Biofuels and Bioenergy

Opportunities and Challenges

1st Edition - October 17, 2021
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Baskar Gurunathan, Renganathan Sahadevan, Zainul Akmar Zakaria
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 2 6 9 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 2 7 0 - 8

Biofuels and Bioenergy: Opportunities and Challenges is the first of two volumes that address the technological developments and challenges in the production of a broad range of… Read more

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Biofuels and Bioenergy: Opportunities and Challenges is the first of two volumes that address the technological developments and challenges in the production of a broad range of biofuels and bioenergy products from renewable feedstock. The book emphasizes the opportunities and challenges involved in various processes including fermentation, transesterification, microbial fuels cells, liquefaction, gasification, and pyrolysis. These are also considered from a biorefinery perspective and discuss all common biomass feedstocks. In addition, the book presents new research on microalgae from waste water treatment, large scale production of microalgae, microbial biooil production, biogas production, computational tools for manipulation of metabolic pathway for enhanced biogas production, production of biofuel from genetically modified microalgal biomass, techno-economic analysis, environmental impact and life cycle analysis.

Biofuels and Bioenergy is an ideal reference on the latest research for researchers and students working in the area of biofuels and renewable energy.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
I. Biofuels and bioenergy
Chapter 1. Opportunities and challenges in industrial production of biofuels
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Utilization of biomass
1.3. Pretreatment techniques
1.4. Enzymatic hydrolysis
1.5. Formation of inhibitory compounds
1.6. Conversion of biomass to biofuel
1.7. Water requirements
1.8. Environmental impact and biofuel economy
1.9. Future prospects
1.10. Conclusions
II. Biomass into biofuels and bioenergy
Chapter 2. Technology to convert biomass to biooil: challenges and opportunity
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Thermochemical biomass conversion method for biooil
2.3. Biooil quality and testing standard
2.4. Conclusion
Chapter 3. Nonwaste technology in the bioethanol and biodiesel industries
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The biorefinery concept
3.3. Biodiesel biorefinery
3.4. Bioethanol biorefineries
3.5. Advancements and innovation
3.6. Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 4. Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for production of biooil and by-products: current state of the art and challenges
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Lignocellulosic biomass
4.3. Hydrothermal liquefaction
4.4. Biooil production from lignocellulosic biomass—state of the art and current challenge
4.4. Future prospects
4.5. Conclusion
III. Bioethanol and biodiesel production
Chapter 5. Refining lignocellulose of second-generation biomass waste for bioethanol production
5.1. Introduction
Chapter 6. Various methods of biodiesel production and types of catalysts
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Methods of biodiesel production
6.3. Transesterification
6.4. Significance of catalyst
6.5. Future prospects
6.6. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Biodiesel production using enzymatic catalyst
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Sources and properties of lipases for biodiesel production
7.3. Enzymatic reaction for biodiesel production
7.4. The application of immobilized lipases for biodiesel production
7.5. Challenges and opportunities of lipase for biodiesel production
7.6. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Importance of nanocatalyst and its role in biofuel production
8.1. Introduction to nanocatalysis
8.2. Role of nanoparticles as catalyst
8.3. Effect of nanocatalysts in the biofuel industry
8.4. Future applications of nanocatalysts in the biofuel industry
8.5. Conclusion
Chapter 9. Potentials and challenges in biodiesel production from algae—technological outlook
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The global scenario on biodiesel production
9.3. Generation of biodiesel
9.4. Algae a potential source of biodiesel
9.5. Biodiesel production from algae
9.6. By-product applications
9.7. Conclusions
IV. Biogas production
Chapter 10. Sustainable approaches for biohydrogen and biogas production from corn wastes: prospects and challenges
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Effects of pretreatment on chemical composition
10.3. Enhancement of biogas and biohydrogen production
10.4. Mathematical modeling
10.5. Advantages and disadvantages
10.6. Conclusion
Chapter 11. Biogas production potential in India, the latest biogas upgradation techniques and future application in a fuel cell
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Societal benefits
11.3. Power sector position in four regions (IEA bioenergy, 2000)
11.4. Current energy production scenario
11.5. Anaerobic digestion
11.6. Operating parameters during biogas production
11.7. Biomass resources and catastrophe in India
11.8. Biogas upgradation techniques
11.9. Application of upgraded biogas in fuel cell
11.10. Conclusions
Chapter 12. Anaerobic digestion of agrowastes: end-of-life step of a biorefinery
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Generation and availability of agrowastes
12.3. Classification and composition of agrowastes
12.4. Process design strategies for improved biomethanation
12.5. Bioreactor design aspects in anaerobic digestion
12.6. CO2 mitigation and biogas upgrading
12.7. Anaerobic digestion as a waste valorization strategy in biorefineries
12.8. Bottlenecks and opportunities of the anaerobic digestion process
12.9. Conclusions
Chapter 13. Biomass gasification: a step toward cleaner fuel and chemicals
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Biomass
13.3. Biomass to energy and chemicals conversion pathways
13.4. Biomass gasification overview
13.5. Types of gasification
13.6. Effect of process parameters in gasification products yield
13.7. Outline for the production of fuels and some important chemicals from gasification products
13.8. Conclusion
V. Bioenergy production using pyrolysis
Chapter 14. Pyrolysis: an alternative approach for utilization of biomass into bioenergy generation
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Biomass—an alternative
14.3. Pretreatment of biomass
14.4. Bioenergy conversion pathways
14.5. Pyrolysis
14.6. Characteristics of pyrolysis products
14.7. Enrichment of pyrolysis products
14.8. Application of pyrolysis products
14.9. Conclusion
VI. Bioenergy production using microbial fuel cell
Chapter 15. Production of biofuels in a microbial electrochemical reactor
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Current scenario of consumption and supply of world's energy and role of renewable energy
15.3. Microbial electrochemical cell
15.4. Electricity generation
15.5. Hydrogen production
15.6. Ethanol production
15.7. Biogas production
15.8. Future applications and prospects
Chapter 16. Advances in microbial fuel cell technology for zero carbon emission energy generation from waste
16.1. Introduction
16.2. The science of microbial fuel cells
16.3. Electrochemically active bacteria
16.4. Other organisms used in microbial fuel cells
16.5. Physical/structural parameters
16.6. Chemical and biochemical parameters
16.7. Innovations/integration of emerging science
16.8. Applications of microbial fuel cells
16.9. Conclusions
Funding sources
Chapter 17. Concomitant bioenergy production and wastewater treatment employing microbial electrochemical technologies
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Microbial electrochemical technologies
17.3. Microbial fuel cell
17.4. Microbial carbon-capture cell
17.5. Technoeconomic analysis, environmental impact, and life cycle assessment of microbial electrochemical technology
17.6. Challenges and future perspectives
17.7. Conclusion
VII. Microalgae as source of biofuels and bioenergy
Chapter 18. Microalgae—the ideal source of biofuel
18.1. Microalgae
18.2. Biofuel production from microalgae
18.3. Massive production of microalgae
18.4. Types of cultivation systems
18.5. Production of bioethanol
18.6. Production of biodiesel
18.7. Merits and challenges of biofuel from microalgae
18.8. Role of genetic engineering in biofuel production
18.9. Applications of biofuels
18.10. Future prospects
18.11. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Principles and technology advances in wastewater treatment through microalgae for bioenergy production
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Microalgae as a wonderful tool in wastewater remediation
19.3. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment technologies
19.4. Use and processing of microalgae grown on wastewater
19.5. Artificial intelligence and modeling of wastewater treatment systems
19.6. Assessing sustainability (life cycle assessment and technoeconomic analysis)
19.7. Challenges and future prospects
19.8. Conclusion
Chapter 20. Weeds as a renewable bioresource: prospects for bioconversion to biofuels and biomaterials through a cascade of approaches
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Energy utilization for weed management
20.3. Weed as a source of bioenergy and biofuel
20.4. Biomass conversion technologies
20.5. Biochemical conversion of biomass
20.6. Weeds used for energy generation
20.7. Weeds for energy
20.8. Future prospects
20.9. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Critical parameters affecting large-scale production of microalgal biomass in outdoor open raceway ponds
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Microalgal biomass production
21.3. Microalgal cultivation systems
21.4. Factors affecting large-scale raceway pond cultivation
21.5. Biomass productivity in raceway ponds
21.6. Open raceway ponds for microalgal biofuel production
21.7. Future outlook and prospects
21.8. Conclusion
Chapter 22. Fostering single cell oil synthesis by de novo and ex novo pathway in oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Single cell oil and its unique properties
22.3. Oleaginous microorganisms and their potential for single cell oil accumulation
22.4. Fermentation strategies to produce single cell oil by oleaginous organisms
22.5. Mechanism of single cell oil production by oleaginous microbes
22.6. Co/by-products formed during single cell oil accumulation using various carbon sources and industrial wastes
22.7. Single cell oil for biodiesel production
22.8. Opportunities and challenges in employing single cell oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production
22.9. Conclusion
Chapter 23. Production of biofuel from genetically modified microalgal biomass and its effects on environment and public health
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Biofuel as a source to supplement global fuel demands
23.3. Current status of biofuel production
23.4. Prospects of production of biofuel from microalgal biomass
23.5. Biodiesel production from genetically modified microalgal biomass as a fourth-generation biofuel
23.6. Criteria for involving genetically modified microalgal species in biofuel production system
23.7. Mechanism of biofuel production from genetically modified microalgal biomass
23.8. Evaluation of safety linked with the use of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock
23.9. Socio economic aspects of microalgal use as a feedstock for biofuel production
23.10. Future prospects
23.11. Conclusion
VIII. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment
Chapter 24. Sustainability assessment of third-generation biofuels: a life cycle perspective
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Third-generation biofuels
24.3. Feedstock and biofuel competition
24.4. Technical aspect of biofuel production
24.5. Life cycle assessment of biofuel production
24.6. Future prospects
24.7. Conclusion
Index

Baskar Gurunathan

Dr Baskar Gurunathan is Professor of Biotechnology in St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai, India. He has published more than 150 research and review articles in National and International Journals, 15 book chapters, and 3 books. He has delivered invited lectures and chaired technical sessions in national and international conferences. His current research areas are biofuels and bioenergy, nanocatalysis, therapeutic proteins, industrial enzymes and nanomedicine. He is the editorial board member of several journals, recipient of Outstanding Reviewer Awards from various Elsevier Journals. He has received Outstanding Researcher in Renewable Energy Award from the Indian Society for Technical Education, New Delhi in 2016 and Young Scientist Award 2015 from the International Bioprocessing Association, France in 2017. Recently he received the ‘Prof S B Chincholkar Memorial Award 2019’ of the Biotech Research Society, India for his outstanding work in the area of Biofuels and Food Biotechnology.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai, India

Renganathan Sahadevan

Dr. Renganathan Sahadevan is a full Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Anna University, Chennai, India. His research is focused on Biofuels, Bio-Nanomaterials and Environmental Biotechnology, in which he had more than 20 years of teaching and research experience. He has published 165 scientific research papers in reputed National and International Journals, 10 Book Chapters, and 1 book. He has presented more than 30 scientific research papers and delivered several invited lectures in National and International Conferences. Under his guidance, 15 research scholars have completed their Ph.D. Degree and 3 PDF Scholars have completed their research. He received the “Young Scientist Award” from DST in 2012, “Active Researcher Award” from the Centre for Technology and Development Transfer for his valuable contribution to the field of biofuels, and "Thiru T.M. Narayanaswamy Pillai Chemical Engineering Prize" from The Governor of Tamil Nadu.

Affiliations and expertise

Full Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India

Zainul Akmar Zakaria

Dr. Zainul Akmar Zakaria is Associate Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). He is Associate Chair of the School as well as heading the UTMBactec Research Group where he works on biomass valorization and microbial technology. He has published 2 authored books, 9 Edited Books and 13 Book Chapters. One of his research books was awarded the “National Book Award 2018” under the biochemistry category. He is leading or had led various national research projects with cumulative amounts of over RM1.5 million and has been involved as Lead Researcher in other projects with cumulative amounts of RM3.7 million. He has been a Consultant for LJS Environment Australia, Guest Editor for Special Issues in 3 ISI-indexed journals, Evaluator for various International Research Grants, Visiting Scientist to Argentina and Mexico, and Program Head for the UTM-CONICET, Argentina R&D Program.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Associate Chair, School, heading the UTMBactec Research Group

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Biofuels and Bioenergy

Opportunities and Challenges

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Baskar Gurunathan

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