Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals

3rd Edition - May 17, 2023
Editors: Melissa Dyson, Paulin Jirkof, Jennie Lofgren, Elizabeth Nunamaker, Daniel Pang
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 1 5 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 2 0 - 1

Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals focuses on the special anesthetic, analgesic and postoperative care requirements associated with experimental intervent… Read more

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Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals focuses on the special anesthetic, analgesic and postoperative care requirements associated with experimental interventions. Fully revised and updated, this new edition provides the reader with agents, methods and techniques for anesthesia and analgesia that ensure humane, reproducible, and successful procedural outcomes. Sections cover ethical, regulatory and scientific considerations, principles of anesthesia and analgesia, anesthetic equipment and monitoring, periprocedural care, including dedicated chapters to the assessment and management of pain in laboratory species, and practical considerations by species, including relevant anatomy, physiology, and behavior of a broad range of lab animal species.

This will be a complete reference for veterinarians involved in lab animal research as well as senior graduate, graduate students, post-docs and researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Series
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Abbreviations
Section I. Ethical, regulatory, and scientific considerations
Chapter 1. Ethics
I. Introduction
II. Consequentialist ethics in laboratory animal use
III. Minimizing harms and maximizing pleasures for animals in laboratories
IV. The Three Rs approach to minimizing harms to animals
V. Justifying harms to animals, beyond the Three Rs
VI. Veterinarians as anesthesia and analgesia experts and advocates: responsibilities and authority
VII. Significant unalleviated pain and distress (Category E experiments)
VIII. Ethics of uncertainty
IX. Critical anthropomorphism
X. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Regulatory issues
I. Introduction
II. Regulations, standards, and policies on humane animal care in the United States
III. Drug enforcement regulations and policies
IV. Occupational health and safety considerations
V. International considerations
Chapter 3. Optimizing anesthesia and analgesia for specific research projects
I. General implications of anesthesia and analgesia on study design
II. Specific implications of anesthesia and analgesia on study design
III. Conclusions
Section II. Principles of anesthesia and analgesia
Chapter 4. Injectable anesthetics
I. Introduction
II. γ-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists
III. NMDA-antagonists
IV. Miscellaneous agents
V. Anesthetic combinations
VI. Injectable anesthetic delivery systems
Chapter 5. Tranquilizers, sedatives, local anaesthetics and antimuscarinic agents
I. Tranquilizers and sedatives
II. Local anesthetics
III. Muscarinic antagonists
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Inhalant anesthetics and safety
I. Veterinary pharmacology of inhalation anesthetics
II. Single circuit and multi circuit design
III. Vaporizers
IV. Anesthesia machines and workstations
V. Induction chambers
VI. Choosing inhalants for research
VII. Waste anesthetic gas
VIII. Summary and conclusions of waste anesthetic gas
Chapter 7. Pharmacology of Analgesics
I. Introduction
II. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
III. Opioids
IV. α2-adrenergic agonists
V. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists
VI. Gabapentinoids
VII. Future prospects
Chapter 8. Neuromuscular blocking agents
I. Introduction
II. Indications for use of neuromuscular blocking agents
III. Contraindications for use of NMBA
IV. Welfare implications of using neuromuscular blocking agents
V. Neuromuscular junction anatomy and physiology
VI. Mechanism of action of NMBA
VII. Clinical use and monitoring
VIII. Monitoring of neuromuscular function
IX. Clinical pharmacology and use of reversal agents
X. Future and upcoming agents
Section III. Anesthetic equipment and monitoring
Chapter 9. Anesthesia delivery systems
I. Introduction
II. Anesthesia machine
III. Patient interface
Chapter 10. Monitoring of anesthesia
I. Introduction
II. Monitoring of the anesthetized patient
III. Special circumstances
IV. Summary and conclusions
Section IV. Periprocedural care
Chapter 11. General care: periprocedural management considerations for research animals
I. Introduction
II. Oversight, planning, and organization
III. Medical recordkeeping and veterinary care
IV. Interventions for care and well-being
V. Humane endpoint considerations
Chapter 12. Pain assessment in laboratory species
I. Introduction
II. Types of pain
III. Why prevent pain?
IV. Pain assessment
V. Pain assessment methods
VI. Challenges in assessment of pain
VII. Documentation and record-keeping
VIII. Summary
Chapter 13. Basic considerations for pain management in laboratory animals
I. Rationale for pain mitigation
II. Considerations for prescription of analgesia
III. Nonpharmacological treatments for pain
IV. Operational aspects of pain management
Section V. Practical considerations by species
Chapter 14. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory rodents
I. Introduction
II. Pre-procedural considerations
III. Anesthesia
IV. Historic anesthetic regimens used for special purposes
V. Use of neuromuscular blocking agents and antagonists
VI. Anesthesia for specific situations
VII. Post-procedural recovery and care
VIII. Analgesia
Chapter 15. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits
I. Introduction
II. Preoperative considerations
III. Anesthesia
IV. Anesthetic circuits, monitoring and support
V. Postoperative analgesia
Chapter 16. Anesthesia, restraint and analgesia in laboratory fishes
I. Introduction
II. Preprocedural considerations
III. Restraint
IV. Analgesia, anesthesia and balanced anesthesia
V. Postprocedural recovery and care
VI. Pain and welfare assessment
Chapter 17. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory pigs
I. Introduction
II. Preprocedural considerations and planning
III. Sedation
IV. General anesthesia
V. Animal preparation
VI. Anesthetic monitoring and support
VII. Common anesthetic emergencies
VIII. Postprocedural recovery and care
IX. Analgesia
Chapter 18. Anesthesia and analgesia in nonhuman primates
I. Introduction
II. Preprocedural considerations
III. Chemical restraint
IV. Anesthesia
V. Analgesia
VI. Special considerations
VII. Responding to emergencies
VIII. Postprocedural recovery and care
Chapter 19. Anesthesia and analgesia in dogs and cats
I. Introduction
II. Preprocedural considerations
III. Chemical restraint (sedation)
IV. General anesthesia
V. Anesthetic management and monitoring
VI. Common anesthetic emergencies
VII. Anesthesia for specific situations
VIII. Postprocedural recovery and care
IX. Pain assessment and analgesia
Chapter 20. Anesthesia and analgesia in ruminants
I. Introduction
II. Preprocedural considerations
III. Pain assessment and the need for analgesia
IV. Sedation and premedication
V. Anesthesia
VI. Maintenance of anesthesia
VII. Anesthesia monitoring
VIII. Intraoperative support
IX. Analgesia
Chapter 21. Analgesia and anesthesia in ferrets
I. Introduction
II. Preprocedural considerations
III. Chemical restraint (sedation) principles
IV. General anesthesia principles
V. Support and monitoring of the patient
VI. Drugs used for sedation and anesthesia
VII. Common anesthetic emergencies and treatment
VIII. Postanesthetic considerations
IX. Analgesia
X. Anesthesia and analgesia for specific situations
Chapter 22. Anesthesia and analgesia in other mammals
I. Marsupialia: marsupials
II. Scandentia and Eulipotyphla: insectivores
III. Rodentia: nontraditional species of laboratory rodents
V. Xenarthra: edentates (nine-banded armadillo—Dasypus novemcinctus)
VI. Chiroptera: bats
VIII. Prosimii: gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)
Chapter 23. Anesthesia and analgesia in birds
I. Avian physiology and anatomy relevant to anesthesia and analgesia
II. Preprocedural considerations
III. Preoperative management
IV. Anesthetic agents
V. Anesthetic monitoring, management and emergencies
VI. Anesthetic recovery
VII. Analgesia
VIII. Anesthesia for specific situations
Chapter 24. Anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles
I. Introduction
II. Reptilian anatomy and physiology of anesthetic and analgesic relevance
III. Preprocedural considerations
IV. Chemical restraint versus anesthesia
V. Anesthesia
VI. Anesthesia for specific situations
VII. Postanesthetic recovery and care
VIII. Analgesia
IX. Euthanasia
Chapter 25. Anesthesia and analgesia in amphibians
I. Introduction
II. Anatomy and physiology relevant to anesthesia
III. Preprocedural considerations
IV. Chemical restraint versus anesthesia
V. Chemical restraint
VI. Monitoring
VII. Analgesia
VIII. Anesthesia and analgesia for specific situations
IX. Postprocedural recovery and care
X. Euthanasia
Chapter 26. Anesthesia and analgesia in invertebrates
I. Introduction
II. Anesthesia
III. Pain and analgesia in invertebrates
IV. Euthanasia
Section VI. Special topics
Chapter 27. Management of chronic pain
I. Introduction
II. Recognition and assessment of chronic pain
III. Treatment
Chapter 28. Anesthesia and analgesia in the fetus and neonate
I. Introduction
II. Anesthesia of the dam for fetal surgery
III. Neuraxial analgesia/anesthesia
IV. Prevention of post-operative pre-term labor
V. Functional maturity of key organ systems in newborn animals
VI. Anesthesia of neonatal animals
VII. Supportive measures during neonatal anesthesia
VIII. Postanesthetic period
IX. Neonatal analgesia
Chapter 29. Anesthesia for in vivo imaging studies: practical considerations for experimental outcomes and animal welfare
I. Introduction
II. Imaging modalities
III. Animal preparation and experimental planning
IV. Management of anesthesia in imaging studies
V. Conclusions
Chapter 30. Preclinical pain testing: a short guide to where we are and where we are going
I. Why the need for animal use in pain research?
II. Animal models (assays) of pain
III. Pain measures
IV. Organismic and environmental factors
V. External and internal validity
VI. The future of preclinical pain research
Index

Melissa Dyson

Melissa Dyson, DVM, MS, DACLAM is the University of Michigan's Senior Associate Attending Veterinarian, the Deputy Director of the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM), and the Director of the ULAM Training Core. In her role as Senior Associate Attending Veterinarian, Dr. Dyson assists with the guidance and oversight of the Animal Care & Use Program, including the exploration of new data-gathering and assessment strategies that support a culture of responsible research conduct. As the Deputy Director of ULAM, she assists in the overall management of the Unit, including animal husbandry, housing, veterinary care, and specialized research support services. Dr. Dyson also serves as the Director of the ULAM Training Core, where she is responsible for managing all animal care and use training and education programs at the University. Dr. Dyson's clinical and research interests include laboratory animal medicine management and infectious disease. She is also interested in training research personnel in the humane use and handling of animals used for research, as well as the training of future laboratory animal scientists and clinicians.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Michigan's Senior Associate Attending Veterinarian, Deputy Director, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM); Director of the ULAM Training Core, USA

Paulin Jirkof

Studied biology with a focus on zoology. She obtained her PhD in Neuroscience at the Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland. She has been certified as an expert for laboratory animal science by the German Association for Laboratory Animal Science (GV SOLAS). Currently, she holds a position as 3R coordinator at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. She is chair of the Executive Board of The Swiss 3R Competence Center (3RCC), board member of the Swiss Association of Laboratory Animal Science (SGV), member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Charitè 3R, Berlin, Germany as well as Deputy Editor of the journal Laboratory Animals. Her scientific field of interest is the evaluation of severity assessment tools and the reliable assessment of pain in laboratory rodents. She has authored many publications (original articles, reviews, recommendations and book chapters) on the refinement of anesthesia and analgesia protocols to ensure scientific quality and animal welfare in animal-based research. Furthermore, her interests lie also in the non-pharmacological improvement of animal well-being involving refined post-surgical protocols and experimental housing conditions.

Affiliations and expertise

Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Jennie Lofgren

Jennifer Lofgren: is the Global Head of Animal Welfare and Compliance at Novartis as well as an Adjunct Faculty member at the University of Michigan Medical School where she co-founded the Refinement and Enrichment Advancements Laboratory (REAL). She has a DVM and MS from Tufts University and a BA from Wellesley College. She completed a post-doctoral training program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a visiting research fellowship with the Pain and Animal Welfare Science group at Newcastle University in the UK. She is a diplomate of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM). She is the chair of the Non-Human Pain Special Interest Group within the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). She has received several grants through Grants for Laboratory Animal Science (GLAS) and ACLAM Foundation and published a variety of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters in the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine, Replace) areas with particular focus on the effective recognition and alleviation of pain in rodents, the comparative impact of unalleviated pain and analgesia on research outcomes, social housing of rabbits, the value of nesting for mouse health assessments, and refinements to reduce animal numbers.

Affiliations and expertise

Global Head of Animal Welfare and Compliance, Novartis; Adjunct Faculty Member, University of Michigan Medical School, MA, USA

Elizabeth Nunamaker

Dr. Elizabeth Nunamaker received the PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering in 2006 from University of Michigan, and the DVM degree from Purdue University in 2010. She is also double boarded by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine and the American College of Animal Welfare. She has spent the past 10+ years of her career focused on the welfare of laboratory animal species and has numerous publications pertaining to anesthesia and analgesia. Dr. Nunamaker is a member of the Global Animal Welfare and Training team at Charles River Laboratories, serving as the Director of Animal Welfare. She is also currently the President of the North American 3Rs Collaborative where she is focused on spreading rodent refined handling practices and developing a 3Rs certification program for those working in animal research.

Affiliations and expertise

Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, USA

Daniel Pang

Daniel Pang: is an Associate Professor of veterinary anaesthesiology at the University of Calgary. He received his veterinary degree from the University of Bristol (2000) and went on to complete a residency and MSc in veterinary anaesthesia at the Université de Montréal. He received his doctorate in neuroscience (molecular mechanisms of volatile anaesthetics) from Imperial College, London (2011) and is a Diplomate of the European and American Colleges of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. His research interests are in pain assessment and welfare, particularly the applications of pain assessment scales, patient safety and and the concept of enhanced recovery protocols for optimising perioperative care. His research is supported through federal (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) and private foundation (Fondation J.-Louis Lévesque) funding. He is an editorial board member of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and an Associate Editor for the Journal of Small Animal Practice and BMJ Veterinary Record Case Reports.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor of Veterinary Anaesthesiology, University of Calgary, Montreal, Canada