Automatic Translation of Languages

PrefaceChapter 1. Four Lectures on Algebraic Linguistics and Machine Translation 1. The Role of Grammatical Models in Machine Translation 2. Syntactic Complexity 3. Language and Speech; Theory vs. Observation in Linguistics 4. Why Machines Won't Learn to Translate Well Conclusions ReferencesChapter 2. Automatic Translation of Languages 1. Machine Translation as a Task—Available Tools and General Methods 2. Arabic-To-English Translation as a Hypothetical Problem—Morphologyand Dictionary Coding 3. Machine Analysis of Arabic Syntax 4. Machine Synthesis of English OutputChapter 3. Automatic Translation of Languages 1. Language as The Expression of Thought 2. How Language is Understood by Man, and How it Has Been Decided to Make a Machine Understand it 3. Modifications of Thought in the Course of Translation 4. The Procedure of Mechanical Translation and Its Phases, Illustrated by an Example ReferencesChapter 4. Un Système Morphologique, Compromis Entre les Facilites de la Compilation, Les Recherches Syntaxiques et L'adaptation À de Futurs Programmes de T.A. Résumé Définition Formelle Élémentaire D'un Dictionnaire 2. Recherche D'une Forme F Dans Le Dictionnaire 3. Structure Des Informations Linguistiques Enregistrées Dans le Dictionnaire 4. Un Exemple D'application: Structure Morphologique Relative Aux Déclinaisons et Aux Conjugaisons D'une Langue FlexionnelleChapter 5. on The Equivalence of Models of Language Used in the Fields of Mechanical Translation and Information Retrieval Summary 2. Chomsky's Context-Free Languages 3. Equivalences of Languages 4. Dependency Languages 5. Applications of the General Theory of C.F. Grammar 6. Adequacy of Context-Free Models Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 6. An Introduction to Computational Procedures in Linguistic Research Prefatory Remarks 1. Methodology and Research Design 2. Postediting 3. Analysis of Postedited Text 4. Automatic Linguistic Analysis Concluding Remarks ReferencesChapter 7. Syntax 1. The Basic Concepts 2. The Classification of Syntactic Functions 3. The Classification of Substituents 4. The Classification of Words References Appendix A. Substituent Types in English Appendix B. Construction of a Dictionary Reading Appendix C. Worked ExampleChapter 8. Syntactic Integration Carried Out Mechanically 1. The Unattainability of a Perfect Translation 2. Predictive Analysis 3. The Machine-Glossary 4. The Table of Endings 5. The Profile ReferencesChapter 9. Langages Artificiels, Systemes Formels et Traduction Automatique 1. Introduction 2. Langages Artificiels et Systemes Formels 3. Interpretation 4. Objectifs D'un Langage Artificiel, Modele D'une Langue Naturelle 5. Elements de Base du Modele 6. Les Regles de Construction Syntaxique 7. Position du Probleme de la Morphologie 8. Elements de L'analyse Morphologique 9. Realisation de L'analyse Morphologique 10. La Separation des Niveaux Morphologiques–Syntaxiques et Semantiques 11. Derivation et Morphologie 12. Derivation et Syntaxe 13. Derivation et Semantique Bibliographiques