Biofuels Production from Lignocellulosic Materials

1st Edition - October 31, 2024
Editors: Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Sindhu Raveendran, Balasubramani Ravindran, Binghua Yan
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 6 0 5 2 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 6 0 5 3 - 0

Biofuels Production from Lignocellulosic Materials presents the latest scientific and technical advances in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic materials for disposal, resource… Read more

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Biofuels Production from Lignocellulosic Materials presents the latest scientific and technical advances in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic materials for disposal, resource recovery, and biofuel and bioenergy production. The book emphasizes the main chemical and biological properties of lignocellulosic materials, its pre-treatment, emerging nutrient recovery technologies, the role of microbial biotechnology in lignocellulosic materials management, and the sustainable use of biofuel for anthropogenic activities to fulfil energy demand. Lignocellulose biorefinery outcomes are examined from multiple perspectives, including applied chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic pre-treatments technologies, and cost-effective and energy-efficient options for developing high value-added products.

This is a valuable reference for scientists, researchers, engineers, and industrial practitioners, as well as graduate and postgraduate students working on the utilization of lignocellulosic materials.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Editors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter One. Emerging technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lignocellulosic biomass
1.3 Physical and chemical-based pretreatment
1.3.1 Physical pretreatment techniques
1.3.2 Chemical pretreatment techniques
1.4 Biological pretreatments
1.4.1 Mechanism of biological pretreatment
1.4.2 Fungi
1.4.3 Bacteria
1.4.4 Microbial consortium
1.4.5 Enzyme
1.5 Techno-economic feasibility for pretreatments
1.5.1 Technical feasibility of the pretreatment methods
1.5.2 Factors affecting pretreatment feasibility
1.6 Conclusion and prospective
Chapter Two. Genetic and metabolic engineering strategies for improved biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Production of biofuel using lignocellulosic biomass
2.3 Genetic engineering strategies
2.3.1 Altering the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
2.3.2 Genetic engineering of microalgae
2.3.3 Free fatty acids, triacylglycerol, alkanes and wax esters generation through genetic engineering
2.4 Metabolic engineering
2.5 Biological synthesis through direct ways
2.6 Conclusion
Chapter Three. Technological advancements on pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient biofuel production
3.1 Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
3.2 Biomasses
3.2.1 Agave
3.2.2 Corn
3.2.3 Palm
3.2.4 Sugarcane
3.3 Methods of biomass pretreatments
3.3.1 Physical pretreatments
3.3.1.1 Milling
3.3.1.2 Ultrasound
3.3.1.3 Microwave treatment
3.3.2 Chemical pretreatments
3.3.2.1 Dilute acid
3.3.2.2 Alkali
3.3.2.3 Oxidative
3.3.2.4 Organosolv
3.3.2.5 Ionic liquids
3.3.2.6 Deep eutectic solvents
3.3.3 Physicochemical pretreatments
3.3.3.1 Liquid hot water treatment
3.3.3.2 Steam explosion
3.3.3.3 Ammonium fibre explosion (AFEX)
3.3.3.4 Supercritical CO2 explosion
3.3.3.5 Plasma treatment
3.4 Conclusion
Chapter Four. Lignocellulosic biomass as a key substrate for sustainable production of biofuel
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lignocellulosic materials
4.2.1 Cellulose
4.2.2 Hemicellulose
4.2.3 Lignin
4.3 Lignocellulosic pretreatment
4.3.1 Physical pretreatment
4.3.1.1 Mechanical treatment
4.3.1.2 Radiation treatment
4.3.2 Chemical treatments
4.3.2.1 Alkaline treatment
4.3.2.2 Acid treatment
4.3.2.3 Organic solvent treatment
4.3.2.4 Ionic liquid treatment
4.3.2.5 Deep eutectic solvent treatment
4.3.3 Physico-chemical pretreatment
4.3.3.1 Blasting treatment
4.3.3.2 Hydrothermal treatment
4.3.4 Biological pretreatment
4.4 Biofuels from lignocellulose
4.4.1 Thermochemical conversion
4.4.1.1 Pyrolysis
4.4.1.2 Gasification
4.4.1.3 Hydrothermal liquefaction
4.4.2 Biochemical conversion
4.4.2.1 Anaerobic digestion for biogas production
4.4.2.2 Fermentation
4.5 Conclusion
Chapter Five. Environmental impacts on second-generation biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bioenergy feedstock and yield
5.3 Second-generation biorefineries
5.4 Biomass supply chain and logistics
5.4.1 Centralized versus decentralized biomass processing
5.4.2 Biomass transportation and storage
5.5 Biomass pretreatment
5.5.1 Physical pretreatment
5.5.2 Chemical pretreatment
5.5.3 Biological pretreatment
5.6 Biofuel production methods
5.6.1 Microbial fermentation
5.6.2 Microbes for producing biofuels
5.6.3 In-situ biofuel separation to improve fermentation performance
5.7 Environmental issues
5.7.1 Energy associated with biomass processing
5.7.2 Water requirement in a bio-refinery and the necessity for recycling
5.7.3 Food security
5.7.4 Large-scale land acquisition
5.7.5 GHGs balance
5.7.6 Environmental impacts
5.7.7 Other local impacts
5.8 Conclusions
Competing interests
Funding
Declaration of competing interest
Chapter Six. Advancements in novel energy-driven and material-driven biorefinery based on lignocellulosic feedstocks
6.1 The concept of lignocellulosic biorefinery
6.2 Sources of lignocellulose and their quantification
6.2.1 Agro-residues
6.2.2 Industrial residues
6.2.3 Forest residues
6.3 Novel energy-driven biorefinery approaches
6.3.1 Biofuel-driven
6.3.2 Biogas-driven
6.3.3 Biohydrogen-driven
6.3.3.1 Biological techniques
6.3.3.2 Dark/anaerobic fermentation
6.3.3.3 Bio-photolysis
6.3.3.4 Direct bio-photolysis
6.3.3.5 Indirect bio-photolysis
6.3.3.6 Photo fermentation
6.3.4 Microbial-fuel cell driven
6.3.4.1 Components of MFCs
6.3.4.2 Applications of MFCs
6.3.4.3 Challenges of MFCs
6.4 Novel material–driven biorefineries
6.4.1 Functional food and feed–driven
6.4.2 Organic acid–driven
6.4.3 Enzyme-driven
6.4.4 Microalgae-driven
6.4.5 Bioplastic-driven
6.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter Seven. An overview on biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pretreatment
7.2.1 Steam explosion
7.2.2 Acid pretreatment
7.2.3 Alkaline pretreatment
7.2.4 Organosolv pretreatment
7.2.5 Ozonolysis
7.2.6 Liquid hot water pretreatment
7.2.7 Ionic liquid pretreatment
7.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis
7.3.1 Pretreatment
7.3.2 Enzyme preparation
7.3.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis
7.3.4 Enzyme recovery
7.3.5 Liquid recovery
7.3.6 Solid recovery
7.3.6.1 Fresh material absorption
7.3.6.2 Rapid bioconversion with integrated recycle technology
7.4 Biorefinery through fermentation
7.4.1 Ethanol fermentation
7.4.2 Xylose fermentation
7.4.3 Butanol fermentation
7.4.4 Other types of fermentation
7.4.5 Consolidated bioprocessing
7.5 Biorefinery integration
7.5.1 Feedstock utilization
7.5.2 Pretreatment integration
7.5.3 Process integration
7.5.4 Co-product and by-product utilization
7.5.5 Waste minimization and valorization
7.5.6 Energy integration
7.5.7 Water management
7.6 Techno-economic and life cycle analysis
7.6.1 Techno-economic analysis
7.6.2 Life cycle analysis
7.7 Policy and commercialization
7.7.1 Policy
7.7.1.1 Government support and incentives
7.7.1.2 Renewable energy mandate
7.7.1.3 Regulatory frameworks
7.7.1.4 R&D and innovation programs
7.7.1.5 International collaboration
7.7.2 Commercialization
7.7.2.1 Market demand and viability
7.7.2.2 Value chain integration
7.7.2.3 Demonstration and scaling
7.7.2.4 Economic viability
7.7.2.5 Public perception and acceptance
7.8 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter Eight. Bioreactor design for efficient biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioreactor design and production operations
8.3 Modification of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient biofuel production
8.4 Bioethanol production technology
8.4.1 Batch bioreactor design for bioethanol intensification
8.4.1.1 Stirred tank bioreactors processes
8.4.1.2 Membrane bioreactors
8.4.1.3 Oscillatory flow bioreactors
8.4.1.4 Packed-bed, fluidized-bed and immobilized bioreactors
8.5 Biohydrogen production technology
8.5.1 Bioreactor design for biohydrogen intensification
8.5.1.1 Batch and sequential batch bioreactors
8.5.1.2 Continuous stirred tank granular sludge bioreactors
8.5.1.3 Membrane bioreactor
8.5.1.4 Fixed-bed bioreactor
8.5.1.5 Anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor
8.5.1.6 Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor
8.6 Biogas production technology
8.6.1 Bioreactor design for intensified biogas production
8.6.1.1 Batch and sequential batch bioreactor
8.6.1.2 Continuous stirred tank bioreactor
8.6.1.3 Anaerobic contact bioreactors
8.6.1.4 Plug flow bioreactors
8.6.1.5 Packed-bed bioreactor and fixed-film bioreactor
8.6.1.6 Downflow stationary fixed-film bioreactors
8.6.1.7 Anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor
8.6.1.8 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed bioreactors
8.7 Combined bioethanol and biogas production
8.8 Combined biohydrogen and biogas production
8.9 Combined biohydrogen and bioethanol production
8.10 Conclusions
Chapter Nine. Key technologies for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Progress in global energy recovery from biomass resources
9.3 Biomass availability for biofuel production
9.3.1 Composition of crop residues and other biomass wastes
9.3.2 Microalgae biomass
9.4 Progress in emerging technologies for enhancing biofuel production
9.4.1 Mechanical transformation of biomass to biofuels
9.4.2 Thermo-chemical transformation of biomass to biofuels
9.4.3 Biochemical transformation of biomass to biofuels
9.5 Recent progress in the field of biofuels using genetic engineering
9.6 Challenges and perspectives in biofuels production
9.6.1 Major technological challenges in biofuels production
9.6.2 Environmental challenges in biofuels production
9.6.2.1 Biofuel creation and GHGs emissions challenges
9.6.2.2 Biofuel production and land use challenges
9.6.3 Economic and social problems
9.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter Ten. Advantages in biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass in comparison with first generation biofuels
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Importance and benefits of biofuels
10.1.2 Classification of biofuels
10.1.2.1 First-generation biofuels
10.1.2.2 Second-generation biofuels
10.1.2.3 Third-generation biofuel
10.1.2.4 Fourth-generation biofuels
10.2 Biofuels
10.2.1 Biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass
10.2.2 Biofuels derived from carbohydrates
10.2.3 Biofuels derived from lignin
10.2.4 New chemical reaction strategies
10.2.5 Conversion mechanism of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels
10.3 Current status of first-generation fuels
10.3.1 Biofuels statistics
10.3.2 Biofuels in developing countries
10.4 Lignocellulosic biomass
10.4.1 Biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass
10.5 Classification of lignocellulosic biomass
10.5.1 Emerging pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic biomass
10.5.2 Emerging non-biological pretreatment methods
10.5.3 Liquid biofuels from lignocellulose and their production technologies
10.6 Summary
Chapter Eleven. Lifecycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Lifecycle assessment
11.2.1 Lifecycle assessment and sustainable development
11.2.2 Methodology
11.2.2.1 Goal and scope definition
11.2.2.2 Lifecycle inventory analysis
11.2.2.3 Lifecycle impact assessment
11.2.2.4 Interpretation of results
11.2.3 LCA studies of biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
11.2.3.1 Torrefaction
11.2.3.2 Pyrolysis
11.2.3.3 Liquefaction
11.2.3.4 Gasification
11.3 Techno-economic assessment of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass
11.3.1 Methodological framework of techno-economic assessment
11.3.2 Overview of the techno-economic assessment studies of biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
11.4 Challenges, progress, opportunities and future perspectives
11.5 Conclusion
Chapter Twelve. Pilot-scale biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Substrate for bio-ethanol production
12.2.1 Pretreatment strategy
12.2.1.1 Chemical pretreatment: Catalysed steam explosion
12.2.1.2 Diluted acid pretreatment
12.2.1.3 Concentrated acid pretreatment
12.2.1.4 Alkaline pretreatment
12.2.2 Physical pretreatment: Uncatalysed steam-explosion pretreatment
12.2.2.1 Hot water pretreatment
12.2.3 Biological pretreatment: Microorganism pretreatment
12.2.3.1 Enzymatic pretreatment
12.2.3.2 Enzymatic/microbial saccharification of cellulosic materials
12.2.3.3 Separate saccharification and fermentation
12.2.3.4 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
12.3 Microbial fermentation
12.3.1 Pilot plant setup for bioethanol fermentation
12.3.2 Substrate pretreatment
12.3.3 Microbial saccharification of cellulosic materials
12.3.4 Batch sterilization
12.3.5 Microbial fermentation for bioethanol production
12.3.6 Overall fermentation performance of bioethanol production
12.3.7 Purification of bioethanol
12.3.8 Economic feasibility
12.4 Conclusions
Chapter Thirteen. Technological advancements and innovations on biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methods to reduce the recalcitrance of the biomass and pretreatment strategies
13.2.1 Pretreatment
13.2.1.1 Physical pretreatment
13.2.1.2 Chemical pretreatment
13.2.1.3 Physicochemical
13.2.1.4 Enzymatic pretreatment
13.3 Genetic modification of plant structure to reduce the recalcitrance
13.4 Whole-cell and cell-free engineering for improved biofuel production
13.4.1 Whole-cell engineering for improved biofuel production
13.4.2 Cell-free engineering for improved biofuel production
13.5 Development of integrated techniques for improved biofuel production
13.5.1 The Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF)
13.5.2 The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
13.5.3 Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
13.6 Conclusion
Chapter Fourteen. Challenges in production of biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Processing challenges
14.2.1 Pretreatment
14.2.2 Biofuel production—detoxification, hydrolysis, fermentation, separation and purification
14.3 Economic challenges
14.3.1 Feedstock cost
14.3.2 Pretreatment cost
14.3.3 Production cost
14.4 Conclusion
Index

Mukesh Kumar Awasthi

Dr. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi is associate professor at the College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, China. His major research interests include a wide range of microbiology, environment science, biotechnology & bioengineering. He is associate editor of Bioengineered, Bioenergy & Biofuels, BMC- Microbiology, BioEnergy Research, Environment, Development and Sustainability & Frontier in microbiology. He is also editorial board member of Science of the total environment, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Integrated Publishing Association, & Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, China

Sindhu Raveendran

Dr. Sindhu current research focus is on biofuels, biopolymers and microbial enzymes. She is an editorial board member of Journals – BioEnergy Research, Annals of Agricultural and Crop Sciences, Journal of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Resources, Journal of Innovations and Applied Research and EC Microbiology. She is a reviewer of 108 SCI Journals in the field of bioprocesses and products. She is a National Honorary Advisory Board Member of Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability (CEES, India), Expert Reviewer of BIRAC – BIG scheme, Chairperson of Kerala Technical University – Food Technology and Chemical Engineering, Board of Studies Member- St. Josephs College and Chairperson of Institute Ethical Committee- Santhigiri Scientific Industrial Research Institute.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, Kerala, India

Balasubramani Ravindran

Dr. Balasubramani Ravindran is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, at Kyonggi University, Suwon-Si, South Korea. His research focuses on solid waste treatment and wastewater generated from domestic and industrial sources through aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, composting and vermicomposting, activated carbon, biochar or black carbon amendments, nanotechnology applications, and phytotoxic/plant growth studies. Dr. Ravindran has over 150 publications in international peer-reviewed journals, filed patents, edited books, and published book chapters. He has received national and international research grant funds for his research projects. He serves as an academic editor, editorial board member, or guest editor on several international journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, South Korea

Binghua Yan

Dr. YAN Binghua is a professor at Hunan Agricultural University, Hundred-talent of Hunan Province, China, Research Fellow of the Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture Hong Kong Baptist University. Dr. Yan received her PhD from Hong Kong Baptist University in 2015. In the same year she joined Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In 2019, she moved to Hunan Agricultural University as a full professor. Her main research interest focuses on sustainable waste management and disposal, resources recovery from waste, greenhouse gases from waste management, biological nutrients removal and recovery. She has published > 50 research papers, >30 conference presentations and 5 book chapters on sustainable waste management, wastewater treatment and resource recovery. She has documented nine patents, five of which were granted. As a PI, she has been supported by more than ten research projects including National Natural Science Foundation of China and Key Research and Development Program, Special Project of Low Carbon, etc. Now, she serves as editorial board of Environment Technology and Frontiers in Microbiology, Frontiers in Energy Research, Frontiers in Environmental Science. She also serves as national and provincial project evaluation expert of research projects. She is the life member of International Bioprocessing Association (LM 263).

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China

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Biofuels Production from Lignocellulosic Materials

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Mukesh Kumar Awasthi

Sindhu Raveendran

Balasubramani Ravindran

Binghua Yan

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