Bee Genetics and Breeding

Contributors

Preface

Part I Genetics


1. Evolution

I. Introduction

II. Pathways to Eusociality

III. Theories of Individual Selection

IV. Geological History of Bees

V. The Rise of Honey Bees

References


2. Geographical Variability and Classification

I. Introduction

II. Taxonomy of the Genus Apis

III. Methods of Morphometric Analysis

IV. Survey of the Genus Apis

V. The Geographic Races of Apis mellifera

References


3. Visible Mutants

I. Analysis of Visible Mutants

II. The Visible Mutants

III. Functional Capabilities of Mutants

References


4. Sex Determination

I. History

II. Unusual Bees

III. Sex Determination Hypotheses

IV. Unequal Additivity among Sex Alleles

V. Gene Dosage

VI. Sex Alleles, Mating, and Brood Survival

VII. Apicultural Consequences of Sex Alleles

References


5. Genetics of Bees Other than Apis mellifera

I. Introduction

II. The Bumble Bees (Bombini)

III. The Stingless Bees (Meliponini)

IV. Non-mellifera (Apis)

V. Other Social and Solitary Bees

References


6. Behavioral Genetics

I. Introduction

II. Theoretical Considerations

III. Control of Undesirable Genetic Variation

IV. Applications of Behavioral Genetic Techniques

References


7. Biochemical Genetics

I. Introduction

II. Variability in Hymenoptera

III. Known Variable Loci in Apis

IV. Uses of Variation

V. Other Known Enzyme Systems

VI. Developmental Variation in Enzymes and Proteins in Apis

VII. Sampling, Analysis, and Interpretation

References


8. Cytology and Cytogenetics

I. Introduction

II. Chromosomes

III. Molecular Cytogenetics

IV. Meiosis

V. Mitosis

VI. Cytogenetic Anomalies

VII. Developmental Cytogenetics

References


9. Population Genetics

I. Introduction

II. Genetic Variability

III. Genetic Structure

IV. Inbreeding

V. Population Genetics of Sex Alleles

VI. Conclusion

References


10. Reproduction and Mating Behavior

I. Introduction

II. The Premating Period

III. Mating Behavior

IV. Sperm Movement in the Queen

V. Egg Maturation

VI. Oviposition

References

Part II Breeding


11. Quantitative Genetics

I. Introduction

II. Approaching Quantitative Characters

III. Resemblance—Why Sisters are Alike

IV. Variation—Why Colonies Differ

V. More on Resemblance

VI. Heritability

VII. Effects of Selection

VIII. Correlations

References


12. Selection

I. Introduction

II. Bee Improvement Tools

III. Defining Improvement

IV. Breeding for Conformation

V. Breeding for Improvement

References


13. Mating Designs

I. Complexities of Honey-Bee Breeding

II. Possible Matings in Honey Bees and Their Genetic Consequences

III. Inbred-Hybrid Breeding

IV. Closed-Population Breeding

V. Genetic Composition and Experimental Colonies

VI. Conclusion

References


14. Storage of Germplasm

I. Introduction

II. Semen Collection

III. Semen Composition

IV. Spermatozoa

V. Stock Maintenance

References


15. Propagation and Instrumental Insemination

I. Introduction

II. Queen Production

III. Drone Production

IV. Insemination Procedure

V. Evaluation

VI. Recommendations

References


16. Breeding Accomplishments with Honey Bees

I. Introduction

II. Goals in Honey-Bee Breeding

III. Breeding for Resistance to Honey-Bee Diseases and Pests

IV. Breeding and Improved Honey Production

V. Breeding for Increased Pollen Gathering

VI. Breeding for Length of Life

VII. Breeding for Morphological Characteristics

VIII. Commercial Bee-Breeding Successes

IX. Preservation of Subspecies and Valuable Ecotypes

References

Index