Biofilms in Infection Prevention and Control

Dedication

Preface

List of Contributors

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Exhibits

Part 1: Fundamentals of Infection Control

Chapter One. Introduction to Infection and Infection Prevention

Introduction

The Impact of Infection

ICUS and Healthcare-Associated Infections

The Law and Healthcare-Associated Infection

Working with Patients and Their Families and/or Caregivers

Training, Education and Roles

Conclusion

References

Chapter Two. Infection Prevention: Principles of Safe Practice in Healthcare

Introduction

Standard Precautions

Maintaining Asepsis Using an Aseptic Technique

Safe Collection of Specimens

Transmission-Based Precautions

Conclusion

References

Chapter Three. Hand Hygiene

Introduction

Issues Associated with Healthcare Workers’ Compliance

Factors Affecting Hand Hygiene Compliance

Recommendations for Effective Hand Hygiene

Conclusion

References

Chapter Four. Decontamination

Introduction

Useful Definitions

Choosing the Appropriate Process

Decontamination of Medical Devices

Decontamination of the Environment

Decontamination of Blood Spillage

Conclusion

References

Chapter Five. Challenges to Healthcare Providers

Introduction

Clostridium Difficile

Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Norovirus

Conclusion

References

Chapter Six. Changing Practice

Introduction

The Code of Practice

Commissioning Infection Prevention and Control Services

The Francis Report

Empowerment and Power

Whistleblowing

Conclusion

References

Chapter Seven. Invasive Devices

Introduction

Short- and Long-Term Urinary Catheters

Faecal Management Systems

Intravenous Access Devices

Nutrition

Conclusion

References

Chapter Eight. Wounds and Infection

Introduction

Wounds and the Healing Process

Wounds and Micro-organisms

Recognising and Preventing Wound Infection

Surgical Site Infections

Categories of Surgical Wounds and Infection Risk

Conclusion

References

Part 2: Biofilms and Infection Control

Chapter Nine. Biofilms: From Concept to Reality

Introduction

Prevalence of Biofilms

Models to Study Biofilms

Formation of Biofilms

Detachment and Dissemination of Biofilms

Biofilm Structure

The Biofilm Community

Conclusion

References

Chapter Ten. Healthcare-Associated Infections and Biofilms

Introduction

Biofilm Formation: A Strategy for Survival

Host Responses to Biofilms

Biofilm Detection

The Micro-Organisms

Biofilm Prevention

Conclusion

References

Chapter Eleven. Biofilms’ Role in Intravascular Catheter Infections

Introduction

Complications of Intravascular Catheters

Routes of Intravascular Catheter Infection

Diagnosis of Infection

Evidence and Impact of Biofilm Formation

Prevention and Treatment of Infections

Conclusion

References

Chapter Twelve. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, Endotracheal Tubes and Biofilms

Introduction

Diagnosis and Complications

Biofilms and Endotracheal Tubes

VAP and Biofilm Control

Conclusion

References

Chapter Thirteen. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Significance to Healthcare

Introduction

Development of Antimicrobial Therapy

Principles of Antibiotic Therapy

Classes of Antibiotics

Microbiological Examination

Indication and Selection of Antibiotics

Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects

Antibiotic Resistance

Antifungals

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Fourteen. An Introduction to the Biology of Biofilm Recalcitrance

Introduction

Evidence for Clinical Recalcitrance

Contributions of the Biofilm Matrix to Recalcitrance

Bacterial Persistence as a Biofilm-Specific Phenotype

The clinical significance of bacterial persistence

Conclusion

References

Chapter Fifteen. Microbial Resistance and Superbugs

Introduction

Definitions of Antimicrobial Resistance

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance

Genetics of Resistance

Superbugs

Prevention and Control of MDR Organisms

Conclusion

References

Chapter Sixteen. Preventing Infection Associated with Urethral Catheter Biofilms

Introduction

Epidemiology

Biofilm on the Urinary Catheter

Diagnosis

CA-UTI Prevention Guidelines and Recommendations

Future Directions

References

Chapter Seventeen. Presence and Control of Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Hospital Water Systems

Introduction

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Legionella Pneumophila

Legislation and Guidance for Control of Micro-Organisms

Point-of-Use Water Filtration

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter Eighteen. Wound Infection and Biofilms

Introduction

Biology of Wound Healing

Microbial Communities

The Potential Significance of Biofilms in Wounds

Biofilm Formation

Conclusion

References

Index