Advances in the Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology of Tourette Syndrome

Series Page

Contributors

Preface: The Metamorphoses of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

References

Chapter One. An Introduction to the Clinical Phenomenology of Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Basic Nosography of Primary Tic Disorders

2 Phenomenology

References

Chapter Two. Functional Neuroanatomy of Tics

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Structural Abnormalities

3 Functional Findings

4 Tics—A Matter of Connectivity?

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Three. Functional Imaging of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Imaging of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Cerebral Blood Flow

3 Role of Dopaminergic Modulation in TS

4 The Role of Other Neurotransmitter Systems in TS

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Four. Nondopaminergic Neurotransmission in the Pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Role of the Monoamines Norepinephrine and Serotonin

3 Role of the Monoamine Histamine

4 Role of Glutamate

5 Role of GABA

6 Role of ACh

7 Role of Endocannabinoid

8 Role of Corticoid

9 Conclusion

References

Chapter Five. Reinforcement Learning and Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

Abbreviations

1 Reinforcement Learning: Concepts, and Paradigms

2 Neural Correlates of Reinforcement Learning

3 Tourette Syndrome and Reinforcement Learning

4 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Six. Genetic Susceptibility and Neurotransmitters in Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Neurotransmitter Abnormalities Associated with TS

3 Neurotransmitter-Related Genetic Findings

4 Histamine-Related Genetic Findings

5 Neurotransmitter-Related Gene Expression Studies of Blood

6 Conclusion and Future Studies

References

Chapter Seven. Pharmacological Animal Models of Tic Disorders

Abstract

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Validity Criteria for Developing Animal Models

3 Animal Models of Tic Disorders

4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter Eight. Animal Models Recapitulating the Multifactorial Origin of Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome

2 Tourette Syndrome: Etiological Factors

3 Animal Models of TS

4 Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Nine. Neuroendocrine Aspects of Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Sex Steroid Hormones and TS

3 The Stress Response in TS

4 Neurohypophysial Peptides: Possible Players in the Complex Pathophysiology of TS?

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter Ten. Clinical Pharmacology of Dopamine-Modulating Agents in Tourette’s Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 DA Receptor Antagonists

3 Systematic Review of Dopamine Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of TS

4 Tetrabenazine

5 Dopamine Agonists

6 Summary

References

Chapter Eleven. Clinical Pharmacology of Nondopaminergic Drugs in Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Alpha2 Receptor Agonists

3 GABA Agonists

4 Cannabinoids

5 Botulinum Toxin

6 Tetrabenazine

7 Nicotine

8 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

9 Immunoglobulins, Plasmapheresis, and Antibiotics

10 Summary and Future Research

References

Further-Reading

Chapter Twelve. Antiepileptic Drugs and Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 TS: From Motion to Emotion

3 Pharmacological Treatments for Tics

4 Treatment with AEDs

5 Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Thirteen. Clinical Pharmacology of Comorbid Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder in Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

3 Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

4 Conclusions

References

Chapter Fourteen. Clinical Pharmacology of Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Diagnosis and Assessment

3 Overview of Therapeutic Interventions

4 Pharmacological Treatment Options

5 Pharmacotherapy Options Can Be Divided into Three Tiers with First-Tier Drugs Considered First-Choice Treatments

6 Adverse Effects

7 Conclusive Remarks

References

Chapter Fifteen. Emerging Treatment Strategies in Tourette Syndrome: What’s in the Pipeline?

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Potential and Emerging Pharmacological Treatments

3 Potential and Emerging Nonpharmacological Treatments

4 Conclusion

References

Chapter Sixteen. Tics and Other Stereotyped Movements as Side Effects of Pharmacological Treatment

Abstract

1 General Considerations

2 Tics and Stereotyped Movements After Antipsychotic Exposure

3 Secondary Tics After Treatment with Psychostimulants

4 Tics and Stereotyped Movements and Antiepileptic Drugs

References

Index

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