Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology

Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Third Edition, continues to outline the principles of biochemical processes and explain their use in the manufacturing of everyday products. The author uses a direct approach that proved to be very useful for graduate students and fellow research scientists in following the concepts of biochemical engineering and practical applications related to the field of biotechnology.

This book is unique in having many solved problems, case studies, examples, and demonstrations of detailed experiments, with simple design equations and required calculations. All chapters are fully revised and updated and include the latest research results in the field of biochemical engineering and biotechnology. The new edition emphasizes practical aspects, microorganisms, and upgrades of new types of membrane bioreactors, and it contains more case studies and solved problems, along with seven new chapters on recent topics in biosensors, bioanode, nanoscience, hydrogel, conceptual investigations on biological processes for industrial wastewater treatment, and algal growth.

Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Third Edition, remains an indispensable reference for researchers in bioprocess engineering, chemical and physical biological treatment of industrial wastewater, enzyme technology, fermentation processes, nanoparticle synthesis for antibiotic loading, medicine, and drug delivery.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
About the author
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
Audience and overview
Who should read this book
Chapter 1. Industrial microbiology
Abstract
Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Role of biotechnology
1.3 Role of biosciences
1.4 Microbes functions
1.5 Process fermentation
1.6 Application of fermentation processes
1.7 Bioprocess products
1.8 Production of amino acids (lysine and glutamic acid)
1.9 Production of penicillin, antibiotics
1.10 Production of insulin
1.11 Production of enzymes
1.12 Production of vinegar
1.13 Production of baker’s yeast
1.14 Production of lactic acid
1.15 Production of polyhydroxybutyrate
1.16 Microbial lipid production
1.17 Microbial production of xanthan
1.18 Microbial production of cellulose
References
Chapter 2. Enzyme technology
Abstract
Outline
Subchapter 2.1. Introduction
2.2 Enzyme elementary reaction rate
2.3 Enzymes classifications
2.4 Enzymes specific function
2.5 Enzymes act as catalysts
2.6 Inhibitors of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
2.7 Industrial application of enzymes
2.8 Coenzymes
2.9 Effect of pH on enzyme activities
2.10 Enzyme unit activities
2.11 Enzyme deactivation
Nomenclature
Solve problems
SubChapter 2.14. CASE STUDY: Solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse in a tray bioreactor for production of lipase using Rhizopus oryzae
2.14.1 Introduction
2.14.2 Material and methods
2.14.3 Results and discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 3. Gas and liquid system (aeration and agitation)
Abstract
Outline
Subchapter 3.1. Introduction
3.2 Aeration and agitation
3.3 Air sparger
3.4 Agitation and mixing phenomena
3.5 Types of agitator
3.6 Oxygen transfer rate in a fermenter
3.7 Mass transfer in a gas–liquid system
3.8 Gas hold-up
3.9 Mass transfer coefficients for stirred tanks
3.10 Agitated system and mixing phenomena
3.11 Mass transfer limited process
Nomenclature
Greek symbols
Subchapter 3.13. Case study: oxygen transfer rate model in an aerated tank for pharmaceutical wastewater
3.13.1 Introduction
3.13.2 Material and method
3.13.3 Results and discussion
3.13.4 Conclusion
Nomenclature
Subchapter 3.14. Case study: fuel and chemical production from the water gas shift reaction by fermentation processes
3.14.1 Introduction
3.14.2 Kinetics of growth in a batch bioreactor
3.14.3 Effect of substrate concentration on microbial growth
3.14.4 Mass transfer phenomena
3.14.5 Kinetic of water gas shift reaction
3.14.6 Growth kinetics of CO substrate on Clostridium ljungdahlii
Acknowledgement
Nomenclature
Chapter 4. Fermentation process control
Abstract
Outline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioreactor controlling probes
4.3 Characteristics of bioreactor sensors
4.4 Temperature measurement and control
4.5 DO measurement and control
4.6 pH/Redox measurement and control
4.7 Detection and prevention of the foam
4.8 Biosensors
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 5. Growth kinetics
Abstract
Outline
SubChapter 5.1. Introduction
5.2 Indirect measurements of cell growth
5.3 Cell growth in batch culture
5.4 Growth phases
5.5 Kinetics of batch culture
5.6 Growth kinetics for continuous culture
5.7 Material balance for continuous stirred tank reactor
5.8 Enzyme reaction kinetics
5.9 Unstructured kinetic model
Nomenclature
SubChapter 5.11. Case study: enzyme kinetic models for resolution of racemic ibuprofen esters in a membrane reactor
5.11.1 Introduction
5.11.2 Enzyme kinetics
5.11.3 Enzyme kinetics for rapid equilibrium system (quasi-equilibrium)
5.11.4 Derivation of enzymatic rate equation from rapid equilibrium assumption
5.11.5 Verification of kinetic mechanism
Chapter 6. Bioreactor design
Abstract
Outline
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bioreactors background
6.3 Type of bioreactor
6.4 Stirred tank bioreactor
6.5 Bubble column fermenter
6.6 Airlift bioreactors
6.7 Heat transfer
6.8 Design equations for CSTR fermenter
6.9 Temperature effect on rate constant
6.10 Scale-up of stirred-tank bioreactor
6.11 Biological transport of oxygen through cells
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 7. Downstream processing
Abstract
Outline
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Downstream processing
7.3 Filtration
7.4 Centrifugation
7.5 Sedimentation
7.6 Flotation
7.7 Emerging technology for cell recovery
7.8 Cell disruption
7.9 Solvent extraction
7.10 Adsorption
7.11 Chromatography
7.12 Crystallization process
7.13 Freeze drying
References
Chapter 8. Immobilization of microbial cells for the production of organic acid and ethanol
Abstract
Outline
SubChapter 8.1. Introduction
8.2 Immobilized microbial cells
8.3 Immobilized cell reactor experiments
8.4 Immobilized cell reactor rate model
Nomenclature
Subchapter 8.6. Case study: ethanol fermentation in an immobilized cell reactor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Materials and methods
8.6.3 Results and discussion
8.6.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Nomenclature
SubChapter 8.7. Fundamentals of immobilisation technology, and mathematical model for immobilized cell reactor performance
8.7.1 Immobilization of microorganisms by covalent bonds
8.7.2 Oxygen transfer to immobilized microorganisms
8.7.3 Substrate transfer to immobilized microorganisms
8.7.4 Growth and colony formation of immobilized microorganisms
8.7.5 Immobilized systems for ethanol production
Chapter 9. Material and elemental balance
Abstract
Outline
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Media Preparation for Fermentation
9.3 Growth of stoichiometry and elemental balances
9.4 Energy balance for continuous ethanol fermentation
9.5 Mass balance for biological processes
9.6 Conservation of mass principle
9.7 Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway
9.8 Problem
References
Chapter 10. Application of fermentation processes
Abstract
Outline
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Production of ethanol via fermentation
10.3 Benefits from bioethanol fuel
10.4 Stoichiometry of biochemical reaction
10.5 Optical cell density
10.6 Kinetics of growth and product formation
10.7 Preparation of stock culture
10.8 Inoculum preparation
10.9 Inoculation of seed culture
10.10 Analytical method for sugar analysis
10.11 Analytical method for
10.12 Refractive index determination
10.13 Cell dry weight measurments
10.14 Yield calculation
10.15 Batch fermentation experiment
10.16 Continuous fermentation experiment
10.17 Media sterilization
10.18 Batch experiment
10.19 Expected results
References
Chapter 11. Production of antibiotics
Abstract
Outline
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Herbal medicines and chemical agents
11.3 History of penicillin
11.4 Production of penicillin
11.5 Microorganisms and media
11.6 Inoculum preparation
11.7 Filtration and extraction of penicillin
11.8 Experimental procedure
11.9 Fermenter description
11.10 Analytical method for bioassay and detecting antibiotic
11.11 Antibiogram and biological assay
11.12 Submerged culture
11.13 Bioreactor design and control
11.14 Estimation of dimension of fermenter
11.15 Determination of Reynolds number
11.16 Determination of power input
11.17 Determination of oxygen transfer rate
11.18 Design specification sheet for the bioreactor
References
Chapter 12. Production of citric acid
Abstract
Outline
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Production of citric acid in batch bioreactor
12.3 Factors affecting the mold growth and fermentation process
12.4 Starter or seeding an inoculum
12.5 Seed culture
12.6 Citric acid production
12.7 Analytical method
12.8 Processes for recovery and purification of citric acid
12.9 Experimental run
12.10 Kinetic model in batch citric acid fermentation
References
Chapter 13. Bioprocess scale-up
Abstract
Outline
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Scale-up procedure from laboratory scale to commercial scale
13.3 Bioreactor design criteria
13.4 CSTR chemostat versus tubular plug flow
13.5 Dynamic model and oxygen transfer rate in activated sludge
13.6 Aerobic wastewater treatment
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 14. Single-cell protein
Abstract
Outline
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dissolved oxygen in single-cell protein production
14.3 Batch and continuous fermentation for single-cell protein production
14.4 Batch experiment for production of baker’s yeast
14.5 Separation of microbial biomass
14.6 Background
14.7 Production methods
14.8 Media preparation for single-cell protein production
14.9 Analytical methods
14.10 SCP processes
14.11 Nutritional value of single-cell protein
14.12 Organisms and substrates for single-cell protein production
14.13 Advantages and disadvantages of single-cell protein
14.14 Preparation for experimental run
References
Further reading
Chapter 15. Sterilization
Abstract
Outline
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Control of microbial population by physical agents
15.3 Death rate of living organism
15.4 Batch sterilization
15.5 Continuous sterilization
15.6 Hot plates
15.7 High-temperature sterilization
15.8 Sterilized media for microbiology
15.9 Dry heat sterilization
15.10 Sterilization with filtration
15.11 Microwave sterilization
15.12 Electron beam sterilization
15.13 Chemical sterilization
15.14 Low-temperature sterilization
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 16. Membrane reactor
Abstract
Outline
Subchapter 16.1. Introduction
16.2 Membrane bioreactors
16.3 Membrane and membrane bioreactor development
Subchapter 16.4. Case study: Enhanced ethanol fermentation in a continuous membrane bioreactor: pervaporation technique
16.4.1 Introduction
16.4.2 Experimental
16.4.3 Result and discussion
16.4.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Subchapter 16.5. Case study: Inorganic zirconia γ-alumina-coated membrane on ceramic support
16.5.1 Introduction
16.5.2 Materials and methods
16.5.3 Results and discussion
16.5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 17. Advanced downstream processing in biotechnology
Abstract
Outline
Subchapter 17.1. Introduction
17.2 Protein products
17.3 Cell disruption
17.4 Protein purification
17.5 General problems associated with conventional techniques
17.6 Fluidized bed adsorption
17.7 Design and operation of liquid fluidized beds
17.8 Experimental procedure
17.9 Process integration in protein recovery
Nomenclature
SubChapter 17.11. Case study: Biochemical characterization of a custom expanded bed column for protein purification
17.11.1 Introduction
17.11.2 Materials and methods
17.11.3 Results and discussion
17.11.4 Conclusion
Chapter 18. Biofuel production
Abstract
Outline
18.1 Biofuel production and global scenarios
18.2 Global scenarios—drives and impacts of biofuel production
18.3 Feedstock for biofuel production
18.4 Processes and technologies
18.5 Intensification and integration
18.6 Economic perspective
References
Chapter 19. Microbial Fuel Cell New Source of Power
Abstract
Outline
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biological fuel cell
19.3 Microbial fuel cell
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20. Biological treatment
Abstract
Outline
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Organic removal in sustainable microbial growth
20.3 Microbial metabolism
20.4 Microbial growth kinetics
20.5 Growth rate and treatment kinetics
20.6 Removal mechanisms in biological processes
20.7 Aerobic biooxidation
20.8 Anaerobic digestion
20.9 Abiotic losses
20.10 Volatilization
20.11 Biological nitrification and denitrification
20.12 Biological treatment processes: suspended and attached growth
References
Chapter 21. Toward sustainable practices in anaerobic wastewater treatment
Abstract
Outline
21.1 Sustainability in wastewater treatment
21.2 Energy consumption in wastewater treatment
21.3 Energy recovery potential in wastewater treatment
21.4 Anaerobic treatment process
21.5 Developments of anaerobic technology in wastewater treatment
21.6 Recent advancements in technologies for biological wastewater treatment
21.7 Conclusion remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 22. Mechanisms of Biological Nutrients Removal
Abstract
Outline
22.1 Biological phosphorous removal
22.2 Biological nitrogen removal
22.3 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 23. Microalgae biotechnological potentials
Abstract
Outline
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Metabolic analysis of microalgae
23.3 Microalgae cultivation
23.4 Microalgal growth kinetics
23.5 Biotechnological applications of algae
References
Chapter 24. Application of bioanodes in microbial fuel cells
Abstract
Outline
24.1 Introduction
24.2 MFC anode electrodes
24.3 Essential characteristics of anode electrode materials
24.4 Anode materials
24.5 Electrochemical evaluation of anode electrode
24.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 25. Biosensors developments: fundamentals and applications
Abstract
Outline
25.1 Introduction
25.2 History of biosensors
25.3 Properties of a biosensor
25.4 Biochemical features of biosensors
25.5 Principles of biosensors
25.6 Types of biosensors
25.7 Classification of biosensors based on biological receptors
25.8 Classification of biosensors based on transducer
25.9 Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
25.10 Modification of working electrodes
25.11 Sensors based on direct electrochemical analysis
25.12 Importance and applications of biosensors
25.13 Biosensors in the medical field
25.14 Biosensors in environmental applications
25.15 Biosensors in fermentation processes
25.16 Biosensors in the pharmaceutical industry
25.17 Biosensors in tissue engineering
References
Chapter 26. Biomaterial-based hydrogels for bacterial infection treatment
Abstract
Outline
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Classification of antibacterial hydrogels
26.3 Composition of antibacterial hydrogels
26.4 Methodologies for antibacterial drugs loading into hydrogels
26.5 Applications of antibacterial hydrogels
26.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27. Bacterial exopolysaccharides production and applications
Abstract
Outline
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Mechanisms of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in bacteria
27.3 Characteristics
27.4 Parameters governing exopolysaccharide production
27.5 Exopolysaccharide extraction and purification
27.6 Structural properties of exopolysaccharide
27.7 Types of exopolysaccharides
27.8 Applications of exopolysaccharide
27.9 Alternative cheap sources for exopolysaccharide production
27.10 Conclusion
References
Appendix
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology

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Ghasem Najafpour

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