Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease

Prevention and Therapy

1st Edition - September 11, 2014

Editors: Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R Preedy

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 1 4 6 2 - 3

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 1 5 2 9 - 3

Nutritional supplement research concerning brain health and neurological disease is becoming an important focus. While nutritional supplements are very popular for general health… Read more

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Nutritional supplement research concerning brain health and neurological disease is becoming an important focus. While nutritional supplements are very popular for general health and well being, the effectiveness of common supplements and their impact on general brain health and for the treatment or prevention of neurological disease is not clearly understood. This comprehensive introduction to bioactive nutraceuticals for brain and neurological provides a foundation review for research neuroscientists, clinical neurologists, pharmacology researchers and nutrition scientists on what we know now about these supplements and the brain and where focused research is still necessary.

Preface
About the Editors
Acknowledgments
Section I. The Role of Complementary and Alternative Supplements: An Overview of Mechanisms of Action and Neurological Targets
- Chapter 1. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Botanical Extracts Contribute to Their Protective Effects in Brain Edema in Cerebral Ischemia
  - Introduction
  - Role of ProInflammatory Proteins in Brain Edema in Ischemic Injury
  - The Role of Botanical Extracts in Attenuating Brain Edema and Cell Swelling in Ischemia
  - The Role of Botanical Extracts in Reducing Inflammation in Injury
  - Conclusion
  - Conflict of Interest Statement
- Chapter 2. Blueberry Polyphenols and Neuroprotection
  - Introduction
  - Blueberry Polyphenols
  - Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms and Implications for Brain Performance
  - Neuroprotective Effects of Blueberry Polyphenols
  - Conclusions
- Chapter 3. Neuropharmacology Effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and Its Active Constituents
  - Introduction
  - Animal Studies
  - Clinical Studies
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 4. Lutein, Brain, and Neurological Functions
  - Adults and Cognitive Function
  - Eye–Brain Connection
  - Carotenoids in Eye and Brain
  - Early Life Period
  - Influence of Carotenoids on Brain Functions
  - Lutein and Cognitive Function
  - Lutein and Parkinson’s Disease
  - Lutein and Huntington’s Disease
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 5. Bioactive Nutrients for Brain Health
  - Diet and Cognitive Function
- Chapter 6. Using Paullinia cupana (Guarana) to Treat Fatigue and Other Symptoms of Cancer and Cancer Treatment
  - Introduction
  - Paullinia cupana (guarana)
  - Cancer-Related Fatigue
  - The Use of Guarana for CRF Treatment
  - Mechanism of Action of Guarana in Patients with CRF
  - Preliminary Data on the Dry Guarana Extract for Terminal Cancer Patients with History of Weight Loss (Tumor Cachexia)
  - Preliminary Data on Dry Guarana Extract for Treatment of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Survivors
- Chapter 7. Polyphenols, Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and the Brain
  - The Brain
  - Neurotrophins
  - Polyphenols
  - Polyphenols and the Brain
  - Polyphenols and Neurotrophins
  - Conclusions
  - Disclosure
- Chapter 8. The Antiaggregative, Antiamyloid Properties of Bioactive Polyphenols in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Introduction
  - (-) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
  - Curcumin
  - Resveratrol
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 9. Rhinacanthus Nasutus Extract as a Neuroprotectant
  - Rhinacanthus nasutus Properties and Use in Traditional Medicine
  - Rhinacanthus nasutus and Its Emerging Potential Role as a Neuroprotectant
  - Rhinacanthus nasutus, Immune Response, and Neuroprotection
Section II. Role of Diets, Complementary, and Alternative Supplements in Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Chapter 10. Nutraceuticals, Dietary Supplements, and Functional Foods as Alternatives for the Relief of Neuropathic Pain
  - Nutraceuticals and Food Supplements and Neuropathic Pain Treatment
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 11. The Therapeutic Activities of Selected Scrophulariaceae and Buddlejaceae Species and Their Secondary Metabolites Against Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Introduction
  - Verbascum Species (Mullein) and their Therapeutic Activities Against Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Scrophularia Species (Figwort) and their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Buddleja Species (Butterfly Bush) and Their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Secondary Metabolites and Their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 12. Ginkgo biloba Extracts in Neurological Disorders Therapy
  - Introduction
  - Medical Uses
  - Dosage and Duration
  - Normal Cognitive Functioning
  - Age-Related Cognitive Impairment
  - Age-Related Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Multiple Sclerosis
  - Tardive Dyskinesia
  - Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews of Ginkgo Clinical Trials
  - Side Effects and Quality Issues of EGb 761^®
  - Exposure to Ginkgo Leaf Extracts in Clinical Studies
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 13. The Ketogenic Diet for the Adjuvant Treatment of Malignant Brain Tumors
  - Introduction
  - Tumor Metabolism
  - The Ketogenic Diet
  - Mechanisms of Action
  - Case Studies and Clinical Trials
  - Implementation of the KD
  - Conclusions
- Chapter 14. Reduction is the New Youth
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 15. Natural Sleep Aids and Polyphenols as Treatments for Insomnia
  - Introduction
  - Herbal Supplements for Treating Insomnia
  - Hypnotic Effects of Terrestrial Plant Polyphenols
  - Hypnotic Effects of Marine Plant Polyphenols
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 16. The Effects of Trace Element Deficiencies on Neurological Disease and Treatment with Trace Element Support
  - Introduction
  - Zinc Deficiency, Neurological Disorders, and Zinc Supplement
  - Neurological Diseases and Mg Supplement
  - Selenium and Neurological Diseases
  - Iron Deficiency and Brain Diseases
  - Copper Deficiency and Brain Diseases
  - Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Supplementation in Neurological Disorders
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 17. Nutritional Supplementation in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
  - Introduction
  - Is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome a Neurological Disorder?
  - Dietary Facts in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
  - Nutritional Resources by Clinical Feature
  - Conclusions
Section III. Mood and Cognition by Nutraceutical Interventions
- Chapter 18. Ayurvedic Approach to Food and Dietary Supplements for the Brain and Neurologic Health
  - Introduction
  - The Three Doshas
  - Importance of Diet and Digestion
  - Shadarasa (Six Types of Taste)
  - Psychological Constitution and Food
  - Ayurvedic Concept of Vyadhi (Disease)
  - Viruddha Ahara (Incompatible Foods)
  - Foods that are Beneficial for the Brain and Neurological Health
  - Herbs and Herbal Mixtures for the Brain and Neurological Health
  - Ghee as a Therapeutic Vehicle
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 19. The Effect of Acai (Euterpe spp.) Fruit Pulp on Brain Health and Performance
  - Introduction
  - Acai Fruit Pulp
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 20. Chili Pepper Compounds in the Management of Neuropathic Pain
  - Introduction
  - Chili Pepper and its Compounds
  - Pharmacological Features of Capsaicin
  - Formulations of Topical Capsaicin
  - Capsaicin for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
  - Conclusions
- Chapter 21. Curcumin and Neurological/Brain Disorders
  - Introduction
  - Herbal Medicines and Nervous System
  - Curcumin
  - A Curcumin Source with Enhanced BioavaIlability
  - Conclusion
Section IV. Drugs and Foods and Nutraceutical Interactions During Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Toxicities
- Chapter 22. The Effects of Taurine Exposure on the Brain and Neurological Disorders
  - Introduction
  - Taurine Developmental Distribution in the Brain
  - Taurine Biosynthesis in the Brain
  - Blood–Brain Taurine Transport
  - Actions of Taurine in the Brain
  - Taurine in Learning and Memory
  - Taurine in Neural Control of Arterial Pressure
- Chapter 23. Adverse Neurological Effects Caused by the Ingestion of Plants, Seeds, and Fruits
  - Introduction
  - Consumption of Toxic Plants in the Diet
  - Healing Plants
  - Acute Intoxications due to Toxic Plants
  - Hallucinogenic Plants and Cacti
  - Fungi and Mycotoxins
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 24. Molecular Mechanisms of Geniposide and Genipin Against Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Anti-Aβ Toxicity
  - Anti-Oxidative Stress
  - Antiendoplasmic Reticulum Stress
  - Anti-Inflammation
  - Promoting Neurite Outgrowth
  - Activation of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP-1R)
  - Summary
- Chapter 25. Flavones and Flavonols in Brain and Disease
  - Brain Pathology: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
  - Flavones and Flavonols: Chemical and Structural Features
  - Brain Effects of Flavones and Flavonols: In Vivo Evidence
  - Working Mechanisms Underlying the Brain Effects of Flavones and Flavonols: In Vitro Evidence
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 26. Mercury and Neurodegeneration
  - Sources of Mercury Exposure
  - Hg Metabolism
  - Interactions with Other Dietary Factors
  - Role of Hg in Neurological Pathology
  - Treatment
- Chapter 27. Ameliorative Effects of Nutraceuticals in Neurological Disorders
  - Introduction
  - Garlic (Allium sativum)
  - Curcumin (Curcuma longa L)
  - Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
  - Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)
  - Berries
  - Almonds (Prunus dulcis/amygdalus L.) and Walnuts (Juglans regia L.)
  - Mechanisms of Nutraceuticals in Ameliorating Neurodegeneration
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 28. The Role of Caffeine in Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Introduction
  - The Genetic Role of Caffeine in ND
  - The Non-genetic Role of Caffeine in Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 29. Dietary Supplements as Cognitive Enhancers
  - Introduction
  - Neuromodulatory Pathways Underlying the Effect of Flavonoids on Cognition
  - Effect of Flavonoids on Hormetic Response and Gut Microbiota
  - The Effect of Flavonoids on Human Cognitive Performance
  - Conclusion
  - Conflict of Interest
Section V. Mechanisms of Action of Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological Disease Therapy: Autoimmunity and Antioxidant Actions
- Chapter 30. Meat, Fat, and Fruit Consumption and Autoimmune Neurological and Brain Disease
  - Overview
  - Introduction
  - Nutrition and Autoimmune Regulation
  - Multiple Sclerosis
  - Myasthenia Gravis
  - Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 31. Ginsenosides as Food Supplements and Their Potential Role in Immunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders
  - Introduction
  - Ginseng Chemistry
  - Dietary Supplementation of Ginseng
  - Role of Ginsenoside in the Immune System and Immunological Disorders
  - Ginseng and Inflammation-Related Diseases
  - Ginsenosides and their Application in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 32. Antioxidant Actions of Spices and Their Phytochemicals on Age-Related Diseases
  - Introduction
  - Spices in History
  - Chemical Composition of Spices
  - Biologic Effects of Spices
  - Spices and Antioxidant Activity
  - Mechanisms of Action
  - Exposure to Spices
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 33. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron)
  - Introduction
  - Chemical Composition
  - Saffron Uses in Traditional Medicine
  - Pharmacological Studies on the Biological Activity of Saffron
  - Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
- Chapter 34. Electrophilic Derivatives of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Cure and Prevention of Neurodegenerative Disorders
  - Dietary Modulation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cell Membranes and Its Significance for Neurodegenerative Disorders
  - Endogenous Generation of Electrophilic PUFAs from Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Biological Significance
  - Electrophile-Sensitive Pathways and Neurodegenerative Disorders
  - Electrophilic PUFAs as Novel Drugs for the Cure and Prevention of Neurodegenerative Disorders
- Chapter 35. Antioxidants for the Prevention and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview
  - Introduction
  - Etiology and Pathogenesis of MS
  - Oxidative Stress, Oxidants, and Antioxidants
  - Lipoic Acid
  - Vitamin A
  - Vitamin E
  - Coenzyme Q10
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 36. High Caloric Diets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerois
  - Introduction
  - Nutrition in ALS
  - Percutaneous Radiological Gastrostomy and Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
  - High-Calorie Diets in ALS
  - NutrAceuticals/Dietary Supplements in ALS
  - Caloric Restriction in ALS
  - Summary
Section VI. Hypertension and Stroke
- Chapter 37. Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Stroke: Activation of Endogenous Antioxidant Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neurovascular Protection
  - Introduction
  - Nrf2: A Redox Sensitive Transcription Factor and Regulator of Cellular Antioxidant Defenses
  - Nutrition and Stroke
  - Neurovascular Protection in Stroke by Phytonutrients
  - Clinical Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 38. Oral Feeding in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage
  - Introduction
  - Malnutrition and Dehydration
  - Dysphagia
  - Nonoral Feeding
  - Dysphagia Therapy
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 39. Neuroprotection by Dietary Isoflavones and Their Role in Cerebral Ischemia
  - Introduction
  - Cerebral Ischemia
  - Dietary Isoflavones
  - Cerebral Ischemia Prevention
  - Cerebral Ischemia Treatment
  - Rehabilitation and Recovery
  - Mechanisms of Action
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 40. Vitamin K Antagonists (Coumarins), Drugs Used in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardioembolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis, and Pulmonary Embolism
  - Vitamin K
- Chapter 41. Prevention of Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis by Vitamin E in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiological Studies Suggest that Vitamin E Protects against Stroke
  - Prevention of Neuronal Death by Vitamin E in SHRSP/Izm Rats
  - Comparison between Antihypertension Drugs and Vitamin E in Decreasing SHRSP/IZM Neuronal Death
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 42. Diet, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury
  - Introduction
  - Soy
  - Omega-3 Fatty Acids
  - Phenolics
  - Ginseng
  - Conclusion
Section VII. Seizures, Epilepsy, and Parkinson's Disease
- Chapter 43. A Plant-Food Diet in the Risk and Management of Parkinson’s Disease
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiology of PD
  - Physiopathology of PD
  - Etiology of PD
  - Dietary Risk Factors in PD
  - Diet and Levodopa
  - Levodopa and Dietary Protein
  - The Protein-Redistribution Diet
  - A New Strategy: Normoproteic Protein-Redistributed Plant-Food (Vegan) Diet
  - Plant-Food Diets and Comorbidity in PD
  - Normoproteic Protein-Redistributed Plant-Food (Vegan) Diet: Practical Aspects
  - Conclusion
  - Summary
- Chapter 44. Nutraceuticals and Other Natural Products in Parkinson's Disease Therapy
  - Introduction
  - Vitamins and PD
  - Omega Fatty Acids
  - Coenzyme Q10
  - Citicoline
  - Creatine
  - Glutathione
  - Carnosine
  - Spices
  - Tea
  - Conclusions
  - Conflict of Interest
- Chapter 45. Ketogenic Diet Treatment in Adults with Refractory Epilepsy
  - Introduction
  - Ketogenic Diet
  - Modified Atkins Diet
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 46. Ketogenic Diets for the Treatment of Epilepsy
  - The History of the Ketogenic Diet
  - Composition, Implementation, and Maintenance of the Classic KD
  - Alternative Forms of Dietary Therapies
  - Side Effects
  - Proposed Mechanism of Action
  - Indications for KDs
  - The KD as a First-Line or Early Treatment of Epilepsy
  - Contraindications for the Use of the KD
  - Interactions between the KD and Other Therapies
  - The KD as a Viable Long-Term Treatment for Epilepsy
  - The Future of Dietary Therapies
- Chapter 47. Nutritional/Metabolic Therapies in Animal Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Seizures
  - Background
  - Therapeutic Ketosis as a Metabolic Therapy
  - Metabolic Supplementation
  - KD Treatment for Seizure Disorders
  - Efficacy of Metabolic Therapies in Animal Models of Seizure
  - Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Metabolic Therapies in Mouse Models of ALS
  - Metabolic Therapies in Mouse Models of AD
  - Neuroprotective Mechanism of Ketosis
  - Concerns
  - Potential Future Application
- Chapter 48. Metabolic Dysfunctions in Epilepsy and Novel Metabolic Treatment Approaches
  - Introduction
  - Glycolysis Provides ATP Quickly
  - Impairments of Glycolysis in Epilepsy
  - Impairments of the TCA Cycle in Epilepsy
  - Anticonvulsant Effects of Current and Potential Metabolic Treatments
  - Anticonvulsant Mechanisms and the Metabolic Effects of Metabolic Therapies
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 49. Vitamin D for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Introduction
  - Basic Physiology and Metabolism of Vitamin D
  - Reference Intake for Vitamin D
  - Treating Vitamin D Deficiency
  - Theories Linking Vitamin D to AD
  - Clinical Trial Data
  - Conclusion
- Chapter 50. Is Multiple Sclerosis a Sun Deprivation Disease?
  - Introduction
  - MS
  - Vitamin D: An Overview
  - Vitamin D and Immune Function
  - Vitamin D and MS
  - What We Know Now: Findings and Limitations
  - Conclusion
Index

Ronald Ross Watson

Ronald Ross Watson, PhD, is Professor of Health Promotion Sciences at the University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health. Dr. Watson began his research in public health at the Harvard School of Public Health as a Fellow in 1971 doing field work on vaccines in Saudi Arabia. He has done clinical studies in Colombia, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United States which provides a broad international view of public health. He has served in the military reserve hospital for 17 years with extensive training in medical responses to disasters as the chief biochemistry officer of a general hospital, retiring as a Lt. Colonel. He is a distinguished member of several national and international nutrition, immunology, and cancer societies. Dr. Watson’s career has involved studying many lifestyle aspects for their uses in health promotion. He has edited over 100 biomedical reference books and 450 papers and chapters. His teaching and research focuses on alcohol, tobacco, and drugs of abuse in heart function and disease in mouse models.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK