Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications, especially as Sensors

1st Edition - March 19, 2025
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Sushma Dave, Jayashankar Das, Mika Sillanpää
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 9 0 7 6 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 9 0 7 7 - 0

Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications Especially as Sensors highlights the role of carbon nanomaterials as bio-(sensors) in several fields, presenting key ac… Read more

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Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications Especially as Sensors highlights the role of carbon nanomaterials as bio-(sensors) in several fields, presenting key achievements to date in the areas of biosensor-based diagnostics and environmental applications. The book brings together the knowledge of key researchers from different areas of biosensors research, including an explanation of biomass carbonization by pyrolysis and hydrothermal methods, and its use as a cost-effective strategy for fabrication of electrodes for biosensing applications, along with a comparison of synthetic and bio-derived carbon materials and discussion of various techniques used to improve the surface properties of carbon nanomaterials to enhance the electrocatalytic behaviour of working electrodes. The book highlights the promising technology of biosensors in the field of health care and the environment and explains the methods available, presenting current strategies and future perspectives for bio-(sensor) based diagnosis using carbon materials as sensing materials.

Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications, especially as Sensors
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Section I: Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Biomass-derived carbon materials: An overview of synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Biomass sources
2.1 Agricultural biomass
2.2 Forestry residues
2.3 Algae and aquatic material
2.4 Municipal solid waste
2.5 Animal manure
3 Biomass conversion processes
3.1 Pyrolysis
3.2 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
3.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
3.4 Solvothermal synthesis
3.5 Microwave-assisted synthesis
3.6 Plasma-enhanced synthesis
4 Structural and chemical properties bio-derived carbon materials
4.1 Morphology and microstructure
4.2 Chemical composition and surface functionalization
4.3 Physical and electronic properties
5 Application
5.1 Sensing technologies
5.2 Environmental application
5.3 Energy storage and conversion
5.4 Pharmaceutical and biomedical
5.5 Emerging applications
6 Future prospects and challenges
6.1 Challenges in scalability and reproducibility
6.2 Sustainability and environmental concerns
6.3 Collaboration with other materials
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Green carbon materials: Biomass-derived solutions for environmental applications
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
2.1 Hydrothermal carbonization
2.2 Pyrolysis method
2.3 Other thermal treatment methods
3 Formation mechanisms of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
3.1 Formation mechanism by hydrothermal carbonization
3.2 Formation mechanism by pyrolysis
4 Environmental applications
4.1 Environmental sensing
4.2 Adsorptive removal of pollutants
4.3 Catalytic degradation of environmental pollutants
5 Conclusion
6 AI disclosure
References
Chapter 3 Non-enzymatic electrochemical determination of hormones using biowaste derived carbon nanomaterials
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Hormones as chemical messengers
3 Bio-waste as a source of carbon nanomaterials
3.1 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
3.2 Pyrolysis
3.3 Hydrothermal carbonization
3.4 Activation methods
4 Non-enzymatic detection of hormone
5 Performance
5.1 Sensitivity and selectivity
5.2 Response time and recovery time
5.3 Stability and reproducibility
6 Challenges
7 Recent advancements in bio-waste-derived carbon materials for sensor applications
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials for environmental applications
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Pyrolysis
2.1 Slow pyrolysis
2.2 Fast pyrolysis
2.3 Flash pyrolysis
3 Hydrothermal carbonization
4 Activation processes
5 Properties of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
5.1 Structural characteristics
5.2 Surface chemistry
6 Environmental applications
6.1 Water purification
6.2 Air quality improvement
6.3 Soil remediation
6.4 Energy storage and conversion
7 Challenges
8 Future directions
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Bio-derived carbon quantum dots for fluorescence sensing applications
Abstract
Keywords
Conflict of interest
1 Introduction
2 BCQDs for chemical sensing
2.1 Heavy metal ions
2.2 Pharmaceutical drugs
2.3 Toxic agrochemicals
3 Bioimaging
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Green synthesis of nanomaterials from bio-waste for efficient photocatalytic sensors
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Background on carbon-based nanomaterials
3 Types of carbon-based nanomaterials
4 Significance of biowaste as a resource
5 Bio-waste as a sustainable resource
6 The concept of waste-to-resource conversion
7 Biowastes in the synthesis of carbon nanomaterial
8 Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials
9 Photocatalytic properties of carbon nanomaterial
10 Sensor development
10.1 Integration strategies
10.2 Design and fabrication
10.3 Sensing performance
11 Applications
12 Challenges and limitations
13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Bio-derived carbon quantum dots for fluorescence sensors
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Functionalization and biocompatibility
1.2 Environmental and technological implications
2 Overview of QCDs
2.1 Characterization of CDs
2.2 Synthetic methods
3 Optical properties of CQDs
4 Synthesis of bio-derived CQDs
4.1 Plant-based sources
4.2 Animal-based sources
4.3 Agricultural waste
4.4 Biomass
5 Functionalization and surface passivation
6 Applications of bio-derived CQDs in fluorescence sensors
6.1 Biological sensing
6.2 Environmental monitoring
6.3 Advantages of bio-derived CQDs
6.4 Future prospects
6.5 Challenges and future directions
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Bio-derived mesoporous carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery and imaging applications
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Sources and composition of bio-derived carbon materials
2.1 Plant-derived biomass precursors
2.2 Animal-derived biomass precursors
2.3 Microorganism-derived biomass
3 Properties and structure of bio-derived carbon materials
3.1 Zero-dimensional carbon materials
3.2 One-dimensional carbon materials
3.3 Two-dimensional carbon materials
3.4 Three-dimensional carbon materials
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Application of biochar and response surface plots for efficient heavy metal removal from surface water
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Types of heavy metals
3 Heavy metal toxicity
4 Harmful impacts of heavy metals on soil and crops
4.1 Impacts on soil
4.2 On crops
5 Response surface optimization and mathematical modeling in heavy metal removal
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Electrochemical sensors: Advances in bio-waste derived carbon materials and their applications
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgment
1 Introduction
2 Importance and types of biomasses
3 Synthesis and advantages of carbon materials from biomass
4 Sensors based on carbon materials
5 Advantages of electrochemical sensors
6 Electrochemical detection of biomolecules using carbon materials
6.1 Biomolecule samples
6.2 Pharmaceutical samples
6.3 Toxic chemicals
7 Conclusions, prospects, and challenges
References
Chapter 11 Mesoporous and macroporous carbons as electrode material for electrochemical sensing
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 History of electrochemical sensors
3 Working principle
3.1 Working electrode
3.2 Reference electrode
3.3 Counter electrode
4 Various types of electrochemical sensors
4.1 Potentiometric sensors
4.2 Amperometric sensors
4.3 Conductometric sensors
4.4 Impedimetric sensors
5 Various electrode material used for electrochemical sensors
5.1 Carbon-based materials
5.2 Metal-based materials
5.3 Polymer-based materials
5.4 Composite materials
6 Carbon-based electrode materials
6.1 Graphite
6.2 Glassy carbon
6.3 Carbon paste
6.4 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
6.5 Graphene
6.6 Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)
6.7 Mesoporous carbon
6.8 Macroporous carbon
7 Introduction to mesoporous carbon
7.1 Characteristics of mesoporous carbon
7.2 Mesoporous carbon as electrode material
8 Introduction to macroporous carbon
8.1 Characteristics of macroporous carbon
8.2 Macroporous carbon as electrode material
9 Future directions and research opportunities
References
Chapter 12 Bio-derived smart nanostructures for application as sensors
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Why bio-derived CQDs?
2 Synthesis methods of CQDs
2.1 Biomass as a feedstock
2.2 Synthetic routes
3 Characterization techniques
3.1 Spectroscopic methods
3.2 Microscopy techniques
3.3 Elemental analysis
4 Fluorescence sensing
4.1 Enhancement of sensitivity and selectivity
4.2 Detection of pollutants, heavy metals, and contaminant
4.3 Properties of biomass-derived CQDs for detection
4.4 Case studies and real-world applications
4.5 Bioimaging, biosensing, and diagnostic applications
4.6 Interaction of bio-derived CQDs with biological systems
5 Advantages and challenges
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Challenges and future perspectives
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Biowaste derived carbon based materials for electronic bio-sensing
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of electronic biosensing technology
3 Fabrication of biomass-derived carbon materials
4 Characterization of carbon based electronic sensors
5 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
6 Surface area and pore size analysis
7 Raman spectroscopy
8 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
9 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
10 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
11 Applications
12 Herbaceous biomass and derivatives
13 Biomass derived from fruit wastes
14 Biomass derived from plants and dried leaves
15 Biomass derived from grains
16 Biomass derived from seeds
17 Woody biomass and derivatives
18 Animal and human waste
19 Animal derived waste
20 Human derived waste
21 Other sources of biomass
22 Fungi biomass
23 Aquatic biomass
24 Industrial biomass (semi-biomass)
25 Future prospects and conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Exploring bioderived mesoporous carbon for energy harvesting and sensing materials
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Unique properties of bio-derived mesoporous and macroporous carbon materials
3 Applications in energy harvesting
4 How to harvest energy?
4.1 Mechanisms of conversion
5 Energy harvesting materials
5.1 Perceptive strategies in energy harvesting
5.2 Future goals in energy harvesting using biomass derived carbon
5.3 Applications of energy harvesting materials
6 Application as sensing materials
6.1 High surface area
7 Environmental monitoring (detection of pollutants)
7.1 Adsorption capacity
7.2 Selectivity and sensitivity
7.3 Electrochemical detection
7.4 Biomedical diagnostics (detection of biomarkers)
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Biomass derived nanoparticles and their use in sensor technology
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Mechanism of carbon nanostructures formation (nano-biochar) from biomass
2 Types and sources of bioderived nanoparticles
2.1 Characterization methods
2.2 Additive-assisted method
2.3 Microwave-assisted heating
2.4 Ionothermal carbonization
2.5 Applications of biomass-derived carbon materials in electrochemical sensors
3 Environmental monitoring
3.1 Pollutant detection
3.2 Air quality monitoring
4 Medical diagnostics
4.1 Biomarker detection
4.2 Electrochemical biosensors
5 Energy storage
5.1 Supercapacitors
5.2 Batteries
6 Industrial and analytical applications
6.1 Catalysis
6.2 Food and beverage testing
References
Index

Sushma Dave

Distinguished professor Dr Sushma Dave received Master of Science in 1993 and PhD in Analytical, Electrochemistry and Environmental Chemistry from Biosensor Lab in Chemistry Department of Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur in 1999. She has also completed her bachelors of Law in 2018.She is involved continuously in the field of higher education since 1999 teaching Pure, Applied Chemistry ,Electrochemistry, Biology Solid waste management, Waste water treatment and Environmental chemistry to students of Engineering and basic sciences . She also served as Research Associate in Soil Bio Chemistry and Microbiology Division CAZRI, Jodhpur. Currently she is working as an Associate Professor in Jodhpur Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mogra, Jodhpur Rajasthan India. She has published and presented over 50 papers in international and national journals, conferences and participated in various workshops and training programs. Her areas of interest are Electrochemistry, Biosensors Environmental science, Nanotechnology, Soil biochemistry and bio fertilizers.She has published a number of chapters with Elsevier and springer text books and currently working on a funded project in novel materials for environmental remediation, biosensor development.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Applied Sciences, JIET, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Jayashankar Das

Dr. Das received his PhD in biotechnology and served as a Scientist at the IBSD, DBT, Government of India. He is the Founder and CEO of Valnizen which deals with regulatory documents and healthcare compliances and support services to African and southeast Asian countries. He has served as a Joint Director of the Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, DST, and Joint Director to Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, DST, both from the Government of Gujarat. He has served as a Director of the Savli Technology and Business Incubator, DST, Government of Gujarat, India. He was actively involved in the development and implementation of various policies and action plans like biotechnology policy, innovation policy, interpole disaster management policy, start-up policy for many universities and governments. His research team is involved in addressing societal challenges via cutting-edge research, namely, the development of molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases, the development of universal vaccine candidate for emerging diseases, the development of miRNA-based targeted therapeutics, and artificial intelligence in healthcare applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Director of Research, Valnizen Healthcare Pvt Ltd, India

Mika Sillanpää

Mika Sillanpää’s research work centers on chemical treatment in environmental engineering and environmental monitoring and analysis. The recent research focus has been on the resource recovery from waste streams.

Sillanpää received his M.Sc. (Eng.) and D.Sc. (Eng.) degrees from the Aalto University where he also completed an MBA degree in 2013. Since 2000, he has been a full professor/adjunct professor at the University of Oulu, the University of Eastern Finland, the LUT University, the University of Eastern Finland and the University of Johannesburg.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, University of Johannesburg., South Africa

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Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications, especially as Sensors

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