Aerodynamics for Engineering Students

8th Edition - November 22, 2024
Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
Authors: Steven H. Collicott, Daniel T. Valentine, E. L. Houghton, P. W. Carpenter
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 5 4 4 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 8 1 5 - 8

Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, Eight Edition provides concise explanations of basic concepts combined with an excellent introduction to aerodynamic theory. This updated e… Read more

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Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, Eight Edition provides concise explanations of basic concepts combined with an excellent introduction to aerodynamic theory. This updated edition has been revised with improved pedagogy and reorganized content to facilitate student learning. The book includes new examples in many chapters, expanded use of the "aerodynamics around us" boxes to help put the content into proper context for students, and more coverage and use of computational methods like MATLAB.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Basic concepts and definitions
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Basic concepts
1.2. Units and dimensions
1.2.1. Fundamental dimensions and units
1.2.2. Fractions and multiples
1.2.3. Units of other physical quantities
1.2.4. Imperial units
1.3. Relevant properties
1.3.1. Forms of matter
1.3.2. Fluids
1.3.3. Pressure
1.3.4. Temperature
1.3.5. Density
1.3.6. Viscosity
1.3.7. Speed of sound and bulk elasticity
1.3.8. Thermodynamic properties
1.4. Aeronautical definitions
1.4.1. Airfoil geometry
1.4.2. Wing geometry
1.5. Dimensional analysis
1.5.1. Fundamental principles
1.5.2. Dimensional analysis applied to aerodynamic force
1.6. Basic aerodynamics
1.6.1. Aerodynamic force and moment
1.6.2. Force and moment coefficients
1.6.3. Pressure distribution on an airfoil
1.6.4. Pitching moment
1.6.5. Types of drag
1.6.6. Estimation of lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients from the pressure distribution
1.6.7. Induced drag
1.6.8. Lift-dependent drag
1.6.9. Airfoil characteristics
1.7. Basic flight stability
1.8. Control-volume analysis
1.8.1. Froude's momentum theory of propulsion
1.8.2. Momentum theory applied to the helicopter rotor
1.9. Hydrostatics
1.10. Exercises
Chapter 2: Equations of motion
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Selection of reference frame
2.1.2. A comparison of steady and unsteady flow
2.2. One-dimensional flow: the basic equations
2.2.1. One-dimensional flow: the basic equations of conservation
2.2.2. Comments on the momentum and energy equations
2.3. Viscous boundary layers
2.4. Measurement of air speed
2.4.1. Pitôt-static tube
2.4.2. Pressure coefficient
2.4.3. Air-speed indicator: indicated and equivalent air speeds
2.4.4. Incompressibility assumption
2.5. Two-dimensional flow
2.5.1. Component velocities
2.5.2. Equation of continuity or conservation of mass
2.5.3. Equation of continuity in polar coordinates
2.6. Stream function and streamline
2.6.1. Stream function ψ
2.6.2. Streamline
2.6.3. Velocity components in terms of ψ
2.7. Momentum equation
2.7.1. Euler equations
2.8. Rates of strain, rotational flow, and vorticity
2.8.1. Distortion of fluid element in flow field
2.8.2. Rate of shear strain
2.8.3. Rate of direct strain
2.8.4. Vorticity
2.8.5. Vorticity in polar coordinates
2.8.6. Rotational and irrotational flow
2.8.7. Circulation
2.9. Navier-Stokes equations
2.9.1. Relationship between rates of strain and viscous stresses
2.9.2. Derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations
2.10. Properties of the Navier-Stokes equations
2.11. Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations
2.11.1. Couette flow: simple shear flow
2.11.2. Plane Poiseuille flow: pressure-driven channel flow
2.11.3. Hiemenz flow: two-dimensional stagnation-point flow
2.12. Exercises
Chapter 3: Viscous flow and boundary layers
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Boundary-layer theory
3.2.1. Blasius's solution
3.2.2. Definitions of boundary-layer thickness
3.2.3. Skin-friction drag
3.2.4. Laminar boundary-layer thickness along a flat plate
3.2.5. Solving the general case
3.3. Boundary-layer separation
3.3.1. Separation bubbles
3.4. Flow past cylinders and spheres
3.4.1. Turbulence on spheres
3.4.2. Golf balls
3.4.3. Cricket balls
3.5. The momentum-integral equation
3.5.1. An approximate velocity profile for the laminar boundary layer
3.6. Approximate methods for a boundary layer on a flat plate with zero pressure gradient
3.6.1. Simplified form of the momentum-integral equation
3.6.2. Rate of growth of a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate
3.6.3. Drag coefficient for a flat plate of streamwise length L with a wholly laminar boundary layer
3.6.4. Turbulent velocity profile
3.6.5. Rate of growth of a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate
3.6.6. Drag coefficient for a flat plate with a wholly turbulent boundary layer
3.6.7. Conditions at transition
3.6.8. Mixed boundary-layer flow on a flat plate with zero pressure gradient
3.7. Additional examples of the momentum-integral equation
3.8. Laminar-turbulent transition
3.9. The physics of turbulent boundary layers
3.9.1. Reynolds averaging and turbulent stress
3.9.2. Boundary-layer equations for turbulent flows
3.9.3. Eddy viscosity
3.9.4. Prandtl's mixing-length theory of turbulence
3.9.5. Regimes of turbulent wall flow
3.9.6. Formulae for local skin-friction coefficient and drag
3.9.7. Distribution of Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy across the boundary layer
3.9.8. Turbulence structures in the near-wall region
3.10. Estimation of profile drag from the velocity profile in a wake
3.10.1. Momentum-integral expression for the drag of a two-dimensional body
3.10.2. Jones's wake traverse method for determining profile drag
3.10.3. Growth rate of a two-dimensional wake using the general momentum-integral equation
3.11. Some boundary-layer effects in supersonic flow
3.11.1. Near-normal shock interaction with the laminar boundary layer
3.11.2. Shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction in supersonic flow
3.12. Exercises
Chapter 4: Compressible flow
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Isentropic one-dimensional flow
4.2.1. Pressure, density, and temperature ratios along a streamline in isentropic flow
4.2.2. Ratio of areas at different sections of the stream tube in isentropic flow
4.2.3. Velocity along an isentropic stream tube
4.2.4. Variation of mass flow with pressure
4.3. One-dimensional flow: weak waves
4.3.1. Speed of sound (acoustic speed)
4.4. One-dimensional flow: plane normal shock waves
4.4.1. One-dimensional properties of normal shock waves
4.4.2. Pressure-density relations across the shock
4.4.3. Static pressure jump across a normal shock
4.4.4. Density jump across the normal shock
4.4.5. Temperature rise across the normal shock
4.4.6. Entropy change across the normal shock
4.4.7. Mach number change across the normal shock
4.4.8. Velocity change across the normal shock
4.4.9. Total pressure change across the normal shock
4.4.10. Pitôt tube equation
4.4.11. Converging-diverging nozzle operations
4.5. Mach waves and shock waves in two-dimensional flow
4.5.1. Mach waves
4.5.2. Mach wave reflection
4.5.3. Mach wave interference
4.5.4. Shock waves
4.5.5. Plane oblique shock relations
4.5.6. Shock polar
4.5.7. Two-dimensional supersonic flow past a wedge
4.6. Matlab functions for compressible flow
4.7. Exercises
Chapter 5: Potential flow
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. The velocity potential
5.1.2. The equipotential
5.1.3. Velocity components in terms of ϕ
5.2. Laplace's equation
5.3. Standard flows in terms of ψ and ϕ
5.3.1. Two-dimensional flow from a source (or towards a sink)
5.3.2. Line (point) vortex
5.3.3. Uniform flow
5.3.4. Solid boundaries and image systems
5.3.5. A source in a uniform horizontal stream
5.3.6. Source-sink pair
5.3.7. A source set upstream of an equal sink in a uniform stream
5.3.8. Doublet
5.3.9. Flow around a circular cylinder given by a doublet in a uniform horizontal flow
5.3.10. A spinning cylinder in a uniform flow
5.3.11. Bernoulli's equation for rotational flow
5.4. Axisymmetric flows (inviscid and incompressible flows)
5.4.1. Cylindrical coordinate system
5.4.2. Spherical coordinates
5.4.3. Axisymmetric flow from a point source (or towards a point sink)
5.4.4. Point source and sink in a uniform axisymmetric flow
5.4.5. The point doublet and the potential flow around a sphere
5.4.6. Flow around slender bodies
5.5. Computational (panel) methods
5.6. A computational routine in Matlab®
5.7. Exercises
Chapter 6: Thin airfoil theory
6.1. Introduction
6.1.1. The Kutta condition
6.1.2. Circulation and vorticity
6.1.3. Circulation and lift (the Kutta–Zhukovsky theorem)
6.2. The development of airfoil theory
6.3. General thin-airfoil theory
6.4. Solution to the general equation
6.4.1. Thin symmetrical flat-plate airfoil
6.4.2. General thin-airfoil section
6.5. The flapped airfoil
6.5.1. Hinge moment coefficient
6.6. The jet flap
6.7. Normal force and pitching moment derivatives due to pitching
6.7.1. (Zq)(Mq) wing contributions
6.8. Particular camber lines
6.8.1. Cubic camber lines
6.8.2. NACA four-digit wing sections
6.9. The thickness problem for thin-airfoil theory
6.9.1. Thickness problem for thin airfoils
6.10. Computational (panel) methods for two-dimensional lifting flows
6.11. A “new theory of lift”?
6.11.1. Why search for a new theory?
6.11.2. What is different in the new theory?
6.12. Exercises
Chapter 7: Wing theory
7.1. The vortex system
7.1.1. Starting vortex
7.1.2. Trailing vortex system
7.1.3. Bound vortex system
7.1.4. Horseshoe vortex
7.2. Laws of vortex motion
7.2.1. Helmholtz's theorems
7.2.2. The Biot-Savart law
7.2.3. Variation of velocity in vortex flow
7.3. The wing as a simplified horseshoe vortex
7.3.1. Influence of downwash on the tailplane
7.3.2. Ground effects
7.4. Vortex sheets
7.4.1. Use of vortex sheets to model the lifting effects of a wing
7.5. Relationship between spanwise loading and trailing vorticity
7.5.1. Induced velocity (downwash)
7.5.2. The consequences of downwash—trailing vortex drag
7.5.3. Characteristics of simple symmetric loading—elliptic distribution
7.5.4. General (series) distribution of lift
7.5.5. Aerodynamic characteristics for symmetrical general loading
7.6. Determination of load distribution on a given wing
7.6.1. General theory for wings of high aspect ratio
7.6.2. General solution to Prandtl's integral equation
7.6.3. Load distribution for minimum drag
7.7. Swept and delta wings
7.7.1. Yawed wings of infinite span
7.7.2. Swept wings of finite span
7.7.3. Wings of small aspect ratio
7.8. Slope of the lift curve for wings
7.9. Computational (panel) methods for wings
7.10. Exercises
Chapter 8: Airfoils and wings in compressible flow
8.1. Wings in compressible flow
8.1.1. Transonic flow: the critical Mach number
8.1.2. Subcritical flow: the small-perturbation theory (Prandtl-Glauert rule)
8.1.3. Supersonic linearized theory (Ackeret's rule)
8.1.4. Other aspects of supersonic wings
8.2. Exercises
Chapter 9: Computational fluid dynamics
9.1. Computational methods
9.1.1. Methods based on the momentum-integral equation
9.1.2. Transition prediction
9.1.3. Computational solution for the laminar boundary-layer equations
9.1.4. Computational solution for turbulent boundary layers
9.1.5. Zero-equation methods
9.1.6. k−ε: a typical two-equation method
9.1.7. Large-eddy simulation
Chapter 10: Flow control and wing design
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Maximizing lift for single-element airfoils
10.3. Multi-element airfoils
10.3.1. The slat effect
10.3.2. The flap effect
10.3.3. Off-the-surface recovery
10.3.4. Fresh boundary-layer effect
10.3.5. The Gurney flap
10.3.6. Movable flaps: artificial bird feathers
10.4. Boundary layer control prevention to separation
10.4.1. Boundary-layer suction
10.4.2. Control by tangential blowing
10.4.3. Other methods of separation control
10.5. Reduction of skin-friction drag
10.5.1. Laminar flow control by boundary-layer suction
10.5.2. Compliant walls: artificial dolphin skins
10.5.3. Riblets
10.6. Reduction of form drag
10.7. Reduction of induced drag
10.8. Reduction of wave drag
Appendix A: Symbols and notation
Subscripts
Primes and superscripts
Appendix B: The international standard atmosphere
Appendix C: A solution of integrals of the type of Glauert's integral
Appendix D: Conversion of Imperial units to Systéme International (SI) units
Bibliography
Index

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Aerodynamics for Engineering Students

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Steven H. Collicott

Daniel T. Valentine

P. W. Carpenter

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