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Analysis, Removal, Effects and Risk of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle provides an overview of the current analytical methods for trace determination of pharmaceu… Read more
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Analysis, Removal, Effects and Risk of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle provides an overview of the current analytical methods for trace determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples. The book also reviews the fate and occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle for their elimination in wastewater and drinking water treatment, focusing on the newest developments in treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation processes.
Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of new, so-called emerging contaminants that have raised great concern in recent years. Human and veterinary drugs are continuously being released into the environment mainly as a result of the manufacturing processes, the disposal of unused or expired products, and via excreta. The analytical methodology for the determination of trace pharmaceuticals in complex environmental matrices is still evolving, and the number of methods described in the literature has grown considerably. This volume leads the way, keeping chemistry students, toxicologists, engineers, wastewater managers and related professionals current with developments in this quickly evolving area.
Series Page
Contributors to Volume 62
Series Editor's Preface
Preface
Chapter 1. General Introduction on Pharmaceuticals
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Pharmaceutical Industry
3 Drug Discovery and Drug Development
4 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
5 Drug Metabolism
6 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: The Manufacturers' View
References
Chapter 2. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources and Their Management
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 What Do We Mean with the Term “Drug”? A Vernacular of Terminology
3 How Large is the Universe of Drug Entities and Why Should It Matter?
4 Understanding the Sources from Where Medications Can Become Environmental Contaminants
5 Factors That Obscure or Confound the Origin of APIs or Source Apportionment
6 Source as a Variable Influencing Exposure and Entry to the Environment
7 Key Questions Related to Source and the Life Cycle of Drugs
8 The “Matthew Effect”: A Major Potential Obstacle to a Comprehensive Understanding of Drugs as Environmental Contaminants
9 Sustainability, Stewardship, and Pollution Prevention for Minimizing the Environmental Impact of APIs
10 Final Thought: Treating the Patient and the Environment Together as One
References
Chapter 3. Prioritization: Selection of Environmentally Occurring Pharmaceuticals to Be Monitored
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 General Principles for Prioritization of Chemical Compounds
3 Pharmaceuticals: Environmental Risk Assessment
4 Summary of Some Relevant Prioritization Methods: Exposure-, Hazard-, and Risk-Based Schemes
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4. Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water, Groundwater, Surface Water, and Wastewater
Abstract
1 Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in Waters
2 Analytical Techniques
3 Target Analysis of Pharmaceuticals: Low-Level Detection and Case Studies
4 Non-target Analysis of Pharmaceuticals
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Analysis of PhACs in Solid Environmental Samples (Soil, Sediment, and Sludge)
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Transport and Fate of PhACs in Solid Matrices
3 Occurrence of PhACs in Solid Samples
4 Sample Preparation
5 Sample Cleanup and Concentration
6 Quantitative Analytic Determination
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6. Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Biota
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Sample Preparation
3 Sample Separation and Detection
4 Matrix Effects
5 Environmental Occurrence
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7. Application of Bioassays/Biosensors for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Samples
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Bioassays
3 Biochemical Assays
4 Biosensors
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8. Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plants
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Chapter Framework
3 Conventional Wastewater Treatments
4 Pharmaceutical Compounds Included in the Study
5 Occurrence in the Influent and in the Effluent
6 Occurrence in Sewage Sludge
7 PhC Removal by Conventional WWTPs
8 Properties Predicting Removal in CAS
9 Operational Factors Affecting PhC Removal
10 Mass Load Discharged by CAS Systems
11 Environmental Risk of Residual PhCs in Treated Effluent and Sludge
12 Modeling
13 CAS: Treatment of Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewaters
14 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9. Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology
Abstract
1 Innovative Technologies for Emerging Issues
2 MBRs for the Elimination of Pharmaceuticals: 10 Years of Research
3 Efficiency of MBRs to Remove Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10. Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF), and Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Abstract
1 Introduction to the Membrane Pressure Processes
2 Removal of Pharmaceuticals by UF
3 Removal of Pharmaceuticals by NF and RO
4 Influences on Pharmaceuticals Rejection by NF and RO
5 Hybrid Systems with UF, NF, and RO
References
Chapter 11. Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Environmentally Relevant Matrices by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Assessment of AOPs Performance for Pharmaceutical Removal
3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12. Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds from Wastewater and Surface Water by Natural Treatments
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Constructed Wetlands
3 Ponds
4 Buffer Strips
5 Natural and Restored Wetlands
6 Future Trends
7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Bank Filtration and Artificial Recharge and Recovery
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Factors Influencing the Behavior of Pharmaceuticals in Bank Filtration and Artificial Recharge and Recovery
3 Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals During Bank Filtration and Artificial Recharge and Recovery
4 Hybridization of Bank Filtration and Artificial Recharge and Recovery in Multibarrier Treatment
5 Research Needs
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14. Fate and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment (Surface Water and Sediment)
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Fate in the Aquatic Environment
3 Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment
4 Summary
References
Chapter 15. Fate and Occurrence of PhACs in the Terrestrial Environment
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Soils
3 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Agricultural Soils
4 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Agricultural Soils
5 Environmental Risks
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16. Methods for Elucidation of Transformation Pathways: Identification of Intermediate Products, Chiral, and Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Advances in Separation and Detection Techniques for Evaluation of the Degradability of Pharmaceutical Compounds
3 Determination of TPs in the Aquatic Environment for Evaluation of the Degradability
4 Changes in the Enantiomeric Fraction
5 Isotopic Fraction of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17. Deciphering Emerging Toxicological Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Organisms by Using Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as Model Organisms
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Deciphering Adverse Effects of Pharmaceuticals in Nonvertebrate Species
3 Analysis of the Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Vertebrate Species by Using the Zebrafish Model
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18. The Effect of PhACs on Biological Communities in Rivers: Field Studies
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Ecology and Ecotoxicology of Biological Communities in Rivers
3 Effects on Biological Communities
4 The Llobregat River Basin: A Relevant Study Case
References
Chapter 19. Antibiotic Resistance in the Aquatic Environment
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Acquisition of ARGs in Aquatic Ecosystems and Development of Antibiotic Resistance
3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20. Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data for Environmental Risk Assessment: How Can Current Practices Be Improved?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals: The EMA Rules
3 Evaluation of Test Data: The Scientific Basis of Risk Assessment
4 Standard and Nonstandard Test Protocols
5 Regulators Promote the Use of Standard Tests (and Good Laboratory Practice)
6 Available Methods to Promote a Structured Approach to Test Data Evaluation
7 Can We Improve the Process for Data Evaluation?
8 Can We Improve Reporting of Data?
9 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments and Competing Interests
References
Chapter 21. Conclusions and Future Research Needs
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Analysis
3 Wastewater Treatment
4 Occurrence Studies
5 Fate and Behavior
6 Toxicity and Effects on Freshwater Ecosystems
References
Index
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