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An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation
1st Edition - September 19, 2005
Authors: Michael I. Ojovan, William E Lee, William E. Lee
eBook ISBN:9780080455716
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 5 5 7 1 - 6
Safety and environmental impact is of uppermost concern when dealing with the movement and storage of nuclear waste. The 20 chapters in 'An Introduction to Nuclear Waste… Read more
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Safety and environmental impact is of uppermost concern when dealing with the movement and storage of nuclear waste. The 20 chapters in 'An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation' cover all important aspects of immobilisation, from nuclear decay, to regulations, to new technologies and methods. Significant focus is given to the analysis of the various matrices used in transport: cement, bitumen and glass, with the greatest attention being given to glass. The last chapter concentrates on the performance assessment of each matrix, and on new developments of ceramics and glass composite materials, thermochemical methods and in-situ metal matrix immobilisation. The book thoroughly covers all issues surrounding nuclear waste: from where to locate nuclear waste in the environment, through nuclear waste generation and sources, treatment schemes and technologies, immobilisation technologies and waste forms, disposal and long term behaviour. Particular attention is paid to internationally approved and worldwide-applied approaches and technologies.
* Each chapter focuses on a different matrix used in nuclear waste immobilisation: Cement, bitumen, glass and new materials. * Keeps the most important issues surrounding nuclear waste – such as treatment schemes and technologies, and disposal - at the forefront.
1. Introduction to immobilisation
1.1 Introduction 1.2 The importance of waste 1.3 Radioactive waste 1.4 Recycling 1.5 Waste minimisation 1.6 Immobilisation 1.7 Time frames 1.8 Bibliography
3.1. Elemental abundance 3.2. Migration and redistribution 3.3. Hazard potential 3.4. Relative hazard 3.5. Real hazard concept 3.6. Form factors that diminish hazard 3.7. Bibliography
4. Heavy metals
4.1. Metallic contaminants 4.2. Biogeochemical cycle 4.3. Heavy metals 4.4. Heavy metals in living species 4.5. Lead 4.6. Mercury 4.7. Cadmium 4.8. Arsenic 4.9. Bibliography
5. Naturally occurring radionuclides
5.1. NORM and TENORM 5.2. Primordial radionuclides 5.3. Cosmogenic radionuclides 5.4. Natural radionuclides in igneous rocks 5.5. Natural radionuclides in sedimentary rocks and soils 5.6. Natural radionuclides in sea water 5.7. Radon emissions 5.8. Natural radionuclides in the human body 5.9. Bibliography
6. Background radiation
6.1. Radiation is natural 6.2. Dose units 6.3. Biological consequences of irradiation 6.4. Background radiation 6.5. Bibliography
7. Nuclear waste regulations
7.1. Regulatory organisations 7.2. Protection philosophies 7.3. Regulation of radioactive materials and sources 7.4. Exemption criteria and levels 7.5. Clearance of materials from regulatory control 7.6. Double standards 7.7. Dose limits 7.8. Control of radiation hazards 7.9. Bibliography
8. Principles of nuclear waste management
8.1. International consensus 8.2. Objective of radioactive waste management 8.3. Fundamental principles 8.4. Comments on the fundamental principles 8.5. Ethical principles 8.6. Joint convention 8.7. Bibliography
9. Sources and characteristics of nuclear waste
9.1. Key waste characteristics 9.2. Classification schemes 9.3. Examples of waste classification 9.4. Sources of waste 9.5. Front end and operational NFC waste 9.6. Back end Open NFC waste 9.7. Back end Closed NFC waste 9.8. Back end NFC decommissioning waste 9.9. Non-NFC wastes 9.10. Accidental wastes 9.11. Bibliography
16. Immobilisation of radioactive wastes in bitumen
16.1. Bituminisation 16.2. Composition and properties of bitumen 16.3. Bituminous materials for waste immobilisation 16.4. Bituminisation technique 16.5. Acceptance criteria 16.6. Bitumen versus cement 16.7. Bibliography
17. Immobilisation of radioactive wastes in glass
17.1. Vitrification 17.2. Immobilisation mechanisms 17.3. Retention of radionuclides 17.4. Nuclear waste glasses 17.5. Nuclear waste glass compositions 17.6. Borosilicate glasses 17.7. Role of boron oxide 17.8. Role of intermediates and modifiers 17.9. Difficult elements 17.10. Phosphate glasses 17.11. Glass composites 17.12. Vitrification processes 17.13. Cold crucible melters 17.14. Vitrification technology 17.15. Calcination 17.16. Radionuclide volatility 17.18. Acceptance criteria 17.19. Bibliography
18. New immobilising hosts and technologies
18.1. New approaches 18.2. Crystalline wasteforms 18.3. Polyphase crystalline wasteforms: Synroc 18.4. Polyphase crystalline waste forms: composites 18.5. New technological approaches 18.6. Metal matrix immobilisation 18.7. Bibliography
19. Nuclear waste disposal
19.1. Disposal/Storage concepts 19.2. Retention times 19.3. Multibarrier concept 19.4. Disposal/Storage options 19.5. Role of the EBS 19.6. Importance of geology 19.7. Transport of radionuclides 19.8. Disposal/Storage experience 19.9. Acceptance criteria 19.10. Bibliography
Michael I. Ojovan has been Nuclear Engineer of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), visiting Professor of Imperial College London, Associate Reader in Materials Science and Waste Immobilisation of the University of Sheffield, UK, and Leading Scientist of Radiochemistry Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University. M. Ojovan is Editorial Board Member of scientific journals: “Materials Degradation” (Nature Partner Journal), “International Journal of Corrosion”, “Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations”, “Journal of Nuclear Materials”, and Associate Editor of journal “Innovations in Corrosion and Materials Science”. He has published 12 monographs including the “Handbook of Advanced Radioactive Waste Conditioning Technologies” by Woodhead and three editions of “An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation” by Elsevier – 2005, 2013 and 2019. He has founded and led the IAEA International Predisposal Network (IPN) and the IAEA International Project on Irradiated Graphite Processing (GRAPA). M. Ojovan is known for the connectivity-percolation theory of glass transition, Sheffield model (two-exponential equation) of viscosity of glasses and melts, condensed Rydberg matter, metallic and glass-composite materials for nuclear waste immobilisation, and self-sinking capsules to investigate Earth’ deep interior.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
WL
William E Lee
Professor William E. Lee FREng is Deputy Chair of the Government advisory Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM), and Director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering at Imperial College London, UK.
Affiliations and expertise
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, University of Sheffield, UK.
WL
William E. Lee
Professor Lee has been Co-Director of the Institute of Security Science and Technology (ISST), Chair in Ceramic Science and Engineering, and President of the American Ceramic Society. Previous positions at Imperial include Director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Director of the Centre for Doctoral Training in Nuclear Energy (with Cambridge and The Open Universities), and Director of the Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics. He is a member of the Government advisory committee The Nuclear Innovation and Research Advisory Board (NIRAB), the Leverhulme Trust Panel of Advisors, the Royal Academy of Engineering International Activities Committee, and the Scientific and Environmental Advisory Board Tokamak Energy Ltd. He was from Jan 2006 to Sept 2010 Head of the Department of Materials. Bill was Deputy Chair of the Government advisory Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) from 2007-2013, has acted as special advisor nuclear to the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (2013) and is an IAEA Technical Expert.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Materials, Imperial College London, UK