Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases

Preface: Arthritis and Inflammation

Contributors

Chapter 1. Antioxidant Flavonoids for Arthritis Treatment: Human and Animal Models

Abbreviations

1 Introduction to Phytoflavonoids

2 What Is Arthritis?

3 Osteoarthritis

4 Rheumatoid Arthritis

5 Flavonoids

6 Animal Models of Acute and Chronic Inflammation

7 Flavonoids and Its Effect on Animal Model Arthritis

8 Radiographic Analysis of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis

9 Flavonoids Devoid of Toxic Effects

10 Clinical Trial of Flavonoids on Arthritis

11 The Mechanism of Actions of Flavonoids

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2. Inflammation in Arthritis

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of Inflammation in Arthritis

3 Dairy Products and Inflammation

4 Effects of Food and Spices in Inflammation

5 The Role of PUFA in Arthritis

6 Antioxidants and Inflammation in Arthritis

7 Summary

References

Chapter 3. Effects of Beef on Inflammation Affecting Arthritis

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Arthritis and Diet

3 Contraindications of Beef

4 Dietary Recommendations of Beef

5 Conclusions

Definitions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 4. Contribution of Bioactive Foods and Their Emerging Role in Immunomodulation, Inflammation, and Arthritis

Abbreviations

1 Bioactive Food Components

2 Immunomodulation

3 Arthritis

4 Inflammation

References

Chapter 5. Curcumin and Joint Health: From Traditional Knowledge to Clinical Validation

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Clinical Relevance of Osteoarthritis

3 Prevalence and Causes of OA

4 Current OA Treatments

5 Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Activity for Curcumin in the Treatment of OA

6 The Bioavailability Issue

7 The Development of a Novel Curcumin–Phospholipid Complex (Meriva®)

8 Clinical Efficacy of Curcumin and of Meriva® in the Management of Osteoarthrosis

9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6. Dried Plum and Bone Health

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Plant-Based Foods and Bone Health

3 Bone Remodeling

4 Role of Inflammation in Bone Loss

5 Oxidative Stress and Bone

6 Dried Plums

7 Dried Plums Prevent Bone Loss

8 Dried Plum Restores Bone

9 Clinical Studies, Dried Plum and Bone

10 Dried Plum, Bone and Inflammation

11 Conclusions

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chapter 7. The Alkaline Way: Integrative Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Autoimmune Conditions

1 An Integrative Approach

2 Restoring Alkaline Balance

3 Self-Care

4 Discussion

5 Conclusions

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 8. Marine Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Rheumatoid Arthritis

3 Arachidonic Acid, Eicosanoids and the Links with Inflammation and RA

4 Fatty Acid Modification of Immune Cell Fatty Acid Composition and of Eicosanoid Profiles

5 Resolvins: Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Inflammation-Resolving Mediators Produced from EPA and DHA

6 Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Cytokines

7 Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on T Cells

8 Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on Antigen Presentation

9 Marine n-3 PUFAs and Animal Models of RA

10 Trials of Marine n-3 PUFAs in RA

11 Overall Conclusions

References

Chapter 9. Diet Modulated Inflammation in Chronic Disease: An Overview

1 Introduction

2 Measuring Metaflammation

3 Nutrition and Metaflammation

4 Summary

References

Chapter 10. Food Supplements and Immune Function in Humans

Abbreviations

1 Introduction: Nutrition and Immunity

2 Food Supplementation and Disease

3 Conclusion

Glossary

References

Further reading

Chapter 11. Natural Antioxidants and Resistance to Infection

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection

3 Vitamins and Host Resistance to Infection

4 Trace Elements and Host Resistance to Infection

5 Summary Points

References

Chapter 12. The Effects of Flavonoids on the Immune System

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Acquired Immunity: The Tailored Response Against Antigen

3 Flavonoids in the Immune System

4 Concluding Remarks

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Chapter 13. Wheat Allergy

Abbreviations

1 Allergy to Wheat and Related Diseases

2 Changes in Allergenic Properties of Wheat Induced by Heat and Industrial Processing

3 Allergen Cross-Reactivity Among Cereals, Pollen, and Other Vegetal Foods

4 Why Patients with Baker’ Asthma Due to Wheat Tolerate Wheat Flour Ingestion?

5 Relationship Between Diet and Allergic Asthma

6 The Role of Wheat in Diabetic’s Diet

7 Cereal Tolerance Mechanism and Treatment Possibilities

References

Chapter 14. Tomato Food Allergy

Abbreviations

1 Food Allergy: Mechanisms, Symptoms, and Prevalence

2 Tomato Allergy: Prevalence and Symptoms

3 Tomato Allergens

4 Cross-reactions Among Tomato and Other Allergens

5 Conclusions

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chapter 15. Indian Medicinal Plants as Immunomodulators: Scientific Validation of the Ethnomedicinal Beliefs

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Plants as Immunomodulators

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16. Probiotics and Eczema

Abbreviations

1 Background

2 Clinical Studies Using Probiotics for the Treatment of Eczema

3 Clinical Studies Using Probiotics in the Prevention of Eczema

4 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 17. Immunomodulating Effect of Polysaccharide

1 Introduction

2 Lentinan from L. edodes

3 Antitumor Polysaccharides from G. frondosa

4 Immunomodulating Polysaccharide from P. cornucopiae var. Citrinopileatus, Oyster Mushrooms, and its Activity

5 P. Nameko and Others also Possessed Immunomodulating Polysaccharides

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 18. Bioactive Foods, Nutrients and Herbs in Infectious Diseases

1 Introduction

2 The Application

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 19. Probiotics and Prebiotics: Health Promotion by Immune Modulation in the Elderly

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Aging

3 Immunosenescence

4 Gut Microbiota and Aging

5 Probiotics and Prebiotics

6 Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Healthcare

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 20. Vitamin D-Binding Protein; Role in Osteoporosis

1 Introduction

2 Structure

3 Function

4 Background

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 21. Anti-Inflammatory Natural Foods

Abbreviations

1 Immune System

2 Inflammation

3 Natural Products

4 Summary

Glossary

References

Chapter 22. Lycopene Modulation of Inflammation: Role in Disease Pathology

Abbreviations

1 What Is Lycopene?

2 Biological Functions of Lycopene

3 Lycopene: Role in Human Disease

4 Summary

Glossary

References

Chapter 23. Fruits and Vegetables as Functional Foods for Exercise and Inflammation

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals

3 Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals for Exercise and Inflammation

4 Mechanisms of Benefit

5 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 24. Inflammation and Nutraceutical Modulation

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols

3 Essential Fatty Acids

4 Vitamin D

5 Probiotics

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 25. Modulatory Role of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Immune Defense against Microorganisms

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Viral Infections

3 Bacterial Infections

4 Eukaryotic Infectious Agents: Parasites and Fungi

References

Chapter 26. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Immune Modulation

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics In Vitro and in Animal Models (Potential for Use)

3 Clinical Trials with Pre- and Probiotics

4 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 27. The Role of Dark Chocolate on Inflammation: A Bitter Taste for a Better Life

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Cocoa Processing and Flavanol Content

3 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 28. Polyphenols and Inflammation

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Inflammation

3 Polyphenols

4 Neuroinflammation

Glossary

References

Chapter 29. Fish Oil and C-Reactive Protein

1 Introduction

2 Fish Oil

3 Mechanisms of Action

4 Sources, Recommendations, and Preparation

5 n-3 Supplements Versus Fish

6 EPA/DHA Ratio

7 Prescription Versus Over-The-Counter Supplements

8 Safety

9 C-Reactive Protein

10 Effect of FO on CRP

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 30. Pycnogenol® and Antioxidant Activity in Health Promotion

Abbreviations

1 Overview

2 Oxidative Stress

3 Lipid Peroxidation

4 Antioxidants

5 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pycnogenol®

6 Pycnogenol® and Aging

7 Pycnogenol® and Neurodegenerative Diseases

8 Antidiabetic Activity

9 Additional Health Effects Related to Antioxidant Activity

References

Chapter 31. Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Pentacyclic Triterpenes

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Lupeol

3 Betulinic Acid

4 Ursolic Acid

5 Discussion

6 Conclusions and Perspectives

7 Summary Points

References

Chapter 32. Polyphenols, Promising Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases?

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Curcumin

3 Resveratrol

4 Flavonoids

5 Discussion

6 Conclusions and Perspectives

7 Summary Points

References

Chapter 33. Immune Alterations in Metabolic Syndrome: The Old Story of Chicken and Egg

1 Introduction

2 Adipose Tissue

3 The Immune System

4 Cytokines, Adipokines, and Inflammatory Mediators

5 Inflammation and MeS: Which Precedes the Other?

6 Situation in Iran

7 Concluding Remarks

8 Summary Points

References

Chapter 34. Immunomodulation by Food for Mitigating Allergic Disease

1 Background

2 Research into Immunomodulation by Food, with a Focus on Allergy

3 Conclusions and Future Research

References

Chapter 35. Resveratrol and Inflammatory–Autoimmune Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Resveratrol and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

3 Resveratrol and SIRT1

4 Resveratrol and ERs

5 Resveratrol and Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disease

6 Conclusions

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Chapter 36. Tart Cherry Fruits: Implications for Human Health

1 Botanical Properties of Tart Cherry

2 Phytochemistry of Tart Cherry

3 Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins and Other Flavonoids

4 Consumption of Tart Cherries and Why They Are Important in Nutrition and Medicine

5 Implications for Human Health

6 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 37. Olive Oil and Infection

Abbreviations

1 Origin

2 Olive Oil

3 Antimicrobial Effects of Components Present in Olive Oil

4 Antimicrobial Effects of Olive Oil

5 Host Resistance to Infection

6 Conclusions

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 38. Bioactive Foods and Nutrients: Role on Inflammation and Arthritis in Athletes

1. Introduction

2. Defining Osteoarthritis

3. Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis

4. NSAIDs: Uses and Dangers

5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

6. Vitamin E

7. Polyphenols

8. Conclusion

Glossary

References

Relevant Website

Chapter 39. Potassium and Arthritis

Abbreviations

1 Potassium and Arthritis

2 Potassium Status in Arthritis

3 Arthritis, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Potassium

4 Arthritis, NKA Activity, and Potassium

5 Arthritis and Potassium Intake Clinical Trials

6 Hypothetical Hormonal Mechanism in Potassium Deficiency

7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 40. Dietary Antioxidants and Rheumatoid Arthritis

1 Introduction

2 Etiology of RA

3 Pathological Features of RA

4 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

5 Antioxidant Status of RA Patients

6 Antioxidant Intervention Studies

7 Conclusion

Glossary

References

Chapter 41. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Treatment and Prevention of Arthritis

1 Introduction

2 Cartilage in Normal Conditions

3 Articular Cartilage in OA

4 Articular Cartilage in RA

5 Conventional Treatment of OA and RA

6 Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Treatment of Arthritis

7 Phytochemistry of Ginger

8 Traditional Uses of Ginger

9 Preclinical Studies in Experimental Animals

10 Human Studies

11 Mechanistic Studies

12 Anti-Inflammatory Activity

13 Ginger Decreases the Metalloproteinase Levels

14 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 42. Mechanisms of Fish Oil-Modulated Inflammation and Health

1 Intake of Fish and Fish Oil and Chronic Disease Development

2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects on the Endothelial Wall

3 Role of Eicosanoid Metabolism in the Anti-Inflammatory Response to LC n-3 PUFAs

4 Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of LC n-3 PUFAs

5 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of LC n-3 PUFAs in vivo

6 Conclusion

Glossary

References

Chapter 43. Flavonoids and Immunomodulation

1 Introduction

2 Flavonoids and Immunomodulation

3 Market of Flavonoids as Therapeutic Agents

4 Conclusions and New Perspectives

References

Chapter 44. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria

1 Introduction

2 Genetic Engineering Strategies for LAB

3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 45. Medicinal Efficacy of Indian Herbal Remedies for the Treatment of Arthritis

1 Introduction

2 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 46. Anti-Inflammatory Herbs for Arthritis

List of Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Arthritis

3 Inflammation

4 Current Pharmacological Therapy for Arthritis

5 Anti-Inflammatory Herbs

6 Conclusions and Future Direction

References

Chapter 47. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Passion Fruit Peel Extract in Modifying Osteoarthritis, Hypertension, and Asthma

1 Background

2 Passion Fruit Peel Extract: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

3 Passion Fruit Peel Extraction Methods

4 Passion Fruit Peel Extract: Research

5 Safety Profile

6 Summary

References

Index