Amplitude Distribution Spectrometers V3

PrefaceChapter 1. Preliminaries 1.1. Electrical Impulses 1.2. Pulse-Height Distribution 1.3. Pulse-Height Spectrometers 1.4. Pulse-Height Spectra 1.5. Pulse-Height Transducers 1.5.1. Photoelectric Transducers 1.5.2. Spectrometric Ionization Detectors 1.5.3. Semiconductor Detectors 1.5.4. Comparison of the Properties of Spectrometric Ionizing-Radiation Transducers 1.6. The Fundamental Parameters of Single- and Multichannel Spectrometers 1.6.1. Resolution 1.6.2. Spectrometer Linearity, 1.6.3. The Maximum Pulse Rate 1.6.4. Spectrometer Stability 1.7. The Growth of Measurement Requirements. Trends in the Development of Pulse-Height SpectrometersReferencesChapter 2. Types of Measured Distributions Analyzed, Typical Displays, and Data Processing 2.1. Conventional Pulse-Height Analysis 2.1.1. Data Acquisition and Analysis 2.1.2. Internal Processing of Results 2.2. Multiscaling 2.3. Multispectral Scaling 2.4. Time Histograms 2.5. Multichannel Averaging 2.6. Correlation Analysis 2.7. Probability Analysis 2.8. Analysis of Gaussian Distributions 2.9. Fourier-Transform AnalysisReferencesChapter 3. The Operation and Construction of Pulse-Height Spectrometers 3.1. Units for Preliminary Signal Processing 3.1.1. Requirements and Basic Units 3.1.2. Pulse Signal Shaping 3.1.3. Baseline Restoration 3.1.4. Pile-up Rejection. Pole Zero Cancellation 3.1.5. Pulse Stretching 3.1.6. An Example of Associated Pulse Processing 3.2. Systems for the Preliminary Time Processing of Signals 3.2.1. Causes of Distortion of Time Information 3.2.2. Types of Time Discriminators 3.3. The Parameters and Construction of Linear Pulse Amplifiers 3.3.1. The Basic Block Diagram. The Amplifier Parameters 3.3.2. Pulse Amplifiers 3.4. Single-Channel Spectrometers 3.4.1. Basic Circuits 3.4.2. Elements of Single-Channel Spectrometers 3.4.3. Parameters of Single-Channel Spectrometers 3.4.4. Designs of Single-Channel Spectrometers 3.5. Multichannel Spectrometers 3.5.1. Methods of Pulse-Height Segregation and Conversion in Multichannel Analyzers 3.5.2. Methods of Multichannel Time Analysis 3.5.3. Memory Circuits 3.5.4. Hardwired Multichannel Spectrometers 3.5.5. Multichannel Spectrometers with MinicomputersReferencesChapter 4. Determination of Pulse-Height Distributions with Single-Channel Spectrometers 4.1. Spectrogram Recording Methods 4.2. Interpretation of Results 4.2.1. The Influence of Finite Channel Width 4.2.2. Spectrogram Distortions Associated with the Integrating Time Constantand the Channel Shift Rate 4.2.3. Distortions Associated with the Integrator Charging Time Constant 4.2.4. Choice of Optimal Spectrometer Parameters 4.2.5. Distinguishability of Neighbouring Peaks 4.2.6. Spectrogram ProcessingReferencesChapter 5. Determination of Pulse-Height Distributions with Multichannel Spectrometers 5.1. Accuracy of Representation on CRT Display 5.2. Simple Graphical-Computational Methods 5.3. Methods of Spectrum Averaging 5.4. The Boekelheide Method 5.4.1. The Fundamentals 5.4.2. Estimation of the Errors of the Boekelheide Method 5.4.3. Practical Examples 5.4.4. Experimental Verification of Results 5.5. The Stripping Method 5.6. The Mundschenk Method 5.6.1. The Technique of Spectrum Decomposition 5.6.2. Standardization of Spectrum Structure 5.6.3. Peak-Area Standardization 5.6.4. Calculation of the Intensities of Complex PeaksReferencesChapter 6. Determination of Pulse-Height Distributions by Computer Methods 6.1. Range of Applications and Capabilities of Computer Methods 6.2. Fundamentals of Computer Methods of Spectral Analysis 6.2.1. Data Smoothing 6.2.2. Peak Locating Procedures 6.2.3. Determination of Peak Shapes 6.2.4. Calculation of Peak Areas 6.3. The Example of the SAMPO Computer ProgramReferencesChapter 7. Multiparameter Spectrometers 7.1. Methods of Recording Multiparameter Spectrograms 7.1.1. The Conventional Two-Parameter Method 7.1.2. Associative Multiparameter Methods 7.1.3. The Tape or Disk Recording Method 7.2. Display of Multiparameter Spectra 7.3. Hardwired Multiparameter Spectrometer Systems 7.4. Multiparameter Spectrometer Systems with ComputersReferencesChapter 8. Applications of Pulse-Height Spectrometers 8.1. Applications in Nuclear Engineering 8.2. Applications in Medicine and Biology 8.3. Applications in Astronomy and Space Research 8.4. Physico-chemical Applications 8.4.1. Activation Analysis 8.4.2. Fluorescence Analysis 8.4.3. Mössbauer Spectroscopy 8.4.4. Spectrofluorimetric MeasurementsReferencesAppendixAbbreviations usedSubject Index