Air Pollution Calculations

Quantifying Pollutant Formation, Transport, Transformation, Fate and Risks

2nd Edition - September 17, 2023
Author: Daniel A. Vallero
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 9 8 7 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 9 8 8 - 8

Air Pollution Calculations: Quantifying Pollutant Formation, Transport, Transformation, Fate and Risks, Second Edition enhances the systems science aspects of air pollution… Read more

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Air Pollution Calculations: Quantifying Pollutant Formation, Transport, Transformation, Fate and Risks, Second Edition enhances the systems science aspects of air pollution, including transformation reactions in soil, water, sediment and biota that contribute to air pollution. This second edition will be an update based on research and actions taken since 2019 that affect air pollution calculations, including new control technologies, emissions measurement, and air quality modeling. Recent court cases, regulatory decisions, and advances in technology are discussed and, where necessary, calculations have been revised to reflect these updates. Sections discuss pollutant characterization, pollutant transformation, and environmental partitioning.

Air partitioning, physical transport of air pollutants, air pollution biogeochemistry, and thermal reactions are also thoroughly explored. The author then carefully examines air pollution risk calculations, control technologies and dispersion models. The text wraps with discussions of economics and project management, reliability and failure, and air pollution decision-making.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Inside Front Cover
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
1.1 What is air pollution?
1.2 A bit of history
1.3 The science of air pollution
1.4 The atmosphere
1.5 Recent trends
1.6 Spatial scale
1.7 Stressor–receptor paradigm
1.8 Calculation basics
1.9 Systems thinking and sustainability
1.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2. Characterizing air pollutants
Abstract
2.1 The periodic table
2.2 Empirical calculations
2.3 Health characterization
2.4 Formation reactions
2.5 Reaction types
2.6 Pollutant formation processes: introduction to chemodynamics
2.7 Nonchemical concentrations
References
Chapter 3. Pollutant transformations
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The compound
3.3 Air pollution kinetics
3.4 Energy in atmospheric transformations
3.5 Atmospheric kinetics calculations
3.6 Transformation thermodynamics
References
Chapter 4. Environmental partitioning
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Equilibrium
4.3 What is the Ksp for cadmium fluoride?
4.4 Partitioning and transport
4.5 Integrating inherent properties and substrate characteristics
4.6 Movement from liquid to solid phase
4.7 The octanol–water coefficient
4.8 Partitioning between air and tissue
4.9 Environmental persistence
4.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Air partitioning
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Henry’s law revisited
5.3 Movement into the atmosphere
5.4 Interfaces
5.5 Partitioning between air and tissue
5.6 Monod equation
5.7 Phytopartitioning
5.8 Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 6. Physical transport of air pollutants
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Partitioning meets the laws of motion
6.3 Diffusion and biological processes
6.4 Partitioning, transport, and kinetics
References
Chapter 7. Water and the atmosphere
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The water molecule as an agent of change
7.3 The hydrosphere
7.4 Ionization, acidity, and alkalinity
7.5 Pollutant deposition from the hydrosphere
7.6 Intercompartmental exchange to and from the hydrosphere
7.7 Water, oxygen, and energy relationships
7.8 Reactions with water
References
Further reading
Chapter 8. Air pollution biogeochemistry
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spheres and cycles
8.3 Carbon equilibrium and cycling
8.4 Nutrient cycling
8.5 Metal and metalloid cycles
8.6 Biogeochemical cycles and decision-making
References
Chapter 9. Thermal reactions
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Air and combustion
9.3 Volatility of combustion products
9.4 Flue gas
9.5 Thermal pollutant destruction
9.6 Activation energy
9.7 Nitrogen and sulfur
9.8 Metals in thermal reactions
References
Chapter 10. Air pollution phases and flows
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gas-phase pollutants
10.3 Air pollution fluid dynamics
10.4 Aerosols
10.5 Concentration
References
Chapter 11. Sampling and analysis
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Quality assurance
11.3 Data quality objectives
11.4 Sampling air pollutant emissions and releases
11.5 Ambient air pollution monitoring
11.6 Ambient air pollutant sampling
11.7 Gas- and vapor-phase measurement methods
11.8 Methods for specific pollutants
11.9 Particulate matter
11.10 Measuring gas and particulate phases together
11.11 Laboratory analysis
References
Further reading
Chapter 12. Air pollution risk calculations
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Accountability based on risk reduction and sustainability
12.3 Defining risk
12.4 Dose–response curves
12.5 Uncertainty and factors of safety
12.6 Exposure estimation
12.7 Direct cancer risk calculations
12.8 Risk-based treatment targets
12.9 Causality
References
Chapter 13. Air pollution control technologies
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Particulate matter controls
13.3 Forces
13.4 Particle morphology
13.5 Mechanisms of particulate removal
13.6 Aerosol removal technologies
13.7 Removal of liquid droplets and mists
13.8 Gas-phase pollutant controls
13.9 Air pollutant treatment technologies
13.10 Removal of odors
References
Further reading
Chapter 14. Air pollution dispersion models
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Meteorological data and graphics
14.3 Gaussian models
14.4 Stability
14.5 Eulerian models
14.6 Model levels
14.7 Model uncertainty
14.8 Links to exposure and dose models
14.9 Recent advances
References
Chapter 15. Economics and project management
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Emission strategies
15.3 Engineering economics
15.4 Comparing alternatives
15.5 Replacement cost analysis
15.6 Life cycle comparisons
References
Chapter 16. Reliability and failure
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Failure classification
16.3 Margins of safety
16.4 Success
16.5 Systems engineering
References
Chapter 17. Air pollution decision-making
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Data-based decision-making
17.3 Ethics
17.4 Ethical analysis of decisions and actions
17.5 Linking causes and outcomes
17.6 Analysis of complex air pollution problems
References
Appendix A. Key equations
A.1 Atmospheric chemistry
A.2 Atmospheric physics
A.3 Partitioning
A.4 Meteorology
A.5 Biogeochemistry
A.6 Air pollution engineering
A.7 Geometry
A.8 Statistics
A.9 Air pollution risk
A.10 Dispersion modeling
A.11 Reliability engineering
A.12 Air pollution economics
Appendix B. Abbreviations and symbols
Index

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Daniel A. Vallero