Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance

Towards Zero Carbon Transportation

2nd Edition - July 27, 2022

Editors: Richard Folkson, Steve Sapsford

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 9 7 9 - 2

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 0 2 8 - 7

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance: Towards Zero Carbon Transportation, Second Edition provides a comprehensive view of key… Read more

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Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance: Towards Zero Carbon Transportation, Second Edition provides a comprehensive view of key developments in advanced fuels and vehicle technologies to improve the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the automotive sector. Sections consider the role of alternative fuels such as electricity, alcohol and hydrogen fuel cells, as well as advanced additives and oils in environmentally sustainable transport. Other topics explored include methods of revising engine and vehicle design to improve environmental performance and fuel economy and developments in electric and hybrid vehicle technologies.

This reference will provide professionals, engineers and researchers of alternative fuels with an understanding of the latest clean technologies which will help them to advance the field. Those working in environmental and mechanical engineering will benefit from the detailed analysis of the technologies covered, as will fuel suppliers and energy producers seeking to improve the efficiency, sustainability and accessibility of their work.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the authors
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
1. Introduction
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Technology roadmaps to deliver low carbon targets
1.3 Vehicle technology contributions to low carbon targets
1.4 Powertrain technology contributions to low-carbon targets
1.5 Regulatory requirements and consumer trends
1.6 Traffic management factors
1.7 Global manufacturing and consumer trends
1.8 Commercial vehicles and buses
1.9 Electrification of transport technology
1.10 Current and future trends
1.11 Affordability and consumer appeal
1.12 Long-term vision: solar energy/hydrogen economy
1.13 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Further reading
Part I: Alternative Fuels, advanced additives and oils to improve environmental performance
2. The role of alternative and renewable liquid fuels in environmentally sustainable transport
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Market penetration of biodiesel
2.3 Market penetration of alcohol fuels
2.4 Future provision of alternative liquid fuels: the biomass limit
2.5 Beyond the biomass limit: sustainable organic fuels for transport
2.6 Renewable fuels within an integrated renewable energy system
2.7 Conclusions
2.8 Update for 2021
Acknowledgments
References
3. Using alternative and renewable liquid fuels to improve the environmental performance of internal combustion engines: key challenges and blending technologies
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines: fatty acid methyl esters and hydrogenated vegetable oil
3.3 Alcohol fuels: physicochemical properties
3.4 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: effects on performance and efficiency
3.5 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: pollutant emissions, deposits and lubricant dilution
3.6 Alcohol fuels for compression-ignition engines
3.7 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: flexible-fuel vehicles
3.8 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: ethanol–gasoline and methanol–gasoline bi-fuel vehicles
3.9 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: tri-flex-fuel vehicles and isostoichiometric ternary blends
3.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Further reading
4. Alternative and renewable gaseous fuels to improve vehicle environmental performance
Abstract
4.1 Update to the 2021 edition
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Fossil natural gas
4.4 Fossil natural gas production, transmission and distribution
4.5 Natural gas engines and vehicles
4.6 Biomethane/biogas
4.7 Biogas production, distribution and storage
4.8 Liquefied petroleum gas
4.9 LPG production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles
4.10 Hydrogen
4.11 Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles
4.12 Ammonia
4.13 Lifecycle analysis of alternative gaseous fuels
4.14 Future trends
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
5. Electricity as an energy vector for transportation vehicles
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Generation
5.3 Transmission and distribution
5.4 Storage
5.5 The nature of electrical energy
5.6 Onboard energy storage (battery)
5.7 Onboard energy storage (hydrogen)
5.8 Concluding remarks
Further reading
6. Hydrogen as an energy vector for transportation vehicles
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of hydrogen production
6.3 Overview of electricity production
6.4 Hydrogen storage and transportation
6.5 Conclusions
References
7. Advanced engine oils
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The role of the lubricant in a modern internal combustion engine
7.3 The composition of a typical modern engine lubricant
7.4 Diesel engine lubrication challenges
7.5 Gasoline engine lubrication challenges
7.6 Industry and original equipment manufacturer specifications for engine oils
7.7 Lubricating modern engines in developing markets
7.8 Future engine oil evolution
7.9 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
8. Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Additive types and their impact on conventional and advanced fuels
8.3 Impacts of additives on combustion characteristics
8.4 Diesel performance and deposit control additives
8.5 Gasoline performance and deposit control additives
8.6 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
References
Part II: Improving engine and vehicle design
9. Internal combustion engine cycles and concepts
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ideal engine operation cycles
9.3 Alternative engine operating cycles
9.4 Comparison of engine cycle performance
9.5 Advantages and limitations of internal combustion engines
9.6 Conclusion and future trends
9.7 Sources of further information and advice
References
10. Heavy-duty vehicles and powertrains: technologies and systems that enable ‘zero’ air quality and greenhouse gas emissions with enhanced levels of efficiency
Abstract
10.1 The heavy-duty sector: definitions and characteristics
10.2 The environmental challenges: air quality, greenhouse gases and energy efficiency
10.3 Fuels and energy carriers
10.4 Energy converters
10.5 Net-zero emission–capable systems
10.6 Internal combustion engines
10.7 Summary
References
11. Heavy-duty vehicles and powertrains: future internal combustion engine systems and technologies
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
Acknowledgements
References
12. Conventional and advanced internal combustion engine materials
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Conventional IC engine materials
12.3 Advanced IC engine materials
12.4 Additive manufacturing technology for production of IC engine parts
References
13. Advanced transmission systems for new propulsion technologies
Abstract
13.1 Historical review of transmissions
13.2 Partial electrification, hybrids and dedicated hybrid transmissions
13.3 Why the future of conventional transmissions is now time limited for new vehicle products
13.4 Future market segmentation and appropriate solutions
13.5 Conclusions
References
14. Sustainable design and manufacture of lightweight vehicle structures
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The value of mass reduction
14.3 General challenges and opportunities
14.4 Possible architectures of the next-generation vehicle
14.5 Specific lightweighting technologies
14.6 Future trends
Acknowledgements
References
15. Improving vehicle rolling resistance and aerodynamics
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of vehicle aerodynamics
15.3 Rolling resistance in vehicles
15.4 Advanced vehicle design for drag reduction
15.5 Advanced tyre design and materials
15.6 Conclusions and future trends
References
16. New and emerging applications for flywheel energy storage in transport
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Flywheels with electrical transmission
16.3 Flywheels for ultracharging of battery electric vehicles
16.4 Flywheels for fuel cell electric vehicles
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid powertrains for improved fuel economy in vehicles
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hydraulic hybrid principle of operation and system architectures
17.3 Hydraulic component design and modelling
17.4 Integrated hydraulic hybrid vehicle simulation
17.5 Design and control of hydraulic hybrid powertrains
17.6 Examples of practical applications
17.7 Pneumatic hybrids
References
18. Integration and performance of regenerative braking and energy recovery technologies in vehicles
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types and properties of regenerative braking and energy recovery
18.3 Hybrid and electric vehicles with energy recovery: design and performance issues
18.4 Design integration and operational optimisation
18.5 Advantages and limitations of regenerative braking
18.6 Conclusions and future trends
References
Part III: Electric/hybrid vehicle technologies
19. Battery technology requirements for CO2 reduction
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Vehicle drive cycles and CO2 reduction opportunities
19.3 Battery functionality and chemistries for vehicle applications
References
20. Lithium-ion cells, batteries, and other emerging storage technologies
Abstract
20.1 Lithium-ion cells
20.2 High-voltage battery pack design
20.3 Battery management systems
20.4 Future trends
20.5 Conclusions
20.6 Sources of further information and advice
References
21. Conventional fuel/hybrid electric vehicles
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Basic components of a hybrid electric vehicle system
21.3 Architectures of hybrid electric drivetrains
21.4 Series hybrid electric drivetrains (electrical coupling)
21.5 Parallel hybrid electric drivetrains (mechanical coupling)
21.6 Series-parallel hybrid electric drivetrains (electric and mechanical coupling) and plug-in hybrids
21.7 Control and performance
21.8 Future trends
References
22. Full electric vehicles
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Electric vehicle drivetrain layouts
22.3 Modern traction motors
22.4 Modern inverters
22.5 Battery pack technology trends
22.6 EV manufacturing and embedded carbon
22.7 Summary
References
23. Fuel-cell (hydrogen) electric hybrid vehicles
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Energy devices for the transport sector
23.3 Fuel cell electric vehicles
23.4 Technical barriers and future development
23.5 Conclusions
References
24. How autonomous vehicles can contribute to emission reductions, fuel economy improvements and safety?
Abstract
24.1 Overview of CAV, CAM and MaaS
24.2 A system of systems approach
24.3 The need for digital verification and validation
24.4 Considerations for optimum implementation of regulations
24.5 The needs of the user
24.6 Conclusion
References
Index