Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles

Contents


1 Introduction to Automobile Aerodynamics


1.1 Scope


1.2 Historical Development


1.3 Development Trends


1.4 Notation


2 Some Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics


2.1 Properties of Incompressible Fluids


2.2 Flow Phenomena Related to Vehicles


2.3 External Flow Problems


2.4 Internal Flow Problems


2.5 Relationships Between External and Internal Flow On Vehicles


2.6 Notation


3 Performance of Cars and Light Vans


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Resistance to Vehicle Motion


3.3 Performance


3.4 The Estimation of Fuel Consumption


3.5 Fuel Consumption and Performance


3.6 Outlook


3.7 Notation


4 Aerodynamic Drag of Passenger Cars


4.1 The Passenger Car As A Bluff Body


4.2 Flow Field Around A Passenger Car


4.3 Analysis of Aerodynamic Drag


4.4 Strategies For Aerodynamic Development of Passenger Cars


4.5 Drag of Passenger Cars in Production


4.6 Research in The Field of Vehicle Aerodynamics


4.7 Notation


5 Driving Stability In Side Winds


5.1 Introduction


5.2 The Origin of The Forces and Moments On A Vehicle


5.3 Real Side-Wind Problems


5.4 Vehicle Dynamics Under Side Wind


5.5 The Effect of Aerodynamic Forces On Lateral Deviation


5.6 Safety Limit


5.7 Outlook


5.8 Notation


6 Operation, Safety and Comfort


6.1 Definition of Themes


6.2 The Field of Flow Around A Vehicle


6.3 Forces Acting Upon Bodywork Components


6.4 Dirt Accumulation On the Vehicle


6.5 Wind Noise


6.6 Air Flow Around Individual Components


6.7 Future Prospects


6.8 Notation


7 High-Performance Vehicles


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Some Historical Milestones


7.3 The Influence of Aerodynamics On High-Performance Vehicles


7.4 Design Alternatives


7.5 Special Problems


7.6 Trends In Future High-Performance Vehicle Development


7.7 Notation


8 Commercial Vehicles


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Tractive Resistance and Fuel Consumption


8.3 Drag Reduction and Fuel Consumption


8.4 Aerodynamic Drag Coefficients of Different Commercial Vehicles


8.5 Reducing Aerodynamic Drag


8.6 Taking Advantage of Aerodynamic Effects


8.7 Vehicle Soiling


8.8 Notation


9 Engine Cooling System


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Cooling System Requirements


9.3 Elements of The Cooling System


9.4 Designing The Cooling System


9.5 Experimental Testing of The Cooling System


9.6 Evaluating The Cooling System


9.7 Notation


10 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning of Motor Vehicles


10.1 Climate


10.2 Physical Aspects of Climate


10.3 How Climate Can Be Influenced


10.4 Components of A Heating and Ventilation System


10.5 Example of A Production Heating System


10.6 Summary


10.7 Notation


11 Wind Tunnels For Automobile Aerodynamics


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Principles of Wind Tunnel Technology


11.3 Limitations of Simulation


11.4 Tests With Scale Models


11.5 Existing Automobile Wind Tunnels


11.6 Comparative Measurements Between European and North American Automobile Wind Tunnels


11.7 Final Comments and Prospects


11.8 Notation


12 Measurement and Test Techniques


12.1 Objectives


12.2 Measuring Equipment and Transducers


12.3 Wind Tunnel Testing Methods


12.4 Road Testing Methods


12.5 Notation


13 Numerical Methods For Computation of Flow Around Road Vehicles


13.1 Introduction


13.2 Nature of Flow Around Road Vehicles


13.3 Some Difficulties of Numerical Simulation of The Road Vehicle Flow Field


13.4 Relative Magnitude of the Forces In A Flow Field


13.5 Criteria For Consideration of Viscous and Compressibility Effects In A Flow Field


13.6 Two Approximations For the Fluid Air


13.7 Inviscid Flow Methods


13.8 Coupled Inviscid Flow - Boundary Layer Methods


13.9 Methods Based On Solution of Navier-Stokes Equations


13.10 Concluding Remarks


13.11 Notation

References

Subject Index

Author Index