Biochemical Immunology of Diabetes and Associated Complications

1st Edition - March 15, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Pratima Tripathi, Rama Pati Tripathi, Mahabir Parshad Kaushik
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 1 9 5 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 1 9 6 - 7

Biochemical Immunology of Diabetes and Associated Complications offers in-depth coverage of the association of biochemical and immunological aspects of the human body in diabet… Read more

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Biochemical Immunology of Diabetes and Associated Complications offers in-depth coverage of the association of biochemical and immunological aspects of the human body in diabetes. It discusses the suppression and modulation of the immune system and the impact of immunochemicals on the biochemical pathways in diabetes, along with associated complications. The book enumerates the exigency in knowledge about the immunomodulators as therapeutic targets to cure the syndrome. It will serve as an important reference for medical practitioners, researchers, medical students, masters and doctoral students. In addition, it could also be used as a reference for science graduates, science teachers, and researchers.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editor
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1. Types of diabetes mellitus, mechanism of insulin resistance and associated complications
1. Introduction to diabetes mellitus
2. Insulin resistance
Chapter 2. Immune system and diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction
2. Apoptosis of pancreatic B-cells and insulin deficiency
3. Hyperglycemia and immune dysfunction
4. Hyperglycemia and immune dysfunction
5. Dysfunction of adaptive immunity in hyperglycemia
6. Susceptibility to infections in diabetics
Chapter 3. Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and its effect on immune system
1. Introduction
2. Effects on innate immunity
3. Impairment of adaptive immunity in T2DM
4. Effects of T2DM on the susceptibility of patients to infections
5. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Association of oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction
2. Role and sources of oxidative stress in diabetes
3. Role of oxidative stress in pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
4. Mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced damage
5. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetes
6. Therapy interventions for diabetic oxidative stress
7. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Biochemical pathways involved in diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction
2. Insulin signaling pathways
3. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K, a lipid kinase)/AKT
4. The MAPK signaling pathway
5. Carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes
6. Lipid metabolism and insulin resistance
7. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Immune response and biochemical connection in diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction
2. Role of immune cell signaling on insulin resistance
3. Apoptosis of pancreatic cells and hyperglycemia
4. Immune suppression in diabetes
5. Defects in cellular immune response
6. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Immunomodulatory therapy in diabetes mellitus: A pharmacological approach
1. Introduction
2. Immunomodulation in type 1 diabetes
3. Immunomodulation in type 2 diabetes
4. Diabetic complications
Chapter 8. Targeting immune system for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction
2. Immune system and tolerance
3. Genetic susceptibility
4. Autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes
5. Immunotherapy trials
6. Conclusion
Chapter 9. GPCRs as therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
1. G-protein-coupled receptors
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Role of GPCRs in insulin production: Fig. 9.2
4. Incretins, DPP-4 inhibitors, and their roles in diabetes: Fig. 9.3
5. Novel treatments: Table 9.1
6. Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 10. Biochemistry and immunology of inflammation-mediated responses in the development of diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction
Chapter 11. Association of diabetes mellitus with stress, neuroinflammation, and other comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders: An immunological perspective
1. Introduction
2. Immune system–related neuronal inflammation and diabetes mellitus
3. Immune system–related other comorbid diseases of psychiatric disorder and diabetes mellitus
4. Conclusion
Chapter 12. Potent inflammatory biomarkers in insulin resistance
1. Introduction
2. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Eliminating the knowledge gap of overlapped mechanisms of diabetes and neurological disorders
1. Introduction
2. Diabetes and inflammatory neurological/cognitive disorders
3. Diabetes and hepatotoxicity
Abbreviations
Chapter 14. Role of symbiotics in the treatment of diabetes mellitus via modification of the immune system
1. Introduction
2. Link between gut microbiota and diabetes mellitus
3. Symbiotics
4. Novel symbiotic therapy in diabetes treatment
5. Conclusion
Chapter 15. Effect of current antidiabetic drugs on inflammation and immune system
1. Introduction
2. Antidiabetic drugs
3. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Lifestyle modifications and nutritional modulation of immune system for prevention and management of diabetes mellitus: Current perspectives
1. Introduction
2. Lifestyle modifications for glycemic control and immunomodulation
3. Conclusion
Chapter 17. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic drugs under clinical trials
1. Introduction
2. Drug acting on incretin pathway
3. SGLT2 inhibitors (gliflozins)
4. Newer insulin formulations
5. Glimins
6. GKAs: Glucokinase activators (GKAs) gliatins
7. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)
8. Probiotics
9. Mitochondrial membrane transporter inhibitors
10. Stem cell therapy
11. Gene therapy
Chapter 18. Gut microbiota and diabetes: Exploring the intricate connection
1. Introduction
2. Diabetes and its types
3. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM)
4. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
5. Gestational diabetes (GDM)
6. Role of the gut microbiota
7. Gut microbiota composition
8. Gut microbiota dysbiosis
9. Gut permeability (leaky gut)
10. Dysbiosis in type 1 diabetes (T1DM)
11. Dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes
12. Dysbiosis in gestational diabetes
13. Changes in microbial composition and their implications
14. Animal models and experimental evidence
15. Gut microbiota as a therapeutic target
16. Lifestyle interventions for diabetes management
17. Lifestyle education and support
18. Future perspectives in targeting the gut microbiome for diabetes
Glossary
Index

Pratima Tripathi

Currently Dr. Pratima is serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli. Pratima earned her Ph.D. in Biochemistry from University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in 2012. Her doctoral research oriented on ‘Therapeutic Role of L-arginine on free radical scavenging system in ischemic heart diseases.’ During her research, she investigated the vivid role of L-arginine as a significant therapeutic in mitigating the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance that arises during oxidative stress condition and oxygen insult that contributes in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction induced ischemia and further complications. She contributed her research outputs as publications in high impact journals of repute. The scholar has also been bestowed with ‘Young Scientist Award’ in 2010 from the Society for Immunology and Immunopathology, India.

She had a stint teaching experience in Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning (SSSIHL), Anantapur as an Assistant Professor from 2012 to 2017. After gaining a rich experience in Southern India, she relocated to her home town, Lucknow and served as Guest faculty at Integral University, Lucknow till May 2019.

The dynamic phase of her academic career and her zeal towards scientific research granted her a good opportunity as ICMR-Research associateship and Principal Investigator on the project “The role of highly sensitive Troponin-I, highly sensitive C Reactive Protein and NT-proBNP in predicting coronary artery stenosis in patients undergoing Coronary Artery Angiography.”

The ICMR research project was focused on biomarker profiling and analysis of different cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers in coronary artery disease patients to investigate the correlation between the extent of vascular stenosis and level of biomarkers. Research outcome from the work conducted by Pratima as Postdoctoral fellow at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow from 2019 to 2021 was utilized for setting up hs-TnI as a profiling marker at DRMLIMS in 2021 as is currently a part of routine blood test for all the CVD patients at DRMLIMS and associated clinical setups.

In 2021, she joined National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology. The institute offered her acumen a good scope in both academic cum administrative aspects with a magnified research spectrum. Her research team works in the area of pharmaceutical biotechnology and is focused on drug discovery and development. The team formulated nanocarriers and drug conjugates for efficient transport of drugs; artemisinin and berginin and studied the impact of these formulations in mitigating diabetes induced inflammatory complications.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow (UP), India

Rama Pati Tripathi

Dr. Rama Pati Tripathi has over 40 years of research and teaching experience, supervised more than 70 students, published more than 150 research papers in international journals of high repute and high impact journals, more than 20 patents and 100 invited talks in national and international conferences in India and abroad. He has been accoladed with several prestigious awards to name a few being INSA Visiting Scientist Fellowship, First eTCR award 2009 by Association of Carbohydrate Chemists and Technologists of India, Elected Fellow of Association of Carbohydrate Chemists and Technologists of India, 2014, Life Time Achievement Award by ACCTI in 2016. Dr. Tripathi is also the Life member of Indian Chemical Society, Indian medicinal chemists association, UP association of advancement of science and technology, Society of biological chemists of India, Fellow, Association of carbohydrate Chemists and Technologists of India, Association of Carbohydrate Chemists & Technologists of India.

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor, Mody University, Lakhsmangarh, Rajasthan and NIPER Raibarely, India, Ex-Professor, AcSIR & Retired Chief Scientist, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute India

Mahabir Parshad Kaushik

Dr. Kaushik travelled extensively on delegations to different parts of the world including the USA, Finland, Sweden, Germany, France, UK, Tunisia, Czech Republic and Switzerland (Geneva). He has been awarded several prestigious awards and honors. A few to mention are: DRDO Cash Award, Defence Technology Spin off Award, National Technology Award, Technology Group Award (DRDO), Scientist of the Year Award (DRDO) and Agni award for self-Reliance. Dr. Kaushik has a rich academic background and has taught at MITS Gwalior, as well as Utah State University, Logan, USA. He has published ~ 181 articles, has 20 Patents and 09 technology transfers. Prof (Dr) M P Kaushik, the Pro Vice Chancellor of Amity University Madhya Pradesh is a Scientist and Administrator of eminence, who had an illustrious tenure at Defence Research and Development Establishment, Govt of India, from where he superannuated as Director and Outstanding Scientist (SC ‘H’).

Affiliations and expertise

Pro Vice Chancellor and Dean Research Former Director Defence Research & Development Establishment Gwalior & Programe Director (NBC) DRDO Delhi. Amity University Madhya Pradesh Maharajpura Dang, Gwalior (MP) India

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Biochemical Immunology of Diabetes and Associated Complications

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Pratima Tripathi

Rama Pati Tripathi

Mahabir Parshad Kaushik

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