Atlas of Hematopathology

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Structure and Function of Hematopoietic Tissues Bone Marrow Examination Morphologic Characteristics of Bone Marrow Cells Blood Smear Examination Structure and Function of the Spleen Structure and Function of the Lymph Nodes Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Additional Resources 2. Principles of Immunophenotyping Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Principles of Flow Cytometry Principles of Immunohistochemistry Additional Resources 3. Principles of Cytogenetics Introduction Cell Preparation Banding Techniques Analysis Conclusions Additional Resources 4. Principles of Molecular Techniques Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction and Related Techniques Blotting Techniques Microarray Techniques DNA Sequencing Additional Resources 5. Morphology of Abnormal Bone Marrow Gelatinous Transformation Bone Marrow Necrosis Amyloidosis Granulomas Bone Marrow Metastasis Bone and Stromal Changes Additional Resources 6. Reactive Lymphadenopathies Follicular Pattern Paracortical (Interfollicular) Pattern Sinus Pattern Granulomatous Lymphadenitis Mixed Pattern Additional Resources 7. Bone Marrow Aplasia Fanconi Anemia Other Congenital Bone Marrow Aplasias Acquired Aplastic Anemia Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 8. Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Neoplasms—Overview Morphologic Features—Overview Immunophenotype Molecular Studies Cytogenetics Additional Resources 9. Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Neoplasms—Classification Refractory Cytopenia with Unilineage Dysplasia Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts Refractory Cytopenia with Multilineage Dysplasia Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Isolated Del(5q) Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Unclassifiable Other Types of Myelodysplastic Syndromes Non-Clonal Myelodysplasia Differential Diagnosis Additional Resourses 10. Myeloproliferative Neoplasms—Overview Morphology Immunophenotype Molecular Studies Cytogenetics Additional Resources 11. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Morphology and Laboratory Findings Immunophenotype Molecular Studies Cytogenetics Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 12. Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Associated with JAK2 Mutation Polycythemia Vera Primary Myelofibrosis Essential Thrombocythemia Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 13. Chronic Neutrophilic and Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemias Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified Additional Resources 14. Mastocytosis Morphology and Laboratory Findings Immunophenotypic Studies Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Classification Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 15. Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 16. Hematologic Neoplasms Associated with Eosinophilia and PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 Rearrangement Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms Associated with PDGFRA Rearrangement Myeloid Neoplasms Associated with PDGFRB Rearrangement Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms Associated with FGFR1 Rearrangements Additional Resources 17. Acute Myeloid Leukemia—Overview Morphology Cytochemical Stains Immunophenotypic Studies Molecular Studies Cytogenetics Additional Resources 18. Acute Myeloid Leukemias with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities AML with Chromosomally Balanced Rearrangements: Translocations/Inversions AML with Gene Mutations Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 19. Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes Morphology (Figures 19.1 to 19.4) Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 20. Therapy-Related Myeloid Neoplasms Alkylating Agent/Radiation-Related Myeloid Neoplasms Topoisomerase II Inhibitor- Related AML Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 21. Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified AML, Minimally Differentiated AML without Maturation AML with Maturation Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia Acute Monoblastic and Acute Monocytic Leukemias Acute Erythroid Leukemias Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia Acute Basophilic Leukemia Acute Panmyelosis with Myelofibrosis Other Types of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Additional Resources 22. Myeloid Proliferations Related to Down Syndrome Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis DS-Associated Myeloid Leukemias Additional Resources 23. Lymphoblastic Neoplasms—B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma Common Morphologic and Cytochemical Features B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 24. Lymphoblastic Neoplasms—T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype and Cytochemical Stains Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Rare Variants of Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 25. Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 26. Mature B-Cell Neoplasms—Overview Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetics and Molecular Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 27. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Variants of CLL/SLL Transformation of CLL to a More Aggressive Disease (Richter Syndrome) Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 28. B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 29. Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma/Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia Morphology and Laboratory Findings (Figures 29.1 to 29.5) Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 30. Hairy Cell Leukemia Morphology Immunophenotype and Cytochemical Stains Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies HCL Variants Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 31. Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Other Splenic B-Cell Lymphomas Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 32. Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Pediatric Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 33. Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT Lymphoma) Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resourses 34. Follicular Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Variants of Follicular Lymphoma Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 35. Mantle Cell Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Indolent Variant of MCL Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 36. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Morphology and Laboratory Findings Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 37. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Subtypes T-Cell/Histiocyte-Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma EBV+ Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Elderly Primary DLBCL of the CNS Additional Resources 38. Other Lymphomas of Large B Cells Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Associated with Chronic Inflammation Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis ALK-Positive Large B-Cell Lymphoma Primary Effusion Lymphoma Plasmablastic Lymphoma Large B-Cell Lymphoma Arising in HHV8-Associated Multicentric Castleman Disease HHV8- and EBV-Associated Germinotropic Lymphoproliferative Disorder B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate between DLBCL and Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Additional Resources 39. Burkitt Lymphoma Burkitt Lymphoma B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate Between Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Burkitt Lymphoma Additional Resources 40. Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma–Leg Type Plasmacytoma Additional Resources 41. Plasma Cell Neoplasms Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Plasma Cell Myeloma Osteosclerotic Myeloma Plasmacytoma Deposition Diseases Additional Resources 42. Mature T- and NK-Cell Neoplasms—Overview T-Cells NK-cells Classification Additional Resources 43. Large Granular Lymphocytic Neoplasms and Related Disorders T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder of NK Cells Aggressive NK-Cell Leukemia Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type EBV-Associated T/NK-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder of Children and Young Adults Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 44. T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 45. Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 46. Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 47. Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma Morphology Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 48. Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome Mycosis Fungoides Sézary Syndrome Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 49. Other Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma Cutaneous γδ T-Cell Lymphoma Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8+ Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphoma Primary Cutaneous CD4+ Small/Medium T-Cell Lymphoma Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Hydroa Vacciniforme-Like Cutaneous Lymphoma of Childhood Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 50. Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma Morphology and Laboratory Findings Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 51. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Negative Borderline Cases Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 52. Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified Morphology Immunophenotype Molecular and Cytogenetic Studies Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 53. Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma Overview of Hodgkin Lymphoma Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma Additional Resources 54. Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Nodular Sclerosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Mixed Cellularity Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Lymphocyte-Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Lymphocyte-Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Differential Diagnosis Additional Resources 55. Immunodeficiency Disorders Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Idiopathic CD4+ T-Lymphocytopenia Additional Resources 56. Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders Other Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders Additional Resources 57. Lymphocytopenia and Lymphocytosis Lymphocytopenia Lymphocytosis Additional Resources 58. Histiocytic Disorders Gaucher Disease Niemann–Pick Disease Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome Monocytopenia and Monocytosis Reactive Histiocytic Proliferations Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Histiocytic Sarcoma Additional Resources 59. Disorders of Dendritic Cells Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Langerhans Cell Sarcoma Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm Interdigitating Dendritic Cell Sarcoma Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma Additional Resources 60. Granulocytic Disorders Morphologic Abnormalities Functional Abnormalities Neutropenia Neutrophilia Eosinophilia Basophilia Additional Resources 61. Disorders of Red Blood Cells—Anemias Pure Red Cell Aplasia Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias Macrocytic Anemias Microcytic Anemias Sickle Cell Disease Other Hemoglobinopathies Erythrocyte Membrane Skeleton Defects Hemolytic Anemia Secondary to Erythrocyte Enzyme Deficiencies Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia Acquired Non-Immune Hemolytic Anemias Other Types of Anemia Additional Resources 62. Disorders of Megakaryocytes and Platelets Megakaryocytic Hypoplasia Megakaryocytosis Thrombocytopenia Qualitative Disorders of Platelets and Megakaryocytes Disorders of Platelet Secretion and Granule Deficiencies Acquired Platelet Disorders Additional Resources 63. Post-Therapy Changes Changes Associated with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Post Chemotherapy and Irradiation Changes Cytokine-Associated Bone Marrow Changes Changes Associated with Application of Monoclonal Antibodies Changes Associated with Imatinib Mesylate (Gleevec) Therapy Minimal Residual Disease Additional Resources Index