Analytical Chemistry

Preface Chapter One Introduction to Analytical Chemistry To the Student Analytical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry in Allied Areas The Analytical Chemist and the AnalystChapter Two Development of an Analytical Method The Analytical Problem Choosing an Analytical Method Types of Analytical Methods Methods of Analysis Literature in Analytical Chemistry Chapter Three Stoichiometry Introduction Units Concentration Calculations Standards Questions ProblemsChapter Four Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data Introduction Definitions Elimination of Data Propagation of Errors Questions Problems Chapter Five Preliminary Operations in Quantitative Analysis Introduction Sampling Drying Weighing Dissolving Questions Chapter Six Introduction to Chemical Reactions in Analytical Chemistry Scope Completeness of Reaction Equilibrium Concept Reaction Rates Equilibrium Constant Application of the Equilibrium Concept Equilibrium Condition: Fundamental Definition Summary Questions Chapter Seven Precipitation Methods Introduction Gravimetry Formation of a Precipitate Properties of Precipitates Coprecipitation Types of Precipitating Reagents Solubility Solubility Product Typical Gravimetric Examples Homogeneous Precipitation Calculations Questions Problems Chapter Eight Neutralization in Analytical Chemistry Introduction Acid-Base Theories Acid and Base Strength Leveling Effect pH pH Scale pH of Acid and Base Solutions Buffers Neutralization as a Volumetric Method Polyfunctional Acids and Bases Titration of Salts Differential Titration Primary Standards End-Point Detection Summary of Acid-Base Titration Curves Applications Calculations Questions Problems Chapter Nine Nonaqueous Acid-Base Titrations Scope Solvents Equilibria in a Nonaqueous Solvent Choosing a Solvent Titrants End-Point Detection Applications Indirect Acid-Base Methods Calculations Questions Problems Chapter Ten Oxidation-Reduction Equilibria Definitions Electrochemical Cells Cell Calculations Nernst Equation Equilibrium Constant Measurement of Potential Reference-Indicator Electrodes Biological Systems Questions Problems Chapter Eleven Oxidation-Reduction Titrations Introduction Titration Curve Differential Titrations End-Point Detection Questions Problems Chapter Twelve Oxidizing and Reducing Agents as Titrants in Analytical Chemistry Introduction Oxidizing Titrants Reducing Titrants Adjustment of Oxidation State Calculations Questions Problems Chapter Thirteen Ion-Selective Electrodes Introduction Electrodes for Hydronium Ion Non-Half-Cell Ion-Selective Electrodes Glass Membrane Electrode Solid State and Precipitate Electrodes Liquid-Liquid Electrode Gas- and Enzyme-Sensing Electrodes Calibration Applications Measurements with a pH Meter Questions Problems Chapter Fourteen Precipitation Titrations Introduction Titration Requirements Titration Curve Calculations Questions Problems Chapter Fifteen Complexes in Analytical Chemistry: Complexometric Titrations Introduction Classification of Ligands Stability Kinetics Advantages and Practical Aspects of Coordination Compounds Complexometric Titrations Titrants End-Point Detection Applications Questions Problems Chapter Sixteen Introduction to Multiple Equilibrium Systems Introduction Effect of Experimental Variables in EDTA Titrations Calculation of a Titration Curve Other Examples Questions Problems Chapter Seventeen Fundamental Principles of Optical Spectroscopy Introduction Beer's Law: Law of Photometry Instrumentation Questions Problems Chapter Eighteen Qualitative Analysis: Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Introduction Electronic Spectra: Organic Compounds Inorganic Spectra Vibrational Spectra-Qualitative Identification Questions Problems Chapter Nineteen Quantitative Analysis in Absorption Spectroscopy Introduction Quantitative Analysis: Ultraviolet-Visible Analysis of Organic Compounds Inorganic Analysis Multicomponent Analysis Automation in Spectrophotometric Analysis Quantitative Infrared Photometric Titrations Questions Problems Chapter Twenty Spectroscopy of Atoms Introduction Atomic Emission Atomic Absorption Atomic Fluorescence Questions Problems Chapter Twenty-One Luminescence Fluorescence Phosphorescence Chemiluminescence Light Scattering Questions Problems Chapter Twenty-Two Separations: Introduction to Chromatography Scope Classification of Separation Methods Chromatography General Concepts Some Fundamental Concepts Summary Questions Chapter Twenty-Three Column Methods Introduction Columns Adsorption or Partition Adsorption Partition Bonded Phases Detection of Column Effluent Liquid Chromatography Apparatus High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Questions Chapter Twenty-Four Gas Chromatography Introduction The Chromatogram and Its Interpretation Instrumentation Factors Affecting Separation Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis Applications Questions Problems Chapter Twenty-Five Sheet Methods Introduction Paper Chromatography Thin-Layer Chromatography Experimental Techniques Applications Questions Chapter Twenty-Six Ion Exchange Introduction Properties of Ion Exchange Basis for Separations Questions Chapter Twenty-Seven Solvent Extraction Introduction Distribution Law Types of Inorganic Extraction Systems Extraction Techniques and Variables Summary Questions Chapter Twenty-Eight Introduction to Electrochemistry Introduction The Electrolytic Cell Electron Transfer Mass Transport Faraday's Laws Coulometry Questions Problems Chapter Twenty-Nine Polarography Introduction Instrumentation The Polarographic Wave Precautions in Polarography Applications of Polarography Amperometric Titrations Questions Problems Chapter Thirty Experimental Techniques Introduction Mass, Weight, and Weighing Techniques Volume (Volumetric Techniques) Common Laboratory Operations Graphs Questions Experiments 1. Calibration of a Buret: Practice with the Balance 2. The Importance of Sampling and Statistical Handling of Data 3. Gravimetric Determination of Sulfate 4. Gravimetric Determination of Chloride 5. Homogeneous Precipitation of Nickel: Determination of Nickel in a Nickel Ore 6. Determination of Acetic Acid in Vinegar 7. Determination of a KHP Unknown 8. Determination of Soda Ash (Na2CO3) 9. Determination of Total Salt 10. Determination of Ammonia by the Kjeldahl Method 11. Nonaqueous Titration of an Amine in Glacial Acetic Acid 12. Determination of Arsenic by Titration with Iodine 13. Determination of Oxalate by Titration with Potassium Permanganate 14. Iodometric Determination of Copper in Brass 15. Determination of Commercial Hydrogen Peroxide 16. Determination of Ferric Iron and Total Iron in Pharmaceutical Preparations 17. Potentiometric Titration of Iron(II) with Potassium Dichromate 18. Potentiometric Titration of Sulfanilamide 19. Potentiometric Titration of an Organic Acid; Determination of pKa and Formula Weight 20. Measurements with the Fluoride Electrode 21. Fajan's Method: Titration of Chloride with Silver 22. Determination of Magnesium and Calcium in Hard Water and Egg Shells 23. EDTA Titration of Zinc and Other Transition Metals 24. Spectrophotometric Determination of Manganese 25. Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron with 1,10-Phenanthroline 26. Spectrophotometric Determination of Lead with Dithizone 27. Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphorus in Egg Shells 28. The Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of a Permanganate and Dichromate Mixture 29. Determination of Glucose in Blood: A Study of the Variables 30. Spectrophotometric Determination of Aldehydes and Ketones 31. Determination of Sodium in Several Different Samples by Flame Photometry 32. Fluorimetric Determination of Quinine 33. Interpretation of Infrared Spectra 34. Separation of Methylene Blue and Fluorescein by Column Chromatography 35. Parameters Affecting the Separation of a Hydrocarbon Mixture 36. Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography 37. Separation of Vitamins by Thin-Layer Chromatography 38. Separation of a Minor Constituent in Presence of a Major Component 39. Electrogravimetric Determination of Copper 40. Polarographic Determination of Cadmium 41. Polarographic Determination of Riboflavin Appendix I Mathematical Operations Appendix II Solubility Product Constants Appendix III Ionization Constants of Weak Acids and Bases Appendix IV Reduction Potentials Appendix V Log Formation Constants for Metal Complexes Appendix VI Distribution Diagrams for Selected Compounds Appendix VII Four-Place Logarithms Problem Answers Index