The Potential for Biomarker-Based Diagnostic Tests in Psychiatry

V. Why Is Early Diagnosis So Important?

VI. Historical Perspective—The Blood of the “Insane”

VII. Biomarkers: Not Quite Living up to the Promise?

VIII. Biomarkers: What Are the Issues?

IX. Development of a Molecular Blood Test for Schizophrenia

X. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Toward Personalized Medicine in the Neuropsychiatric Field

I. Introduction

II. Is Personalized Medicine All About Genetics? How Many Measures Are We Talking About?

III. Opportunities for Personalized Medicine in Neuropsychiatry for Drug Discovery

IV. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Clinical utility of serum biomarkers for major psychiatric disorders

I. Introduction and Scope of the Subject

II. About the Concept of Diagnosis in (Current) Psychiatry

III. What Should/Might a Useful Biomarker Predict/Distinguish in Psychiatry

IV. Intermezzo: Lessons from Oncology

V. Overview of Current Results on Serum Biomarkers

VI. Future Prospects, Research Agenda

Acknowledgments

The Future

I. Introduction

II. Current Diagnostic Tools for Mental Illness

III. The Emergence of Molecular Biomarkers

IV. Clinical Impact of Biomarkers

V. Point-of-Care Testing

VI. Biosensors

VII. Biosensors in Neuroscience

VIII. Neuroinformatics

IX. e-Neuroscience and e-Neuropsychiatry

Acknowledgments

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