Avian Immunology

3rd Edition - December 5, 2021
Editors: Bernd Kaspers, Karel A. Schat, Thomas Göbel, Lonneke Vervelde
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 7 0 8 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 0 7 1 - 5

Avian Immunology, Third Edition contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system, encompassing the mucosal, enteric, respiratory and reproductive systems.… Read more

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Avian Immunology, Third Edition contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system, encompassing the mucosal, enteric, respiratory and reproductive systems. The diseases and disorders it covers, include immunodepressive diseases and immune evasion, autoimmune diseases, and tumors of the immune system. Practical aspects of vaccination are examined as well. Extensive appendices summarize resources for scientists including cell lines, inbred chicken lines, cytokines, chemokines, and monoclonal antibodies.

With contributions from the foremost international experts in the field, Avian Immunology 3rd, provides the most up-to-date crucial information not only for poultry health professionals and avian biologists, but also for comparative and veterinary immunologists, graduate students and veterinary students with an interest in avian immunology.

Avian Immunology, Third Edition, is a fascinating and growing field and surely provides new and exciting insights for mainstream immunology in the future.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. The importance of the avian immune system and its unique features
Abstracts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The contribution from avian lymphocytes
1.3 Contribution of the bursa of Fabricius
1.4 The contribution of the chicken MHC
1.5 Contributions to vaccinology
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. Structure of the avian lymphoid system
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The thymus
2.3 The bursa of Fabricius
2.4 The spleen
2.5 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
2.6 Harderian gland
2.7 Mural lymph node
2.8 Ectopic lymphatic tissue and pineal gland
2.9 Bone marrow
2.10 Blood
References
Chapter 3. Development of the avian hematopoietic and immune systems
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Origins and migration routes of hematopoietic cells using quail/chicken complementary chimeras
3.3 Aortic clusters as the intraembryonic source of definitive hematopoiesis
3.4 Formation of the aorta: a dorsal angioblastic lineage and a ventral hemangioblasts lineage
3.5 Developing an in vitro model of hemogenic endothelium commitment and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition
3.6 Spatiotemporal emergence and organization of the chicken IAHCs
3.7 Ecs of the late fetus/young adult bone marrow harbor hemogenic potential and generate multilineage hematopoiesis
3.8 Spatial transcriptomics in the chicken embryo reveals regulators of hematopoiesis
3.9 The avian thymus and T-cell development
3.10 The bursa of Fabricius, B-cell ontogeny, and immunoglobulins
3.11 Lymphocyte-differentiating hormones
3.12 Development of the immune responses
3.13 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. B cells, the bursa of Fabricius, and the generation of antibody repertoires
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The generation of avian antibody repertoires
4.3 The development of avian B cells
References
Chapter 5. Structure and evolution of avian immunoglobulins
Abstract
5.1 The basic structure of immunoglobulins
5.2 Avian immunoglobulins
5.3 Ig half-life
5.4 Natural antibodies
5.5 Maternal antibodies
5.6 Fc receptors
5.7 Avian antibody responses
5.8 The chicken egg as a source of antibodies
References
Chapter 6. Avian T cells: Antigen Recognition and Lineages
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 T cell receptor structure and lineages
6.3 CD3 signaling complex
6.4 CD4 and CD8
6.5 Costimulatory molecules
6.6 T cell lineages
6.7 Methods to study T cell function
6.8 Perspectives
References
Chapter 7. The avian major histocompatibility complex
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The biology of the major histocompatibility complex
7.3 The major histocompatibility complex: a genomic region or a biological unit?
7.4 The chicken major histocompatibility complex and the major histocompatibility complex syntenic region
7.5 Classical and nonclassical major histocompatibility complex molecules
7.6 Chicken classical major histocompatibility complex molecules
7.7 Gene coevolution in the chicken major histocompatibility complex
7.8 Other chicken genes important for the major histocompatibility complex
7.9 Polymorphism and typing chicken major histocompatibility complex genes
7.10 Avian major histocompatibility complexes
7.11 Immunity, disease resistance, and the major histocompatibility complex in wild birds
7.12 Sexual selection and the major histocompatibility complex in wild birds
7.13 Origin and evolution of the immune system
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8. Introduction to the avian innate immune system; properties, effects, and integration with other parts of the immune system
Chapter 8.1. Macrophages and dendritic cells
Abstract
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Functional properties of chicken antigen-presenting cells
8.1.3 Concluding remarks
References
Subchapter 8.2. Avian granulocytes
Abstracts
8.2.1 Functional activities of heterophils
8.2.2 Receptors
8.2.3 Other innate immune receptors
8.2.4 Genetic effects on heterophil genotype and phenotype
8.2.5 Heterophil isolation
References
Further reading
Chapter 8.3. Thrombocyte functions in the avian immune system
Abstract
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Avian thrombocyte structure
8.3.3 Avian thrombocytes and immune responses
8.3.4 Infection of thrombocytes
8.3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8.4. Natural killer cells
Abstract
8.4.1 Potential natural killer cell receptor families
8.4.2 Phenotype of chicken natural killer cells
8.4.3 Natural killer cell function
References
Chapter 8.5. Soluble components and acute-phase proteins
Abstract
8.5.1 Soluble components
8.5.2 The acute-phase response
References
Chapter 8.6. Pattern recognition receptors
Abstract
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Tissue fluid and secreted pattern recognition receptors
8.6.3 Cell-associated pattern recognition receptors
8.6.4 Cytosolic pattern recognition receptor
8.6.5 Closing comments: general considerations in pattern recognition
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9. Avian cytokines and their receptors
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Avian cytokine and chemokine families
9.3 The interleukins
9.4 Other interleukins
9.5 The interferons
9.6 Other factors
9.7 Chemokines
9.8 Cytokine and chemokine receptors
9.9 The importance of regulation of cytokine responses
9.10 Therapeutic potential of chicken cytokines
9.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Immunogenetics and the mapping of immunological functions
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Genetics and immunological traits in the chicken
10.3 Key gene loci for immunological traits
10.4 Detecting quantitative trait loci
10.5 Statistical procedures for quantitative trait loci detection
10.6 Strategies to use molecular data in genetic selection
10.7 Systems biology
10.8 Transgenic animals
10.9 Future directions for systems biology in avian immunology
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11. The mucosal immune system
Abstract
References
Chapter 11.1. The avian enteric immune system in health and disease
Abstract
11.1.1 General considerations
11.1.2 Gut structure and immune compartments
11.1.3 Development of the enteric immune system
11.1.4 Viral infections of the gut
11.1.5 Bacterial infections of the gut
11.1.6 Parasitic infections of the gut
11.1.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11.2. The avian respiratory immune system
Abstract
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Anatomy of the respiratory tract
11.2.3 The paraocular lymphoid tissue
11.2.4 Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue
11.2.5 The contribution of the trachea to respiratory tract immune responses
11.2.6 The bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
11.2.7 The immune system in the parabronchi
11.2.8 The phagocytic system of the respiratory tract
11.2.9 Handling of particles in the respiratory tract
11.2.10 The secretory IgA system in the respiratory tract
11.2.11 Gene expression analysis as a tool to investigate host–pathogen interaction
References
Subchapter 11.3. The avian reproductive immune system
Abstract
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 The structure and function of the avian reproductive tract
11.3.3 Structure and development of the reproductive tract-associated immune system in the chicken
11.3.4 Local and systemic changes to the immune system at the onset of sexual maturity in hens
11.3.5 The innate immune system and the reproductive tract
11.3.6 The reproductive tract immune system in infection
References
Chapter 12. Impact of the gut microbiota on the immune system
Abstract
12.1 Introduction to the microbiota and avian immune system
12.2 Microbiota, metagenome, and microbiome
12.3 GI tract and immune system of poultry
12.4 Influence of the microbiota in immunity
12.5 Gut microbiota–immune system communication
12.6 Gut microbiota: immune homeostasis
12.7 Gut microbiota: immune dysfunction: dysbiosis and inflammation
12.8 Managing the microbiome for immune modulation
References
Chapter 13. Innate defenses of the avian egg
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Egg basic structures and their role in innate defense
13.3 Modification of egg structures during embryonic development
13.4 Embryonic immunity
13.5 Extraembryonic structures and innate immunity
13.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 14. Avian immunosuppressive diseases and immune evasion
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Immunosuppression
14.3 Mechanisms of immunosuppression
14.4 Immunoevasion
14.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15. Factors modulating the avian immune system
Abstract
15.1 Endocrine regulation of immunity
15.2 Physiological states
15.3 Dietary effects on immunity
15.4 Assessment of immunocompetence
References
Chapter 16. Autoimmune diseases of poultry
Abstract
16.1 General characteristics of autoimmune diseases
16.2 Autoimmune vitiligo in Smyth-line chickens
16.3 Spontaneous autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis in obese-strain chickens
16.4 Scleroderma in UCD 200/206 chickens
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17. Tumors of the avian immune system
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Tumors of the immune system
17.3 Oncogenic mechanisms of tumor viruses
17.4 Immune responses to oncogenic viruses
17.5 Antitumor responses
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Practical aspects of poultry vaccination
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Vaccine types
18.3 Vaccine application
18.4 Factors influencing vaccine responses
18.5 Immunosuppression
18.6 Quality control of response to vaccination
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19. Comparative immunology of agricultural birds
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Innate immunity
19.3 Cytokines
19.4 Chemokines
19.5 CCR7
19.6 Cell surface antigens
19.7 Secreted antibodies
19.8 Cell lines
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20. Evolutionary and ecological immunology
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Assessing immune function in free-living birds
20.3 Development of the immune system in free-living birds
20.4 Factors causing variation in immune responses
20.5 Molecular variation and evolution in immune genes
20.6 Immune function as an evolving life history trait
20.7 Priorities for future research
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 21. Advances in genetic engineering of the avian genome
Abstract
21.1 Methods to manipulate the avian genome
21.2 Genetically modified chickens
21.3 Genetically modified quails
References
Appendix 1. Genetic stocks for immunological research
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Major histocompatibility complex lines
A.3 General lines
A.4 Genetically modified lines
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Index

Bernd Kaspers

Bernd Kaspers graduated as a veterinarian in 1986 at the University of Munich and completed his doctoral thesis (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine) in 1989. He subsequently worked as a post-doc at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD, USA and returned to the University of Munich in 1992 where he became a full Professor for Animal Physiology in 1997.

Since his dissertation he has focused on avian immuno-physiology investigating B-lymphocyte biology, cytokines and the mucosal immune system in chickens. This work included studies on a range of infection models such as avian coccidiosis, avian influenza, Marek’s Disease and Salmonella infections. His research is documented in more than 85 publications in peer-reviewed journals, several reviews and book chapters.

His work is funded by grants from the German Research Foundation, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the European Union and through several co-operations with the poultry and vaccine industry.

Bernd Kaspers is member of the German Society for Immunology and as such has been speaker of the Veterinary Immunology Study Group of the society for the last 6 years. In 2004 he hosted together with Thomas Goebel the 8th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting in Munich with more than 120 participants.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Germany

Karel A. Schat

Professor Emeritus K.A. (Ton) Schat received his veterinary degree from the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands in 1970 and his PhD degree in Virology from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY in 1978. He joined the faculty at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University in 1978, where he remained until his retirement in 2011. His research focused on the immunology and pathogenesis of viral diseases of poultry, especially Marek’s disease and chicken infectious anemia. He has published over 165 papers in peer-reviewed journals and more than 30 book chapters. His contributions to avian disease research were recognized with the Upjohn Achievement Award of the AAAP in1986, the Dr. Bart Rispens Research Award of the WVPA in 1987, the Pfizer Award for Excellence in Poultry Research of the AVMA in 1999, and the Merck Award for Achievement in Poultry Science of the PSA in 2005. In 2010 he was recognized by his peers with a special award for outstanding research in the field of Marek’s disease. He is a founding member of the Hall of Honour of the World Veterinary Poultry Association.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Thomas Göbel

Associate Professor of Immunology. Professor Göbel studied Immunology at the Basil University. Was a Research scientist at the LMU Munich at the Institute of Animal Physiology and is currently Professor for Immunology and Dean of Student affairs at the Veterinary Faculty.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Munich, Institute for Physiology, Munich, Germany

Lonneke Vervelde

Dr. Vervelde gained a BSc and MSc in Biology (Immunology Parasitology and Ethology) at the Wageningen University, the Netherlands, followed by a PhD on the immune responses in chicken to Eimeria tenella performed at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad. She then went to the Institute for Animal Health in Compton to continue her work on immune responses to avian diseases, in particular infectious bursal disease virus. Currently she leads research projects investigating host-pathogen interactions within the mucosal immune system aiming to define the mechanisms whereby natural immunity is achieved and how protective immunity is induced by vaccination. The research focusses on antigen presenting cells and their interaction with other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system with the overall aim to modulate these cells to improve immune mediated resistance and to understand their contribution to pathogenesis.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK

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Avian Immunology

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Resources

Bernd Kaspers

Karel A. Schat

Thomas Göbel

Lonneke Vervelde