Air Pollution and Its Effects

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents of Other Volumes

Part I. Air Pollution

1. Classification and Extent of Air Pollution Problems

I. Natural History of the Air Pollution Problem

II. Historical Perspective

III. Primary Concepts of Air Pollution

IV. Types of Effects Associated With Air Pollution

V. Air Pollution as a Problem of the Future

2. Gaseous Pollutants in the Air

I. Introduction

II. Carbon-Containing Gases

III. Sulfur-Containing Gases

IV. Nitrogen-Containing Gases

V. Ozone and Oxidants

VI. Fluorine and Hydrogen Fluoride

References

3. Nonviable Particles in the Air

Nomenclature

I. Introduction

II. Particle Parameters

III. Particle Dynamics in the Atmosphere

IV. Physical and Chemical Properties of Particles in the Air

V. Concluding Remarks

References

4. Viable Particles in the Air

I. Viable Particles in the Air

II. Factors Influencing the Quantity and Kinds of Viable Particles in the Air

III. Effects on Man, Animals, and Plants

IV. Methods of Control of Viable Particles in the Air

References

5. Sources of Radioactive Pollution

I. Natural Radioactivity

II. Properties of Fission and Activation Products

III. Nuclear Reactors

IV. Reprocessing of Spent Fuel

V. Nuclear Weapons

VI. Aerospace Applications of Nuclear Energy

References

6. Atmospheric Reactions and Scavenging Processes

I. Principles of Atmospheric Reactions

II. Atmospheric Reactions in Air Pollution

III. Atmospheric Scavenging Processes

References

Part II. Air Pollution Meteorology

7. Meteorology and Air Pollution

I. Introduction

II. Vertical Temperature Structure

III. Wind Structure

IV. Topographic Effects

V. Large-Scale Wind and Temperature

VI. Application to Air Pollution Problems

VII. Nonturbulent Dispersal

VIII. Mathematical Models of Urban Air Pollution

References

8. Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Effluents

Nomenclature

I. Introduction

II. Characteristics of Stack Plumes

III. Analytical Methods for Prediction of Plume Characteristics

IV. Experimental Methods for the Prediction of Plume Characteristics

References

9. Air Pollution Climatology

I. Introduction

II. Weather Elements

III. Air Quality

References

10. Meteorological Management of Air Pollution

Nomenclature

I. Introduction

II. The Usefulness of Mathematical Models in Air Pollution Management

III. The Meteorological Factor in Source Configurations

IV. The Meteorological Factor in Source Control

V. Signs and Portents—The Meteorologist in Air Pollution Management Today and Tomorrow

References

Part III. Effects of Air Pollution

11. Effect on the Physical Properties of the Atmosphere

I. Introduction

II. Effects of Air Pollution on Visibility

III. Mathematical Concepts of Visibility

IV. Air Pollution Effects on Urban Atmospheric and Weather Conditions

V. Effect of Air Pollution on Atmospheric Constituents

References

12. Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetation

I. Introduction

II. Symptoms of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation

III. Factors Affecting Response of Vegetation to Air Pollutants

IV. The Use of Plants for Pollutant Identification and Field Monitoring

V. Economic Evaluation of Response

VI. Reduction of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation

References

13. Biologic Effects of Air Pollutants

I. Introduction

II. Inorganic Gases

III. Organic Vapors

IV. Particulates

V. Mixtures

VI. Carcinogenic Materials

VII. Real and Synthetic Atmospheres

VIII. Air Pollution Effects on Livestock

IX. Conclusions

References

14. Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health

I. Introduction

II. Acute Air Pollution Episodes

III. Experimental Exposures of Animals and Man

IV. Dilemmas

V. Air Pollution as a Causal Factor in Chronic Pulmonary Disease

VI. Effects of Air Pollution on Children

VII. Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Transport of Oxygen by the Blood

VIII. Health Effects of Exposure to Atmospheric Lead

IX. Sensory Irritation

X. Prevention and Treatment of Air Pollution Effects

References

15. Effects of Air Pollution on Materials and the Economy

I. Introduction

II. Mechanisms of Deterioration in Polluted Atmospheres

III. Factors That Influence Atmospheric Deterioration

IV. Methods of Measuring Atmospheric Deterioration

V. Materials Damage

VI. Economic Estimates

References

Author Index

Subject Index