Biochemistry of Insects

List of Contributors

Preface


1 The Functions of Carbohydrates in Insect Life Processes

I. Introduction

II. Classification of Insect Carbohydrates

III. Carbohydrates in Insect Nutrition

IV. Digestion of Carbohydrates

V. Absorption of Carbohydrates

VI. Excretion and Detoxication

VII. Carbohydrates in Structural Components and Pigments

VIII. Carbohydrates in Insect Metabolism

IX. Carbohydrates in Metamorphosis

X. Carbohydrates in Flight Muscles

XI. Carbohydrates in Reproduction and Embryonic Development

XII. Carbohydrates in Diapause and Coldhardiness

XIII. Carbohydrates and Insect Behavior

XIV. Conclusion

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


2 Functional Role of Lipids in Insects

I. Introduction

II. Lipid Requirements

III. Digestion and Absorption

IV. Transport

V. Utilization of Lipids

VI. Biosynthesis of Lipids

VII. Endocrine Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

VIII. Conclusions

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


3 Functional Role of Proteins

I. Introduction

II. Structure Proteins

III. Interstitial Proteins

IV. Enzymes

V. Hemoproteins Other than Hemoglobin

VI. Bioluminescence

VII. Peptide Hormones

VIII. Concluding Remarks

General References


4 Protein Synthesis in Relation to Cellular Activation and Deactivation

I. Introduction

II. Protein Synthesis and Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions during Early Embryogenesis

III. Synthesis and Storage of Proteins in Fat Body

IV. Regulation of Proteolytic Digestive Enzymes

V. Synthesis of Secretion Proteins and Puffing of Polytene Chromosomes in Salivary Glands

VI. Activation of Protein Synthesis in the Male Accessory Gland

VII. Protein Synthesis as a Basic Problem of Aging

VIII. Morphogenetic Consequence Resulting from Mutational Effect on Protein Synthesis

IX. Concluding Remarks

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


5 The Chemistry of Insect Cuticle

I. Introduction

II. The Components

III. Irreversible Changes: Sclerotization and Melanization

IV. Reversible Changes

V. The Epicuticle and Permeability Barriers

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


6 Insect Biochromes: their Chemistry and Role

I. Introduction

II. Structure, Distribution, and Chemistry

III. Role of Biochromes in Insects

IV. Conclusions

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


7 Biochemistry of Insect Hormones and Insect Growth Regulators

I. Introduction

II. Prothoracicotropic Hormone (Brain Hormone, Activation Hormone, or Ecdysiotropin)

III. Ecdysone

IV. Juvenile Hormone

V. Eclosion Hormone

VI. Bursicon

VII. Hormonal Control of Reproduction

VIII. Diapause

IX. Insect Growth Regulators

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


8 Chemical Control of Behavior—Intraspecific

I. Diffusion and Detection

II. Specificity

III. Pheromones of Social Insects

IV. Negative Controls

V. Biosynthesis

VI. Literature

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


9 Chemical Control of Behavior—Interspecific

I. Communication from Noninsects

II. Communication between Insect Species

III. Chemicals That Affect Noninsects

IV. General Considerations

V. Literature

General References


10 Chemical Control of Insects by Pheromones

I. Introduction

II. Breaking the Communication Code

III. Pheromone-Baited Traps

IV. Techniques Utilizing Pheromone Bait

V. Manipulating the Communication Code

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists


11 Biochemical Defenses of Insects

I. Introduction

II. Allomones and Pheromones

III. Sources of Insect Defensive Products

IV. Hymenopterous Venoms

V. Chemistry of Exocrine Defensive Compounds

VI. Metabolic Adaptations for Tolerating Toxic Natural Products

VII. Selective Sequestration of Plant Natural Products

VIII. Biosynthesis of Insect Defensive Compounds

IX. Adaptations to Avoid Autointoxication

X. Regeneration of Defensive Secretions

XI. Optimizing the Adaptiveness of the Defensive Secretion

XII. Defensive Compounds and Chemotaxonomy

General References


12 The Biochemistry of Toxic Action of Insecticides

I. Introduction

II. Anticholinesterases

III. Acetylcholine Receptor Agents

IV. Presynaptic Agents: Aldrin and Dieldrin

V. Axonic Poisons

VI. Biochemical Studies on Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

VII. Are Pyrethroids Axonic Poisons?

VIII. A Muscle Poison

IX. Chlordimeform: A Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor?

X. Metabolic Poisons

XI. Inhibitors of Chitin Synthesis

General References


13 Detoxication Mechanisms in Insects

I. General Introduction

II. Phase 1 Reactions

III. Phase 2 Reactions

IV. Multiple Pathways

V. Induction of Detoxication Enzymes

VI. Detoxication Enzymes in Insecticide Resistance

VII. General Conclusions

VIII. Glossary of Chemical Names

General References


14 Chemical Genetics and Evolution

I. Introduction

II. Genetic Variation in Natural Populations

III. Genetic Differentiation during Speciation

IV. Reconstruction of Evolutionary History

General References

References for Advanced Students and Research Scientists

Index