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Applied Plant Genomics and Biotechnology

1st Edition - January 21, 2015

Authors: Palmiro Poltronieri, Yiguo Hong

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 0 6 8 - 7

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 0 7 1 - 7

Applied plant genomics and biotechnology reviews the recent advancements in the post-genomic era, discussing how different varieties respond to abiotic and biotic stresses,… Read more

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Applied plant genomics and biotechnology reviews the recent advancements in the post-genomic era, discussing how different varieties respond to abiotic and biotic stresses, investigating epigenetic modifications and epigenetic memory through analysis of DNA methylation states, applicative uses of RNA silencing and RNA interference in plant physiology and in experimental transgenics, and plants modified to produce high-value pharmaceutical proteins. The book provides an overview of research advances in application of RNA silencing and RNA interference, through Virus-based transient gene expression systems, Virus induced gene complementation (VIGC), Virus induced gene silencing (Sir VIGS, Mr VIGS) Virus-based microRNA silencing (VbMS) and Virus-based RNA mobility assays (VRMA); RNA based vaccines and expression of virus proteins or RNA, and virus-like particles in plants, the potential of virus vaccines and therapeutics, and exploring plants as factories for useful products and pharmaceuticals are topics wholly deepened. The book reviews and discuss Plant Functional Genomic studies discussing the technologies supporting the genetic improvement of plants and the production of plant varieties more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Several important crops are analysed providing a glimpse on the most up-to-date methods and topics of investigation. The book presents a review on current state of GMO, the cisgenesis-derived plants and novel plant products devoid of transgene elements, discuss their regulation and the production of desired traits such as resistance to viruses and disease also in fruit trees and wood trees with long vegetative periods. Several chapters cover aspects of plant physiology related to plant improvement: cytokinin metabolism and hormone signaling pathways are discussed in barley; PARP-domain proteins involved in Stress-Induced Morphogenetic Response, regulation of NAD signaling and ROS dependent synthesis of anthocyanins. Apple allergen isoforms and the various content in different varieties are discussed and approaches to reduce their presence. Euphorbiaceae, castor bean, cassava and Jathropa are discussed at genomic structure, their diseases and viruses, and methods of transformation. Rice genomics and agricultural traits are discussed, and biotechnology for engineering and improve rice varieties. Mango topics are presented with an overview of molecular methods for variety differentiation, and aspects of fruit improvement by traditional and biotechnology methods. Oilseed rape is presented, discussing the genetic diversity, quality traits, genetic maps, genomic selection and comparative genomics for improvement of varieties. Tomato studies are presented, with an overview on the knowledge of the regulatory networks involved in flowering, methods applied to study the tomato genome-wide DNA methylation, its regulation by small RNAs, microRNA-dependent control of transcription factors expression, the development and ripening processes in tomato, genomic studies and fruit modelling to establish fleshy fruit traits of interest; the gene reprogramming during fruit ripening, and the ethylene dependent and independent DNA methylation changes.

List of figures
List of tables
About the editors
About the contributors
List of abbreviations
Introduction
1. Transgenic, cisgenic and novel plant products: Challenges in regulation and safety assessment

1.1 Genetically modified plant products in the United States
1.2 GMP products in Europe
References

2. What turns on and off the cytokinin metabolisms and beyond

Acronyms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis
2.3 Application of altered cytokinin metabolisms to improve agricultural traits
Acknowledgement
References

3. Apple allergens genomics and biotechnology: Unravelling the determinants of apple allergenicity

3.1 Introduction: Fruit and apple allergies
3.2 Abiotic factors: Influence of environment and cultivation techniques
3.3 Biotic factors: Pathogen infection and allergens content
3.4 Post-harvest, food processing and breeding strategies towards allergenic content decrease
3.5 Conclusion
References

4. Non-food interventions: Exploring plant biotechnology applications to therapeutic protein production

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plant as heterologous expression system for molecular farming
4.3 Stable transformation
4.4 Transient transformation
4.5 Limits on the use of plants as expression systems for molecular farming
4.6 Plant-made recombinant pharmaceuticals
4.7 Regulatory aspects and clinical status of PMPs
References

5. In planta produced virus-like particles as candidate vaccines

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Papillomaviruses
5.3 Hepatitis B virus
5.4 Human immunodeficiency virus-1
5.5 Influenza A virus
References

6. Biotechnology of Euphorbiaceae (Jatropha curcas, Manihot esculenta, Ricinus communis)

6.1 Euphorbiaceae crops
6.2 Genetic diversity
6.3 Genetic improvement
6.4 Phytosanitary improvement
6.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References

7. Regulation framework for flowering

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Getting ready to flower: the juvenile to adult transition
7.3 Framework controlling flowering
7.4 Flowering sensing the environment
7.5 Endogenous cues regulating flowering
7.6 Flowering time control and manipulation
References

8. Epigenetic regulation during fleshy fruit development and ripening

8.1 Introduction
8.2 An overview of DNA methylation in plants
8.3 Histone marks are likely to play fundamental role in fruit development
8.4 Concluding remarks
References

9. Tomato fruit quality improvement facing the functional genomics revolution

9.1 Introduction
9.2 What is meant by fruit quality?
9.3 Genomics-assisted breeding for improving fruit quality
9.4 Future potential of tomato breeding using omics approaches
9.5 Fruit modelling to establish fleshy fruit traits of interest
9.6 Concluding remarks
References

10. Rice genomics and biotechnology

10.1 Golden age of genomics, biological engineering and paddy rice
10.2 Research on the important agronomic traits in rice biology
10.3 Emergence of new technologies will extend the golden age of paddy rice
10.4 Rice requires further research development to remain a monocotyledon model plant
References

11. Genome-wide DNA methylation in tomato

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods to detect and quantify DNA methylation
11.3 Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in tomato genome
11.4 Genome-wide DNA methylation reprogramming during fruit ripening
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

12. Recent application of biotechniques for the improvement of mango research

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Origin and distribution
12.3 Economic importance
12.4 Cytology
12.5 Molecular biotechniques applied on mango
12.6 Application of RAA method on mango
12.7 Problems in mango improvement using biotechnology
12.8 Conclusion and direction of future research
References

13. Cotton genomics and biotechnology

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cotton genomics
13.3 Cotton fibre function genomics
13.4 Cotton biotechnology
List of abbreviations
References

14. Virus technology for functional genomics in plants

Acronyms
14.1 Introduction
14.2 VRMA – virus-based RNA mobility assay (Li et al., 2009, 2011)
14.3 Conclusion
References

15. PARP proteins, NAD, epigenetics, antioxidative response to abiotic stress

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References

16. Applied oilseed rape marker technology and genomics

16.1 Global importance of oilseed rape
16.2 Rapeseed yield and quality and potential improvements
16.3 Future potentials of OSR variety and crop improvement
16.4 Conclusion
References

Index