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Biofuels
Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes
- 1st Edition - July 18, 2011
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 8 5 0 9 9 - 7
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 8 5 1 0 0 - 0
Global concern for energy security and environmental protection has put great emphasis on the search for alternative energy sources, particularly for the transport sector. Bi… Read more
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Request a sales quoteGlobal concern for energy security and environmental protection has put great emphasis on the search for alternative energy sources, particularly for the transport sector. Biofuels have emerged as a highly promising source of alternative energy, and have drawn global R&D for their production using biomass.
With the increasing worldwide demand of energy along with the depletion of conventional fossil fuel reserves, there has been growing global interest in developing alternative sources of energy. There has also been concern in growing economies regarding energy security. Biofuels offer much promise on these frontiers. In addition to the above, they also have a reduced environmental impact in comparison to fossil fuels. Biofuels provides state-of-the-art information on the status of biofuel production and related aspects.
- Detailed overview of the alternative energy field and the role of biofuels as new energy sources
- Gives a detailed account of the production of biodiesel from non conventional bio-feedstocks such as algae and vegetable oils
- Includes production of biohydrogen: the fourth generation biofuel
Chemical Engineers, Biotechnologists, microbiologists/biologists, Agricultural Chemists, Environmental Engineers, Petroleum Engineers and graduate and postgraduate students in these areas: The main interest of this group is research and development of new processes and they are located in research labs in A&G and industry
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1. Principles of Biorefining
1. Introduction
2. From fossil to biomass raw materials
3. Biomass processing in biorefinery
4. Lignocellulosic molecular components and their derivatives
5. Biorefinery to replace existing fossil bulk chemicals
6. Biorefinery to produce alternative products
7. Next research outlook
Chapter 2. Life-Cycle Assessment of Biofuels
1. Introduction
2. The concept of LCA and its application to biofuels
3. Methodology and assumptions
4. Case study: bioethanol from wheat
5. Results
6. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels
1. Introduction
2. Feedstocks for biofuels
3. Composition of lignocellulosic biomass
4. Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment techniques
5. Biotechnological conversion
6. Thermochemical conversion
7. Bio-refineries and biofuels
8. Typical issues for life-cycle analysis
9. Perspectives and challenges
Chapter 4. Biomass-derived Syngas Fermentation into Biofuels
1. Background
2. Fundamental aspects of syngas fermentation
3. Microbiology of syngas fermentation
4. Syngas characteristics
5. Current developments in syngas fermentation
6. Factors affecting syngas fermentation
7. Industrial-scale syngas fermentation
8. Challenges and future research directions
9. Summary
Chapter 5. Lignocellulosic Bioethanol
1. Introduction
2. First-generation fuel ethanol production: the feedstock and the process and their constraints
3. Second-generation ethanol production
4. Feasibility of lignocellulosic ethanol production
5. Concluding remarks
Chapter 6. Technoeconomic Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol
1. Introduction
2. State of the art
3. Key drivers of the lignocellulosic ethanol production cost
4. Cost management system
5. Current economic evaluation of lignocellulosic bioethanol: some limitations
6. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Pretreatment Technologies for Lignocellulose-to-Bioethanol Conversion
1. Introduction
2. Toxic Compounds Generated During Pretreatment
3. Pretreatment processes
4. Biological pretreatments
5. Concluding remarks
Chapter 8. Production of Celluloytic Enzymes for the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1. Introduction
2. Cellulase: mode of action
3. Cellulase systems and the control of cellulase gene expression
4. Cellulase producers
5. Pretreatment
6. Bioprocesses for cellulase production
7. Applications of cellulases
8. Cellulase market scenario
9. Engineered/artificial cellulases
10. Future perspectives
11. Challenges
12. Conclusion
Chapter 9. Production of Hemicellulolytic Enzymes for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1. Introduction
2. Structure of hemicellulose
3. Hemicellulases
4. Endoxylanases
5. β-d-xylosidases
6. α-Arabinofuranosidases
7. Acetylxylan esterases
8. α-d-Glucuronidases
9. Mannanases
10. Methods for assay of hemicellulolytic activity
11. Domain organization of hemicellulases
12. Multiplicity of hemicellulases
13. Functional genomics approach for studying hemicellulases
14. Enzyme production
15. Applications of hemicellulases
Chapter 10. Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production
1. Introduction
2. Chemical hydrolysis
3. Enzymatic hydrolysis
4. Separate and simultaneous hydrolysis
5. Factors affecting enzymatic hydrolysis
6. Recycling of enzymes
7. Methods for improving enzymatic hydrolysis
8. Kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses
9. Conclusions
Chapter 11. Production of Bioethanol from Agroindustrial Residues as Feedstocks
1. Introduction
2. Lignocellulosic biomass
3. Pretreatment
4. Saccharification
5. Fermentation
6. Energy production using agroindustrial residues
7. Case studies
8. Conclusions
Chapter 12. Fermentation Inhibitors in Ethanol Processes and Different Strategies to Reduce Their Effects
1. Introduction
2. Common inhibitors for ethanol production
3. Formation of inhibitors in lignocelluloses hydrolyzates
4. Strategies for minimizing the effects of inhibitors
5. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Biotechnological Methods to Produce Biodiesel
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Enzymatic transesterification
3. Enzymatic esterification
4. Hydroesterification
5. Reactor configurations
6. Economic evaluation of enzymatic biodiesel production
7. Conclusions
Chapter 14. Biodiesel Production in Supercritical Fluids
1. Introduction
2. Supercritical fluid reaction
3. Biodiesel production in non-catalytic supercritical fluid reaction
4. Conclusion
Chapter 15. Production of Biodiesel Using Palm Oil
1. Introduction
2. Palm biodiesel conversion technology
3. Conclusions
Chapter 16. Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils
1. Introduction
2. Biodiesel
3. Waste oils
4. Technical aspect of bd production from waste oils
5. Feasibility and economic analyses on bd production from waste oils
6. Concluding remarks and future prospects
Chapter 17. Production of Biodiesel from Algal Biomass
1. Introduction
2. Two approaches leading to lipid accumulation in microalgae
3. Efforts to further reduce costs of mass culture of heterotrophic microalgae in search for cheap substitutes of glucose
4. The scaleup of heterotrophic microalgal biomass production
5. Progresses in lipid analysis
6. The conversion of algal biomass to biodiesel
7. The quality and economic analysis of algal biodiesel
8. Concluding remark and future perspectives
Chapter 18. Overview and Assessment of Algal Biofuels Production Technologies
1. Introduction
2. Autotrophic production technologies
3. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic production
4. Harvesting and processing of algal biomass
5. Challenges in large-scale cultivation of algae
6. Resource constraints for mass production of microalgae
7. Energy analysis
8. Life-cycle assessment
9. Future perspectives: challenges and opportunities
Chapter 19. Cultivation of Algae in Photobioreactors for Biodiesel Production
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts of photobioreactor engineering
3. Modeling of microalgae cultivation systems
4. Productivity of microalgal cultivation systems
5. Engineering parameters governing photobioreactor productivity
6. Existing technology
Chapter 20. Production of Biohydrogen
1. Introduction
2. Feedstock
3. Economics of biohydrogen production
4. Future prospects and challenge
5. Conclusions
Chapter 21. Biohydrogen Production from Bio-oil
1. Introduction
2. Reforming of bio-oil
3. Water-gas shift reaction of syngas
4. Purification of biohydrogen and storage
5. Steam requirement for biohydrogen production
6. Harvesting and processing of forest biomass
7. Capital cost of bio-oil production plant
8. Operating cost of bio-oil plant
9. Production cost of bio-oil
10. Cost of bio-oil reforming
12. Bio-oil-based biohydrogen cost
Chapter 22. Biohydrogen Production from Industrial Effluents
1. Introduction
2. Biological routes of H2 production
3. Biocatalyst
4. Renewable wastewater
5. Factors influencing H2 production
6. Combined process efficiency
7. Process limitations
8. Strategies to enhance process efficiency
9. Future outlook
Chapter 23. Thermophilic Biohydrogen Production
1. Background
2. Thermodynamic aspects
3. Biochemical pathways and microbiology
4. effect of process conditions
5. Practical applications
6. Challenges, possibilities, and future perspectives
Chapter 24. Biohydrogen Production with High-Rate Bioreactors
1. Introduction
2. Integrated Continuously stirred tank reactors
3. Anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor
4. Packed-bed REACTORS
5. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors
6. Photobioreactors
7. Microbial electrolysis cells
8. Comparison of various biohydrogen reactor systems
9. Challenges and future implications
10. Conclusions
Chapter 25. Butanol Fuel from Biomass
1. Introduction
2. Butanol production by clostridia: the abe fermentation
3. Sporulation and solventogenesis: the scope for decoupling
4. Metabolic engineering approaches to improve abe fermentation
5. Fermentation technologies and downstream processing for abe fermentation
6. Conclusions
Chapter 26. Production of Green Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels
1. Introduction
2. Desired characteristics of green liquid hydrocarbon fuels (GLHF)
3. Technologies for production of GLHF
4. Feedstock considerations for GLHF
5. Conclusion
Index
- No. of pages: 642
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: July 18, 2011
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123850997
- eBook ISBN: 9780123851000
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