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Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets

Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace Gases

1st Edition - May 5, 2022

Editors: Benjamin Poulter, Joseph Canadell, Daniel Hayes, Rona Thompson

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 4 9 5 2 - 2

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 4 9 5 3 - 9

Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace Gases provides a synthesis of greenhouse gas budgeting activities across… Read more

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Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace Gases provides a synthesis of greenhouse gas budgeting activities across the world. Organized in four sections, including background, methods, case studies and opportunities, it is an interdisciplinary book covering both science and policy. All environments are covered, from terrestrial to ocean, along with atmospheric processes using models, inventories and observations to give a complete overview of greenhouse gas accounting. Perspectives presented give readers the tools necessary to understand budget activities, think critically, and use the framework to carry out initiatives.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section A: Background
Chapter 1: Balancing greenhouse gas sources and sinks: Inventories, budgets, and climate policy
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: The human perturbation of the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical cycles
2: Inventories of anthropogenic GHG: The foundation of the Kyoto protocol and the Paris agreement
3: GHG budgets: Constraining GHG sources and sinks
4: Supporting the global stocktake and the net-zero emissions policy goals
5: A new generation of technologies and observations to constrain global and regional GHG budgets
6: Extending the carbon budget and accounting frameworks to meet broader policy information needs
References
Section B: Methods
Chapter 2: CO2 emissions from energy systems and industrial processes: Inventories from data- and proxy-driven approaches
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Overview of inventory approaches
3: Uncertainty
4: Examples of emission estimates and products
5: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 3: Bottom-up approaches for estimating terrestrial GHG budgets: Bookkeeping, process-based modeling, and data-driven methods
Abstract
1: Introduction to bottom-up (BU) approaches
2: Bottom-up methodologies
3: Relevance to Stock-Change and flux-based accounting
4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Top-down approaches
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Measurements of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
3: Atmospheric modeling
4: Inversion concepts
5: Application to land biosphere CO2 fluxes (NEE)
6: Application to fossil fuel emissions of CO2
7: Application to CH4 fluxes
8: Application to other GHG fluxes
9: Sources of error
10: Validation of flux estimates from inversions
11: Summary and conclusions
References
Section C: Case Studies
Chapter 5: Current knowledge and uncertainties associated with the Arctic greenhouse gas budget
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction and background: Arctic ecosystems
2: Methodologies
3: Uncertainty and reducing uncertainty
4: Perspective and future opportunities
References
Chapter 6: Boreal forests
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Carbon in boreal forests
2: Estimating carbon stocks and fluxes in boreal forests
3: Carbon accounting in boreal forests
4: Regional-scale modeling
5: Synthesis
References
Chapter 7: State of science in carbon budget assessments for temperate forests and grasslands
Abstract
1: Introduction and background
2: Methodologies for flux estimations in temperate regions
3: Review of the carbon budget of temperate forests and grasslands
4: Uncertainties in carbon fluxes
5: Perspective and future opportunities for policy decision-making
References
Chapter 8: Tropical ecosystem greenhouse gas accounting
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction and background: Tropical ecosystems
2: GHG budget in the tropics
3: Uncertainty and reducing uncertainty
4: Perspective and future opportunities
References
Chapter 9: Semiarid ecosystems
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction and background: Global drylands and semiarid ecosystems
2: Methodologies
3: Future perspectives
References
Chapter 10: Urban environments and trans-boundary linkages
Abstract
1: From science to policy for urban carbon accounting
2: Four carbon accounting approaches for individual cities
3: Accounting biogenic carbon from land use and land-use change in individual cities
4: From individual cities to initiatives for all urban areas’ carbon accounting
References
Chapter 11: Agricultural systems
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Carbon stocks, flows, and emissions in agricultural systems
3: Methodologies
4: Improving regional GHG inventories for agriculture
5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Greenhouse gas balances in coastal ecosystems: Current challenges in “blue carbon” estimation and significance to national greenhouse gas inventories
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Background
2: What limits traditional AFOLU estimation approaches in coastal ecosystems?
3: IPCC guidelines for national-scale estimation of coastal wetland carbon
4: Improving application of the IPCC NGGI guidelines in the United States
5: Implications for the scale of GHG estimation
6: Implications for carbon cycle science on coastlines
7: Final thoughts
References
Chapter 13: Ocean systems
Abstract
1: Summary
2: The ocean as a sink/source of GHGs to the atmosphere
3: Preindustrial (or natural) carbon budget based on inverse estimates
4: Anthropogenic perturbations and the contemporary global carbon sink
5: Regional marine carbon sink
6: Storage of anthropogenic carbon
7: Variability of the ocean GHG uptake
8: Future outlook
References
Section D: Forward Looking
Chapter 14: Applications of top-down methods to anthropogenic GHG emission estimation
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Using inverse estimates of non-CO2 GHG emissions in national reporting
3: Methane emissions detection at facility and basin scale
4: Large point source emission monitoring using satellite observations
5: Precision and sampling requirements for future satellite observations
6: Developing global high-resolution transport modeling capability for analysis of the satellite and ground-based observations of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission
7: Developing high-resolution emission inventories for inverse modeling
8: Summary
References
Chapter 15: Earth system perspective
Abstract
1: Introduction and background: What is an earth system model?
2: Carbon cycle modeling in the context of earth system models
3: Data assimilation in earth system models
4: Future direction for carbon cycle science, earth system modeling, and DA applications
References
Index

Benjamin Poulter

Dr Ben Poulter is a Research Scientist in the Earth Sciences Division at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. He is an expert in using remote sensing and dynamic global vegetation models to quantify and monitor terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks and the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane. He has contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports (AR5 and AR6), the United States State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR-2), and has published numerous manuscripts on forest and wetland dynamics in response to natural disturbances, land-use change, changing climate and rising atmospheric CO2.

Affiliations and expertise

Biospheric Sciences Lab, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, University of Maryland College Park

Joseph Canadell

Dr Josep G. Canadell is the Executive Director of the Global Carbon Project and a chief research scientist at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia. His work focuses on collaborative and integrative research to study the human perturbation of the carbon cycle and the global budgets of carbon, methane and nitrous oxide. Additional interest is on assessing the size and vulnerability of earth’s carbon pools and pathways to decarbonization. He has contributed to the last three Assessment Reports of the IPCC and publishes in the field of global ecology and earth system sciences.

Affiliations and expertise

Executive Director of the Global Carbon Project and Senior Principal Research Scientist CSIRO

Daniel Hayes

Dr Dan Hayes is Associate Professor in the School of Forest Resources at the University of Maine. He teaches, does research and performs outreach on the use of remote sensing for forest inventory and ecosystem studies. He studies the role of climate change and disturbance in the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, with a focus on Arctic and Boreal regions. He has contributed to various regional, continental and global carbon budget modeling and synthesis efforts and publishes on the methods and results of multi-disciplinary, ecosystem-scale scientific investigations.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Forest Resources, University of Maine

Rona Thompson

Dr Rona Thompson is a senior research scientist at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Her research focuses on the modelling of atmospheric transport and composition, especially greenhouse gases, and improving knowledge of the sources and sinks of various atmospheric species using statistical optimization methods. She was a contributing author to the last two Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and has published numerous articles on the emissions and atmospheric transport of greenhouse gases.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Scientist, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, CICERO