Applications of Nanotherapeutics and Nanotheranostics in Managing Infectious Diseases

1st Edition - February 14, 2025
Editors: Anoop Kumar, Poonam Parashar
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 8 8 3 6 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 8 8 3 7 - 1

Applications of Nanotherapeutics and Nanotheranostics in Managing Infectious Diseases discusses how nanotechnology aids in overcoming the existing traditional approaches in combat… Read more

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Applications of Nanotherapeutics and Nanotheranostics in Managing Infectious Diseases discusses how nanotechnology aids in overcoming the existing traditional approaches in combating diseases. The book explores the emerging trends of using nanoparticles for nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics and their role in the efficient diagnosis and treatment of infectious microbial diseases. Sections covers nanotherapeutic impregnated medical devices, nanotherapeutics as vaccines, related regulatory requirements, the application of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in diagnosing and treating specific infectious diseases, including bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infestations, parasitic infestations, and other infectious conditions.

With chapter contributions from experts in the fields, this book offers a comprehensive reference for researchers, scientists, and industry professionals working on infectious diseases and the application of nanoparticles to effectively diagnose, treat, and manage them.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Section I. Introduction
Chapter 1. The pursuit of nanotherapeutics: Drug delivery, recent advances, and future perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics
3 Mechanism of drug release from nanotherapeutics
4 Nanotherapeutics drug delivery system
4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
4.2 Nanovesicular carrier system
4.3 Dendrimers
4.4 Carbon nanotubes
4.5 Nanomicelles
5 Recent advances
6 Future perspectives
7 Conclusion
Chapter 2. An overview of nanotherapeutics and nanodiagnostics
1 Introduction
2 Nanoformulations
2.1 Nanogel
2.2 Nano emulsion
2.3 Nanocapsules
2.4 Nanosponges
2.5 Solid lipid nanoparticles
2.6 Dendrimers
3 Application of nanotherapeutics system
3.1 Nanomaterials for implantation
3.2 Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: Nonviral gene and protein delivery
3.3 Usage of nanomaterial in the photodynamic therapy
3.4 Medical imaging applications of nanoparticles for diagnostic methods
3.5 Role of nanoparticles in biosensors
3.6 Nanoparticles to purify blood
3.7 Safety and hazards of nanotherapeutics
4 Nanodiagnostics
4.1 Nanotechnology-based chips
4.2 Nanodiagnostics in cancer management
4.3 Nano diagnostics in infectious diseases
5 Conclusion
6 Future prospects
Chapter 3. Nanotherapeutics-impregnated medical devices and their regulatory aspects
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of nanotherapeutics
1.1.1 Role of nanotherapeutics in medical devices
2 Nanocapsules and nanovesicles in medical devices
3 Nanofibers as drug delivery platforms
4 Stimuli-responsive drug release mechanisms
5 External triggered drug release strategies
6 Nanotherapeutics for diagnostics in medical devices
6.1 Drug-eluting stents
6.2 Surgical devices
6.3 Dental implants and restorative materials
6.4 Tissue engineering constructs and scaffolds
6.5 Audiological devices
6.6 Wound care devices
6.7 Respiratory devices
6.8 Gastrointestinal devices
7 Potential applications and emerging trends
8 Collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches
9 Conclusion and summary
Chapter 4. Nanotherapeutics as vaccines and their regulatory aspects
1 Introduction
1.1 Nanotechnology
1.2 Importance of nanotherapeutics in the development of vaccines
1.3 Requirements of vaccines for infectious diseases
2 Targeted delivery strategies
2.1 Targeting immune cells for enhanced vaccine efficacy
2.2 Approaches for targeting mucosal surfaces
2.3 Techniques for surface modification and bioconjugation
2.3.1 Surface modification
2.3.2 Bioconjugation techniques
3 Nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems
4 Types of nanoparticles used in vaccine delivery
4.1 Characterization techniques for nanoparticles
5 Designing considerations for nanoparticle-based vaccines
6 Vaccines for viral infections based on nanotechnology
7 Challenges and future prospective
8 Conclusion
Section II. Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in bacterial infections
Chapter 5. Nanotherapeutics in pulmonary infections
1 Introduction
2 Overview of nanotherapeutics
2.1 Polymeric NPs
2.2 Liposomes
2.3 Dendrimers
2.4 Micelles
2.5 Silica NPs
2.6 Carbon nanotubes
2.7 Quantum dots
3 Various nanotherapeutic approaches
3.1 Nanoformulations for targeted gene therapy
3.2 Nanoformulations for immunomodulatory actions
3.3 Nanoformulations for antimicrobial actions
4 Nanotherapeutics for specific pulmonary infections
4.1 Pneumonia
4.2 Tuberculosis
4.3 Asthma
4.4 Respiratory syncytial virus infection
4.5 Cystic fibrosis
4.6 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4.7 COVID-19
5 Recent advances in nanotherapeutics for emerging pulmonary infections
6 Mechanism of action of nanotherapeutics in pulmonary infections
7 Challenges and future perspectives
8 Conclusions
Chapter 6. Nanotherapeutics in gastric infections
1 Introduction to nanotherapeutics
2 Introduction to various gastric infections
2.1 Risk factors for gastric infection
3 Underlying molecular mechanism in gastric infection
4 Challenges associated with gastric infection treatment
5 Challenges in the development of nanotherapeutics for gastric infection
6 Nanoparticles in H. pylori–associated infections
7 Nanoparticles in Giardia duodenalis–associated infections
8 Nanoparticles in Cryptosporidium—associated infections
9 Nanoparticles in Campylobacter—associated infections
10 Nanoparticles in Salmonella—associated infections
11 Nanoparticles as potential cargos in gastric cancer therapy
11.1 Role of H. pylori in gastric cancer
11.2 Role of EBV in gastric cancer
11.3 Role of other factors in gastric cancer
11.4 Nanoparticle attenuates H. pylori-associated gastric cancer
11.5 Nanomaterials used in gastric cancer
11.6 Current scenario of nanotherapeutics for gastric infection
11.7 Future directions of nanotherapeutics for gastric infection
12 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Nanotherapeutics for skin and soft tissue infections
1 Introduction
2 Anatomy of the skin and related physiology
2.1 Epidermis
2.2 Dermis
2.3 Hypodermis
3 SSTI and classification of SSTIs
3.1 Purulent infections
3.2 Nonpurulent
4 Application of nanomaterials for SSTI
4.1 The applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics using various antibacterial agents and therapies
5 Advantages of nanobased therapeutics and diagnostics for SSTI management
6 Limitations faced in delivering therapeutics for SSTI
7 Current and future development in managing skin and soft tissue disease
8 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Nanotherapeutics in wound infection including diabetic foot ulcer
1 Introduction
1.1 Acute infection
1.2 Chronic infections
1.3 Diabetic foot ulcer
2 Management of infection
2.1 Biofilm formation
3 Nanotherapeutics in controlling infection
4 Nanoparticles
4.1 Metal NPs
4.2 Gold nanoparticles
4.3 Silver nanoparticles
4.4 Iron oxide nanoparticles
4.5 Platinum nanoparticles
4.6 Polymeric NPs
4.6.1 Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles
5 Liposomes
5.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles
5.2 Quantum dots
6 Nanovaccine
7 Nanogels
8 Nanofibers
9 Nanotubes
9.1 Nanomats
9.2 Gels
9.3 Active targeting
9.4 Triggered release
9.5 Biofilm targeting
9.5.1 Gold nanoparticle targeting infection site
9.6 Recent advances and future prospects
10 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Nanotherapeutics in ocular infections
1 Introduction
2 Barriers to effective ocular drug delivery
2.1 Ocular barriers: Precorneal barriers
2.1.1 Capacity of cul-de-sac
2.1.2 Lacrimal sac barriers
2.2 Corneal barriers (epithelium and stroma barriers)
2.3 Blood–ocular barriers (blood–aqueous barriers and blood–retinal barriers)
3 Challenges with ocular drug delivery systems
3.1 Systemic administration of ocular drug delivery system
3.2 Topical administration of ocular drug delivery system
3.2.1 Tropical administration via eye drops
3.2.2 Tropical administration via intravitreal injection
3.2.3 Tropical administration via subconjunctival injections
4 Revolutionizing ocular therapeutics: The versatility of nano-based materials in eye care
4.1 Liposomes
4.2 Nanosuspension
4.3 Nanoemulsions
4.4 Bilosomes
4.5 Olaminosomes
4.6 Cubosomes
4.7 Dendrimers
4.8 Solid lipid nanoparticles
4.9 Nanomicelles
5 Advancements in nanobiomaterials for ocular tissue regeneration
6 Marketed nanoformulations for ocular drug delivery
7 Patents on ocular nanodrug delivery systems
8 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Nanotherapeutics in the management of bone infections
1 Introduction
1.1 Osteomyelitis
1.1.1 Occurrence of osteomyelitis across the globe and India
1.1.2 Pathophysiology and histopathology of osteomyelitis
1.1.3 Biofilm formation in osteomyelitis
1.1.4 Diagnosis
1.1.5 Treatment and management of osteomyelitis
2 Nanotechnology
2.1 Nanotechnology to diagnose osteomyelitis
2.2 Nanotherapeutics to treat osteomyelitis
2.2.1 Lipid-based nanoparticles
2.2.2 Polymer-based particles
2.2.3 Inorganic nanoparticles
2.2.4 Metallic nanoparticles
2.2.5 Hydroxyapatite-based composite materials with drug-loaded nanoparticles
2.2.6 Magnetic nanoparticles
2.2.7 Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles
2.3 Nanotoxicological occurrences
2.3.1 Lipid-based nanotherapeutics
2.3.2 Polymer-based nanotherapeutics
2.3.3 Silica-based nanotherapeutics
2.3.4 Metal and magnetic-based nanotherapeutics
2.3.5 Carbon-based nanotherapeutics
3 Clinical trials
4 Patent
5 Future perspectives
6 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Nanotherapeutics in tuberculosis: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Tuberculosis
1.2 Pathophysiology
1.3 Clinical manifestations
2 Importance of TB in global health
2.1 Conventional treatment options and their limitations
3 Nanotherapeutics: Revolutionizing medical treatment at the nanoscale
3.1 Principles of nanotherapeutics
3.2 Active targeting
3.3 Passive targeting
4 Pulmonary TB and nanotherapeutics
4.1 Detection of mycobacterial species by NPs
4.2 Nanocarriers
5 Lipid-based systems
5.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles
5.2 Nanostructured lipid carrier
5.3 Lipid–drug conjugate
5.4 Lipid–polymer hybrid NPs
5.5 Emulsion-based systems
5.5.1 Microemulsion/nanoemulsion
6 Vesicular drug delivery systems
6.1 Liposomes
6.2 Niosomes
6.3 Phytosomes
6.4 Transferosomes
7 Other nanocarriers
7.1 Dendrimers
8 Carbon nanotubes
8.1 Nanomicelles
9 Ligand-anchored nanocarrier systems for pulmonary TB
9.1 Lectin
9.2 Mycolic acid
9.3 Ligand-anchored pH-sensitive liposomes
9.4 Nanoembedded microparticles
10 Extrapulmonary TB
10.1 Challenges in extrapulmonary TB treatment
11 Extrapulmonary TB: Nanotherapeutic strategies
11.1 NP-based strategies for TB meningitis
11.2 Nanotherapeutics for bone and joint TB
11.3 Nanocarriers in treating abdominal TB
11.4 Nanovaccines for TB prevention and immunotherapy
12 Recent developments and prospects
13 Patents
14 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Nanotherapeutics against bacterial biofilms
1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis of bacterial biofilm
3 Disease associated with bacterial biofilm
4 Conventional treatment of bacterial biofilm
5 Challenges for the treatment of bacterial biofilm
6 Nanotherapeutics treatment for bacterial biofilm
7 Nanotechnological approaches to control the formation of biofilm
7.1 Nanoparticles (metal-based)
7.2 Nanoparticles (chemically modified)
7.3 Cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials
7.4 Dendrimer-based antibiofilm
7.5 Polymeric nanoparticles
7.6 Solid lipid nanoparticle
7.7 Liposomes (lipid-based nanoparticles)
8 Advancement in nanotechnology for the treatment of bacterial biofilm
9 Future prospects and suggestions
10 Conclusion
Chapter 13. Nanotherapeutics against drug-resistant pathogens
1 Pathogens
2 Growing problem of drug-resistant pathogens
3 Nanotherapeutics
4 Nanotherapeutic strategies to combat drug resistance against pathogens (Baptista et al., 2018)
5 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in the management of various bacterial infections
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Importance of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics
2 Nanotherapeutics—A brief introduction
2.1 Vesicular system
2.1.1 Liposomes
2.1.2 Niosomes
2.1.3 Transferosomes
2.2 Nanoparticles
2.2.1 Nanostructured lipid carriers
2.2.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
2.2.3 Metallic nanoparticles
2.2.4 Silica nanoparticles
2.2.5 Solid lipid nanoparticles
2.3 Emulsified systems
2.3.1 Microemulsions
2.3.2 Nanoemulsions
2.3.3 Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system
2.3.4 Self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDs)
2.3.5 Self-emulsifying drug delivery system
2.4 Micellar systems
2.4.1 Pluronic lecithin organogels
2.4.2 Mixed micelles
2.4.3 Polymeric micelles
2.5 Miscellaneous
2.5.1 Carbon nanotubes
2.5.2 Fullerenes
2.5.3 Dendrimers
2.5.4 Graphene
3 Nanotherapeutics for various bacterial infections
3.1 Ocular disease
3.1.1 Liposomes
3.1.2 Silver nanoparticles
3.2 Tuberculosis
3.2.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles
3.2.2 Nanostructured lipid carries
3.2.3 Microemulsions
3.2.4 Nanoemulsions
3.2.5 Liposomes
3.2.6 Niosomes
3.2.7 Transferosomes
3.3 Sepsis-related liver injury
3.3.1 Antioxidants-loaded nanoparticles
3.3.2 Microenvironment triggered nanoparticle
3.3.3 Antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles
3.4 Pulmonary infections and sepsis
3.5 Nanotherapeutics for pulmonary infections
3.5.1 Liposomes
3.5.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
3.5.3 Micelles
3.5.4 Peptides delivery
3.5.5 Self-emulsifying drug delivery system
3.6 Nanotherapeutics for pulmonary sepsis
3.6.1 Nanovesicles
3.6.2 Micelles
3.6.3 Antioxidative drug delivery nanosystems
3.6.4 Peptide delivery
3.7 Intracellular bacterial infection
3.7.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
3.7.2 Liposomes
3.7.3 Nanoemulsions
3.7.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles
3.7.5 Dendrimers
3.7.6 Inorganic nonmetallic polymers
3.7.7 Metal-based nanoparticles
3.8 Multidrug resistance bacterial infection
3.8.1 Metallic nanoparticles
3.8.2 Liposomes
3.8.3 Self-emulsifying drug delivery system
3.9 Diabetic foot ulcer
3.9.1 Nanofibers
3.9.2 Nanoemulsions
3.9.3 Liposomes
3.9.4 Transferosomes
3.10 Skin infection
3.10.1 Nanoemulgel
3.10.2 Transferosomes
3.10.3 Niosomes
3.11 Oral infection
3.12 Nanotherapeutics for combating oral bacterial Infections
3.12.1 Quantum dots
3.12.2 Nanoparticle encapsulated chlorhexidine
3.12.3 Liposomes
3.12.4 Nanoemulsions
4 Nanotheranostics: Combination diagnosis and therapy
4.1 Nanoparticle-based imaging for infectious disease diagnosis
4.1.1 Gold nanoparticles
4.1.2 Silica nanoparticles
4.1.3 Quantum dots
4.1.4 Miscellaneous
4.2 Applications and strategies for nanotheranostics to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria
4.2.1 Nanotheranostics-based strategies
4.2.2 Various nanotheranostics used against antibiotic-resistant bacteria
4.3 Nanotheranostics used for antibacterial activity
4.3.1 Hydrogels
4.3.2 Luminescent porous silicon
4.3.3 Silica nanoparticles
4.3.4 Magnetic nanoparticles
4.3.5 Fluorescent nanoparticles
4.3.6 Nontargeted delivery of antibiotics
4.3.7 Targeted delivery of antibiotics
5 Dermatokinetics: An emerging assessment tool
5.1 Assessment of many parameters in dermatokinetics
5.2 Assessment methods in dermatokinetics studies
5.2.1 Tape stripping
5.2.2 Microdialysis
5.2.3 Vasoconstrictor assay
5.2.4 Confocal scanning microscopy
6 Clinical trials and marketed products
6.1 FDA-approved antibacterial drugs
6.1.1 Plazomicin
6.1.2 Eravacycline
6.1.3 Cefiderocol
7 Conclusion and future prospects
Section III. Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in viral infections
Chapter 15. Nanotherapeutics in human immunodeficiency viruses infections
1 Introduction
2 HIV pathogenesis and treatment
2.1 Pathogenesis: Viral reservoirs
2.2 Antiretroviral therapy
3 Challenges in HIV treatment and role of nanotherapeutics
3.1 Limitations of conventional antiretroviral therapies
3.2 Addressing drug resistance and viral persistence
3.2.1 Drug resistance
3.2.2 Viral persistence
3.2.3 Challenges in eliminating reservoirs
3.2.4 Approaches to addressing drug resistance and viral persistence
3.3 Potential benefits of nanotherapeutics in HIV management
4 Nanotherapeutics in HIV infections
4.1 Nanocrystals
4.2 Nanoassemblies
4.3 Nanocarriers
4.3.1 Polymeric NPs
4.3.2 Micelles
4.3.3 Nanocapsules
4.3.4 Extracellular vesicles
4.3.5 Liposomes
4.3.6 Dendrimer
4.4 Inorganic nanocarriers
4.4.1 Metal and metal oxide NPs
4.4.2 Heavy metal quantum dots
5 Targeted drug delivery strategies
5.1 Passive targeting and enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect
5.1.1 Endocytosis
5.1.2 Phagocytosis
5.2 Active targeting of HIV reservoirs using ligands and antibodies
5.2.1 Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers
5.2.2 Antibody targeted nanocarriers
5.2.3 Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME)
6 Clinical advances and future perspectives
7 Conclusion
Chapter 16. Nanotherapeutics in COVID-19 and associated pulmonary infections
1 Introduction
2 Pathophysiology of different respiratory diseases
3 Current treatments of different respiratory disorders
4 Current challenges of respiratory diseases treatment and strategies to minimize these challenges
5 Dosage form–related challenges associated with the treatment of respiratory disorders
6 Nanotherapeutics: Role in the field of respiratory diseases and COVID-19
6.1 Recent studies
6.2 Various approaches and advantages
6.3 Nanovaccines
6.3.1 mRNA nanovaccine
6.3.2 Protein and subunit nanovaccine
6.4 Limitations of nanotherapeutics and strategies to minimize these limitations
6.5 Regulatory and ethical considerations
7 Conclusion
Chapter 17. Nanotherapeutics in Japanese encephalitis virus infections management
1 Introduction
2 Structural features of Japanese encephalitis virus
3 Clinical features of Japanese encephalitis
4 Life cycle of Japanese encephalitis virus
5 Preventive measures for Japanese encephalitis
6 Recent diagnostic and therapeutic interventions
7 Vaccines
7.1 Mouse brain–derived inactivated vaccine
7.2 Cell culture–derived inactivated vaccine
7.3 Live attenuated vaccine
7.4 Live recombinant vaccine
8 Challenges in treatment modalities of Japanese encephalitis
9 Nanotherapeutic: Weapon against viruses
9.1 Diagnosis
9.2 Treatment
9.3 Vaccines
10 Preclinical and clinical evidence
11 Future perspective
12 Conclusion
Chapter 18. Nanotherapeutics in miscellaneous viral infections
1 Introduction
2 Virus
2.1 Viral life cycle
2.1.1 Attachment
2.1.2 Penetration
2.1.3 Transcription/translation
2.1.4 Encapsulation
2.1.5 Maturation
3 Therapeutic approaches for viral infections
3.1 Antiviral vaccines
4 Nanotherapeutics
4.1 Virus-like particles
4.2 Self-assembling protein nanoparticles
4.3 Microparticles
4.4 Inorganic nanoparticles
5 Polymeric nanoparticles
5.1 Liposomes
5.2 Bilosomes
5.3 Dendrimers
5.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers
5.5 Solid lipid nanoparticles
5.6 Gold nanoparticles
5.7 Silver nanoparticles
5.8 Magnetic nanoparticles
5.9 Quantum dots
5.10 Combination therapies involving nanomedicine
5.11 Approaches for targeting in nanomedicine
5.11.1 Extended plasma drug level
5.11.2 Extended intracellular drug levels
5.11.3 Extended tissue drug levels
6 Nanocarriers-based diagnosis
7 Reports on plant-based nano delivery on various viral
7.1 Influenza A virus
7.2 Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
7.3 Dengue virus (DEN-2)
7.4 Coxsackie B virus (Cox-B4/B3)
7.5 Corona virus
7.6 Hepatitis B
7.7 Human papillomavirus (HPV)
8 Conclusion and future perspective
Funding
Section IV. Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in fungal infestations
Chapter 19. Nanotherapeutics in Candidiasis
1 Introduction
2 Candida–host cell interaction
3 Host defense against Candida
4 Mechanism of action of antifungals
4.1 Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis
4.2 Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis
4.3 Inhibition of nucleic acid biosynthesis
5 Need for nanotherapeutics for antifungal drugs
6 Nanoparticles used for delivery of antifungal agents
6.1 Lipid nanoparticles
6.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
6.3 Polymeric micelles
6.4 Nanoemulsion
6.5 Nanocapsules
6.6 Metallic nanoparticles
7 Conclusion
Chapter 20. Nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in miscellaneous fungal infections
1 Introduction
2 Nanotheranostics
3 Fungal infections
3.1 Current antifungal drugs challenges
3.2 Nanotherapeutics for fungal diseases could include the following
4 Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in different fungal infections
4.1 Aspergillosis
4.2 Mucormycosis
4.3 Coccidiodomycosis
4.4 Candida auris
4.5 Cryptococcosis
4.6 Paracoccidioidomycosis
4.7 Histoplasmosis
5 Conclusion
Section V. Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in parasitic infestations
Chapter 21. Nanotherapeutics in malaria
1 Introduction
2 Pathophysiology of malaria
3 Conventional treatment for malaria
4 Constraints associated with conventional treatment
5 Need for nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems
6 Nanoformulations for malaria
6.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles
6.2 Nanostructured lipid carriers
6.3 Polymeric nanotubes
6.4 Nanoemulsions
6.5 Nanosuspensions
6.6 Liposomes
6.7 Dendrimers
6.8 Carbon nanotubes
6.9 Polymeric nanotubes
7 Patents
8 Conclusion
9 Future perspectives
Chapter 22. Nanotherapeutics in leishmaniasis
1 Introduction
2 Cutaneous leishmaniasis
3 Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
4 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
5 Visceral leishmaniasis
6 Parasite life cycle and pathogenesis of the disease
6.1 Parasite life cycle
7 Pathogenesis and immunology of the disease
8 Conventional treatment strategies against leishmaniasis and their limitations
9 Conventional treatment strategies
10 Limitations of conventional therapy for leishmaniasis
11 Diagnosis
12 Role of nanotherapeutics in managing leishmaniasis
13 Recent nanotherapeutics developments in managing leishmaniasis
14 Polymeric micelles
15 Polymeric nanoparticles
16 Lipid nanoparticles
17 Nanovesicular
18 Carbon-based nanoparticles
19 Magnetic nanoparticles
20 Dendrimers
21 Metallic nanoparticles
22 Nano-vaccines
Section VI. Applications of nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in miscellaneous infestations
Chapter 23. Nanotherapeutics in cancer-associated infections
1 Introduction
1.1 Cancer: Origin of cancer and infections related to cancer
1.1.1 Genetic mutations
1.1.2 Carcinogens
1.1.3 Lifestyle factors
1.1.4 Inflammation
1.1.5 Age
1.1.6 Hormones
1.1.7 Lifestyle factors
1.1.8 Immune system
1.2 Infections related to cancer
1.2.1 Human papillomavirus (HPV)
1.2.2 Hepatitis B and C
1.2.3 Helicobacter pylori
1.2.4 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
1.2.5 Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
1.2.6 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
1.2.7 Schistosoma haematobium
1.3 Problems and complications in cancer and cancer-associated infections diagnosis and treatment
1.3.1 Cancer diagnosis
1.3.2 Treatment for cancer
1.4 Infections associated with cancer
1.4.1 Immunosuppression
1.4.2 Opportunistic diseases
1.4.3 Diagnostic difficulties
1.4.4 Treatment complications
1.4.5 Financial stress
1.4.6 Approved drugs for cancer-associated infections
2 Origin and history of cancer and cancer-associated infections' nanomedicines
2.1 The past tense
2.2 Ancient Greece and Rome
2.3 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
2.4 19th century
2.5 20th century
2.6 Late 20th and early 21st century
2.7 Ongoing research
3 History of cancer-associated infection's nanomedicines
3.1 Early exploration in the 2000s
3.2 Targeting viral infections
3.3 Improving medication delivery
3.4 Immunotherapies
3.5 Combination medicines
3.6 Preclinical and clinical studies
3.7 Ongoing research
4 Mechanism of action of different nanotherapeutics in treating cancer-associated infections
4.1 Targeted drug delivery
4.2 Enhancement of permeability and retention (EPR) effect
4.3 Controlled drug release
4.4 Combination therapy
4.5 Immunomodulation
4.6 Diagnostic and therapeutic integration
4.7 Antimicrobial nanoparticles
4.8 Drug resistance mitigation
5 Various drug delivery system under nanotherapeutics to treat cancer-associated infections
5.1 Liposomes
5.1.1 Marketed formulations in treating cancer-associated infections
5.2 Nanogels
5.2.1 Properties of nanogels
5.2.2 Principle of drug release
5.2.3 Formulation of nanogel
5.3 Nanocapsules
5.3.1 Method of preparation
5.4 Nanoemulsions
5.4.1 Methods of preparation
5.5 Extracellular vesicles
5.6 Dendrimers
5.6.1 Drug delivery and targeting using dendrimers
5.6.2 Dendrimers used for gene delivery
5.6.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles
5.7 Methods of preparation
5.7.1 High-pressure homogenization
5.7.2 Hot homogenization
5.7.3 Cold homogenization
5.8 Applications related to solid lipid nanoparticles
5.8.1 Topical application
5.8.2 Intravenous application
5.8.3 Ocular application
5.8.4 SLN in improving bioavailability
6 Applications of nanotherapeutics in cancer-related infections
7 Some issues related to nanotherapeutics cancer-related infections
7.1 Accumulation
7.2 Biocompatibility
7.3 Drug release
7.4 Biodistribution
7.5 Patient-specific factors
7.6 Quality control
Chapter 24. Nanotherapeutics in septicemia
1 Introduction
1.1 Current aspects of sepsis from definition to current challenges
1.2 Pathophysiology of sepsis
2 Conventional management of sepsis
2.1 Conventional diagnosis
2.2 Conventional therapeutic intervention
2.3 Commercially available therapies based on nanotechnology for sepsis management
3 Nanoparticles for contructing nanoplatforms
3.1 Inorganic/metallic NPs-based antimicrobial platforms
3.2 Polymeric NPs-based antimicrobial platforms
3.3 Liposomes-based antimicrobial platforms
3.4 Biomimetic NPs-based antimicrobial platforms
4 Nanotechnology and its applications in the management of sepsis
4.1 Nanobiosensors based on biomarker being detected
4.1.1 C-reactive protein
4.1.2 Procalcitonin
4.1.3 Citrullinated histone H3
4.1.4 Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6)
5 Nanotechnology for theraputic intervention in sepsis
5.1 Nanotechnology in antimicrobial treatment
5.1.1 Chitosan-based nanostructures with meropenem
5.1.2 Therapeutic delivery of vancomycin-carrying porous silicon nanoparticles
5.1.3 Novel nanoformulation with ciprofloxacin and TPCA-1
5.1.4 Targeting ICAM-1 with fluoroquinolone and tacrolimus
5.1.5 Chitosan-based lipid nanoemulsion (LE-CH-CFn-SDC)
5.1.6 Formulation with polycaprolactone NPs
5.2 Antimicrobial peptides
5.2.1 Clavanins with methacrylate nanocarrier
5.2.2 SET-M33 with single chain dextran nanoparticles
5.2.3 C-terminal myristoylation HD5 (HD5-myr) nanoplatform
5.2.4 Vitamin lipid nanoparticles AMP-linked cathepsin B (MACs) mRNA
5.3 Nanoplatforms to restore immune homeostasis
5.3.1 Organic–inorganic nanotherapeutics restore immune homeostasis by targeting bacterial endotoxins and peroxide
5.3.2 Cell biomimetic nanotherapeutics restore immune homeostasis by targeting cytokines and bacterial toxins
6 Conclusion
Chapter 25. Nanotherapeutics and nanotheranostics in Trueperella pyogenes infections
1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis
3 Nanotechnology for treatment of T. pyogenes infection
4 Nanotechnology in vaccine delivery
5 Nanotheranostics
6 Current challenges and future prospects
7 Conclusion
Chapter 26. Nanotherapeutics in metabolic diseases–Associated infections
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of metabolic disorders
1.1.1 Etiology and epidemiology
1.1.2 Hypertension
2 Reciprocal interaction between metabolic syndrome and associated infections
2.1 Interconnections between infection and cellular metabolism: Insights into cellular factors
2.1.1 Connection between infection and metabolism: Toll-like receptors at the forefront
2.2 The role of NOD-like receptors in inflammation and metabolic stress
3 Challenges in conventional treatments
4 Nanotherapeutics: A novel approach
4.1 Nanoparticles and drug delivery
5 Nanotherapeutics for diabetes
5.1 Nanofibers
5.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
5.3 Nanomicelles
5.4 Polydopamine nanoparticles
5.5 Metallic nanoparticles
5.6 Short interference RNA-based nanoparticles
5.7 Nanohydrogel
5.8 Niosomes
5.9 Solid-lipid nanoparticles
5.10 Nanostructured lipid carriers
5.11 Exosomes
5.12 Liposomes
6 Nanomaterials and NAFLD
6.1 Inorganic NPs
6.2 Polymeric NPs
6.3 Nanoemulsions
6.4 Nanogel
6.5 Lysozyme micelle
6.6 Liposomes
7 Nanomaterial's role in managing obesity
7.1 Inorganic nanoparticle
7.2 Polymeric nanoparticle
7.3 DNA-nanoflower
7.4 Nanoclay
7.5 Nanotechnology-based photothermal lipolysis
8 Role of nanotechnology in managing hyperlipidemia
8.1 Nanostructured lipid carriers
8.2 Solid-lipid nanoparticles
8.3 Nanocrystal
8.4 Nanoplates
9 Nanotherapeutics in managing hypertension
9.1 Nanoemulsion
9.2 Lipotomes
9.3 Polymeric nanoparticles
10 Role of nanotherapeutics in metabolic syndrome–Associated infections
10.1 Immunomodulatory potential of nanoparticles in infections
10.2 Imiquimod-loaded nanoparticles
10.3 SiRNA-loaded liposomes
10.4 Dendrimer-based immunomodulatory agents
10.5 Gold nanoparticle–based immunomodulation
10.6 Antimicrobial nanoparticles
10.7 Antimicrobial peptide nanoparticles
10.8 Chitosan nanoparticles
10.9 Silver nanoparticles
10.10 Copper nanoparticles
10.11 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
11 Nanotheranostics for imaging and diagnostics of infections
11.1 Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for inflammatory infections
11.2 Iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI in infections
11.3 Fluorescent nanoparticles for bacterial infections
11.4 Biosensors integrated with nanoparticles
12 Safety and regulatory considerations
13 Conclusion
Chapter 27. Pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles for infectious diseases
1 Introduction
2 Drug resistance
3 Nanotechnology and drug permeability
4 Potential of nanotechnology to improve the kinetics of antimicrobials
4.1 Antitubercular drug
4.2 Antimalaria drugs
4.3 Antiviral drugs
4.4 Antifungal drugs
5 Conclusion
Index

Life Sciences

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Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Applications of Nanotherapeutics and Nanotheranostics in Managing Infectious Diseases

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Anoop Kumar

Poonam Parashar

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