1. Introduction
1.1 Definition of Aliphatic alkylation
1.2 History of Aliphatic alkylation
1.3 Role of Aliphatic alkylation unit in the refinery
1.4 Other alkylation processes
This chapter mainly gives the detailed description about the definition and the history of alkylation. In addition, the role of Aliphatic alkylation unit in the refinery will be further emphasized. The aim of this chapter is to make the reader understand the fundamental concepts of the alkylation.
2. Alkylation catalysts and general operation parameters
2.1 Sulfuric acid
2.1.1 Feed
2.1.2 Temperature
2.1.3 Reaction time
2.2 HF 2.2.1 Feed
2.2.2 Temperature
2.2.3 Reaction time
2.3 Chloroaluminate ionic liquids
2.3.1 Feed2.3.2 Temperature
2.3.3 Reaction time
2.4 Zeolites
2.4.1 Feed
2.4.2 Temperature
2.4.3 Reaction time
This chapter describes the catalysts for the alkylation, including the sulfuric acid, HF, ionic liquids, and solid acid. The research progress of these catalysts for the alkylation will be listed, respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts will be summarized. Furthermore, the trend of development of these catalysts in the industrial application will be introduced, providing the reference for the industrial alkylation process. In addition, for different catalysts, the effect of the operating parameters on the Aliphatic alkylation.
3. Reaction Thermodynamics
This chapter solves the thermodynamics analysis of the complex alkylation reactions, giving the detailed thermodynamics path and the thermodynamics computation for the reactions.
4. Transport behaviors
4.1 Mass transport
4.2 Heat transport The transport processes will be introduced for the alkylation.
5. Reaction mechanism This chapter will give the general reaction mechanism for the alkylation.
6. Reaction kinetics
6.1 Kinetics using sulfuric acid as catalyst
6.2 Kinetics using ionic liquid as catalyst
6.3 Kinetics using sulfuric acid and additives as catalyst This chapter provides the reaction mechanism and kinetics model. The kinetics parameters for sulfuric acid, ionic liquids, waste acid with and without additives will be outlined.
7. Reactors, Catalysts deactivation and regeneration
7.1 Industrial reactors7.2 Deactivation mechanism
7.2.1 Sulfuric acid
7.2.2 HF
7.2.3 Ionic liquid
7.2.4 Solid acids
7.3 Regeneration strategies This chapter will describe the study on reactor. Based on the reactors, the deactivation of various catalysts will be introduced, figuring out the key deactivation mechanism of various catalysts and the corresponding regeneration strategy.
8. Process intensification
8.1 Process optimization
8.2 Interfacial behaviors
8.3 Intensification mechanism of interfacial behaviors
8.4 Design of interfacial intensification additives
This chapter mainly describes the process optimization. The role of the interfacial behaviors on the alkylation will be introduced. The investigated method for the interfacial properties of alkylation will be given. The detailed interfacial behaviors of alkylation, including interfacial structure, interface compositions, interfacial tension, and interfacial diffusion, will be discussed. At the same time, the improvement of interfacial properties will be given, including stirring and additives.
9. Industrial alkylation process and safety
9.1 Industrial alkylation process
9.2 Industrial alkylation safety
9.3 Industrial operation challenges
This chapter will introduce the current industrial alkylation process based on sulfuric acid, HF, ionic liquids, and solid acid. The capacity and operation process of the alkylation will be listed.
10. Acknowledgements
11. References