Assessments, Treatments and Modeling in Aging and Neurological Disease

The Neuroscience of Aging

1st Edition - June 1, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Colin R. Martin, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 0 0 0 - 6
eBook ISBN:
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Assessments, Treatments and Modeling in Aging and Neurological Disease: The Neuroscience of Aging is a comprehensive reference on the diagnosis and management of neurologi… Read more

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Assessments, Treatments and Modeling in Aging and Neurological Disease: The Neuroscience of Aging is a comprehensive reference on the diagnosis and management of neurological aging and associated disorders. The book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological aging and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the aging of neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the interactions between genetics, epigenetics and other micro-environmental processes. It also examines pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions of age-related conditions that affect the brain, including Alzheimer’s, stroke and multiple sclerosis.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I. Introductory chapters: Setting the scene for the neuroscience of aging
Chapter 1. The concept of productive aging
Mini-dictionary of key terms
The concept of productive aging
What is productive aging?
Work participation
Lifelong learning
Volunteering
Family care
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 2. Quality of life in older people
Introduction: what is quality of life?
Dimensions of quality of life
Important dimension of QoL—health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
How to assess QoL
Instruments for measuring QoL and HRQoL
Instruments for patients with dementia
Problems in assessing QoL in older people
Positive aspects of QoL are important in older people
Problems in assessing QoL in special subgroups of older people
Experience of various QoL instruments among older people
Key facts of quality of life in older people
Summary points
Chapter 3. Successful aging and diet
Introduction
Defining successful aging
Aging and lifestyle
Diet, cognition, and mental health
Diet, physical and cardiometabolic health
Sarcopenia, musculoskeletal and bone health
Aging meaningfully
Discussion
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 4. The impact of positive social relations on the quality of life of older people. An alternative to medicalization from an integral perspective
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction. Positive aging as a strategy for the current scenario
The centrality of medication with the elderly: social alternatives to polimedicalization
Conclusions
Chapter 5. The brain in life span: use of phase functional magnetic resonance imaging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Complex-valued BOLD fMRI model
Brain fMRI data collection
Phase fMRI theory
Standard magnitude fMRI for brain study
Phase fMRI image processing and ICA decomposition
Phase fMRI functional connectivity analysis
Whole brain FC balance (mean(FC)∼0)
Aging effect on individual FC elements
Aging effect on whole FC average
Maxmin age correlations with FC
Significant age correlations with FC
Limitations and future research
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of brain functional connectivity aging
Summary points
Chapter 6. Neuronal structure in aging: cytoskeleton in health and disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neuronal cytoskeleton and axonal transport
Aging and neurodegeneration
Cytoskeleton rejuvenation and axon regeneration
Closing remarks
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 7. Sporadic Alzheimer’s triad: age, sex, and ApoE
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
AD versus normal aging
Sex differences in AD
ApoE polymorphisms in AD
Sex and ApoE interact to influence the risk of developing AD
ApoE genotype modifies efficacy of hormone replacement therapy
Conclusion and future perspectives
Key facts of age-sex-ApoE in AD
Summary points
Chapter 8. The moderating effect of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on inhibitory control in elderly individuals
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Inhibitory control: an important high-level cognitive function
Unity and diversity of inhibitory control
Two main forms of inhibitory control
The effect of aging on inhibitory control
BDNF and the gene that codes for its synthesis
Moderating role of BDNF polymorphism in cognitive performance
The benefit of being a Met carrier during aging
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 9. Alcohol use disorder pharmacotherapy options for postmenopausal females: age and gender issues and considerations
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Other potential medications as treatment of AUD
Applications to the other areas of aging
Key facts of AUD pharmacotherapy
Summary points
Chapter 10. The aging brain and brain banking
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Macroscopic age-related brain changes
Neurodegenerative pathologies
Age-specific pathologies
Use of aged brain tissue for human brain tissue research
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts about aging and pathology
Summary points
Part II. Impairments and diseases
Chapter 11. Dementia or no dementia in the elderly. Why?
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Successful longevity
Aging and dementia
Alzheimer’s disease, dementia
Brain vascular disease
Imaging of the brain in vivo
Relation between vascular disease and AD
Discussion
Key facts of dementia
Summary points
Chapter 12. Neuropsychology, social cognition, and loss of insight in frontotemporal dementia
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical subtypes of FTD
Overlap of FTD and other disorders
Pathology
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (BvFTD)
Primary progressive aphasias FTD (PPA FTD)
Neuropsychology of FTD
Social cognition in FTD
Interventions
Key facts of FTD
Summary points
Chapter 13. Neuroinflammation and aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The neuroinflammatory cascade
Cell death and neuroinflammation
Neuroinflammation and synaptic function
Neuroinflammation and neurogenesis
Neuroinflammation and cognition
Neuroinflammation and aging
Conclusion
Applications to “other areas of aging”
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 14. Cortical microinfarcts and the aging brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Age-related vascular changes
Age-related vascular lesions and their cognitive consequences
Cortical microinfarcts
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of cortical microinfarcts
Summary points
Chapter 15. Cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative racial/ethnic health disparities
Mini-dictionary of terms
Brain imaging
Vascular dementia
Risk factors and racial/ethnic groups
Associations common to multiple racial/ethnic populations
Associations specific to individual racial/ethnic populations
Methodologic differences in epidemiologic studies
Socioeconomic confounding: access to resources
Epidemiologic classification: measurement error
Residual differences: mortality and risk
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 16. Hearing loss among the elderly
Epidemiology of hearing loss in older adults
Social and psychological impact of hearing loss
Overview of the auditory system
Pathophysiological process associated with presbycusis
Risk factors for presbycusis
Health impact of hearing loss
Diagnosis of hearing loss
Treatment for hearing loss
Pharmacological approaches and ongoing areas of research
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 17. Aging auditory cortex: the impact of reduced inhibition on function
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Anatomy and function of auditory cortex
Anatomy in the aged auditory cortex
Function in the aged auditory cortex
Conclusion and future directions
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of auditory aging
Summary points
Chapter 18. Aging and vestibular disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of aging
Summary points
Chapter 19. Brain aging in HIV and retrovirals
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Diagnostic of HAND
Pathogenesis of neurocognitive impairment in HIV
Proposed models of brain aging in HIV
Treatment and potential preventive measures
Practical conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of brain aging in HIV infection and retrovirals
Summary points
Chapter 20. Methylmercury exposure and its implications for aging
Introduction
Chronic human exposure to methylmercury
Interaction among mechanisms of methylmercury toxicity and normal aging
Aging and gestational methylmercury exposure
Aging and adult-onset methylmercury exposure
Application with other areas of aging: methylmercury and neurodegenerative diseases
Key facts of methylmercury exposure
Summary points
Chapter 21. Alcohol and the aging brain: increased alcohol sensitivity potentially magnifying oxidative stress
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Increased alcohol sensitivity across the lifespan
Alcohol-induced cognitive impairments
Chronic alcohol exposure in aged animals
Alcohol exposure during adolescence can persist into late life
Alcohol negatively affects pathways associated with aging
Alcohol alters the rate of cognitive decline
Revisiting alcohol’s effects on mortality
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of alcohol and aging
Part III. Biomarkers and diagnosis
Chapter 22. Brain aging: radiological biomarkers
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Postmitotic nature of the brain
Brain atrophy
Gray matter
White matter
The hippocampus
Vascular aging
Iron accumulation
MR spectroscopy
Progress to MCI and AD
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of aging brain
Summary points
Chapter 23. ADAM10 as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Aging, Alzheimer’s disease characteristics, and epidemiology
Alzheimer’s disease pathological hallmarks
Biomarkers in CSF and blood
ADAM10 structure and functions
ADAM10 levels and activity
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers
Summary points
Chapter 24. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of health in elderly individuals
Mini-dictionary of terms
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 25. DHEA as a biomarker of aging in humans and nonhuman primates: synthesis, neuroprotection, and cognitive function
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Intracrine conversion of DHEA to sex steroid hormones
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 26. Evaluation of subjective memory abilities in elderly people
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Correlates of SMC
The Metamemory in Adulthood Questionnaire (MIA)
Conclusions
Application to other areas of aging
Key facts of subjective memory abilities
Summary points
Chapter 27. The functional activities questionnaire: applications to aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Psychometric description of FAQ
Applications of FAQ to healthy aging
Applications of FAQ to abnormal aging
FAQ: applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 28. Autobiographical memory as a diagnostic tool in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Temporal distribution of autobiographical memory throughout the life cycle
Comparison of autobiographical memory in healthy older adults, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease
Autobiographical memory evaluation
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of autobiographical memory
Summary points
Chapter 29. Assessment tools for subjective memory abilities in elderly people
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The memory functioning questionnaire (MFQ)
The everyday memory questionnaire (EMQ)
The memory complaint questionnaire (MAC-Q)
Conclusions
Application to other areas of aging
Key facts of subjective memory questionnaires
Summary points
Chapter 30. The Knowledge of Memory Aging Questionnaire
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Memory aging
Measuring memory aging knowledge: the KMAQ
Applications to other areas of aging
Educational efforts
Conclusion
Summary points
Part IV. Management and treatments
Chapter 31. Pharmacological use of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel agonists in neurological disease and aging: effects on swallowing and implications for nutrition
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Transient receptor potential channel family
Chemical and pharmacological sensory stimulation treatments
The future of sensory stimulation treatment
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of oropharyngeal dysphagia
Summary points
Chapter 32. Aripiprazole: features and use in the aged
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical pharmacokinetics
Uses of aripiprazole
Safety issues
The problem of the use of the term “month” on pharmacotherapy
Aripiprazole as a hazard for the environment
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts about antipsychotic use in dementia
Summary points
Chapter 33. Cognition-enhancing drugs and applications to aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Concluding remarks
Key facts of cognition enhancing drugs
Summary points
Chapter 34. Creatine supplementation in the aging brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Creatine in brain
Aging brain
Effect of creatine supplementation on cognitive function
Neurodegenerative conditions
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of creatine in aging brain
Summary points
Chapter 35. Photobiomodulation as a brain-boosting strategy in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Behavioral outcomes
PBM in the aging brain: human studies
Conclusions and future outlook
Summary points
Chapter 36. Innovations in deep brain stimulation in aging: a focus on Parkinson disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Conclusion
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 37. Exergames: what they are and how they can be used to successful aging?
Introduction
Historical exergame aspects
The role of exergames on aging
Exergames and mental health perspectives
Exergames effects on institutionalized elderly
Exergames use by the institutionalized elderly
Neurobiological exergames hypotheses: from biomarkers to functional status
Musculoskeletal and immune system biological mechanisms
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 38. Linking cognitive decline and ballroom dance as a therapeutic intervention in the elderly
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of ballroom dance
Summary points
Chapter 39. Training the functionality of daily life. A new neuroscientific paradigm of cognitive training
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
A new neuroscientific paradigm of the evaluation of everyday life
“Staying activities” versus “staying sharp” to preserve long-term functional autonomy in adulthood
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of functionally autonomy
Summary points
Chapter 40. Integrated medical and psychiatric self-management smartphone technologies for older adults with serious mental illness
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Integrated self-management interventions for older adults with serious mental illness
User-centered design with older adults with SMI
Summary points
Chapter 41. Psychosocial interventions for suicide prevention in the elderly: advances and future directions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Epidemiology and characteristics of late-life suicide
Factors associated with suicide in late life
Psychosocial interventions for suicide prevention
Future directions and advances
Key facts of Suicide
Key facts of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Summary points
Part V. Models and modelling
Chapter 42. d-galactose-induced aging and brain mitochondria
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
D-gal-induced brain aging
Other mechanisms
Conclusion and future directions
Key facts of aging
Key facts of d-galactose
Summary points
Chapter 43. Drosophila models of neuronal aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of Drosophila
Summary points
Chapter 44. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its uses for understanding the neuroscience of aging: applications and observation
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neurobehavioral phenotypes
Cellular and molecular alterations in the aged brain
Antiaging interventions: genetic and nongenetic
Zebrafish aging and neurodegenerative disease models
Conclusion
Key facts of zebrafish as a model of aging
Summary points
Chapter 45. Murine models of tauopathies: a platform to study neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Invertebrate models
What have the models told us so far, and what lies ahead?
Application to other areas of aging
Key facts about tauopathies
Summary points
Chapter 46. Modeling nutrition and brain aging in rodents
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The geometric framework
Conclusions
Key facts of modeling nutrition and brain aging in rodents
Summary points
Chapter 47. Nonhuman primates as models for aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Gene expression
Volumetric atrophy and cellular changes
Volumetric atrophy and cell loss
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of nonhuman primate models
Summary points
Chapter 48. Linking aging and animal models to neurodegeneration: the striatum, substantia nigra, and Parkinson’s disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction to Parkinson’s disease (PD)
Factors that contribute to PD
Animal models of PD
Conclusion and perspectives
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of Parkinson’s disease models
Summary points
Chapter 49. Behavioral evaluation of aging in experimental animals
Mini-dictionary of terms
Why evaluating behavioral aging in animal models: short-living animals for long-term conclusions
Behavioral analyses of aging in inbred mice
Longevity-associated mice models
Senescence-associated mice models and their behavior
Avoiding bias in behavioral assessment: why strain and sex matter?
Critical checkpoints in a behavioral evaluation of the aging process: time and order
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of animal models for anxiety and depression
Summary points
Part VI. Resources
Chapter 50. Recommended resources on the neuroscience of aging
Introduction
Resources
Summary points
Index

Colin R. Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Assessments, Treatments and Modeling in Aging and Neurological Disease

The Neuroscience of Aging

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Colin R. Martin

Victor R Preedy

Rajkumar Rajendram

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