Advanced Neuro MR Techniques and Applications

1st Edition, Volume 4 - November 17, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: In-Young Choi, Peter Jezzard
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 4 7 9 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 4 9 5 - 3

Advanced Neuro MR Techniques and Applications gives detailed knowledge of emerging neuro MR techniques and their specific clinical and neuroscience applications, showing their pro… Read more

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Advanced Neuro MR Techniques and Applications gives detailed knowledge of emerging neuro MR techniques and their specific clinical and neuroscience applications, showing their pros and cons over conventional and currently available advanced techniques. The book identifies the best available data acquisition, processing, reconstruction and analysis strategies and methods that can be utilized in clinical and neuroscience research. It is an ideal reference for MR scientists and engineers who develop MR technologies and/or support clinical and neuroscience research and for high-end users who utilize neuro MR techniques in their research, including clinicians, neuroscientists and psychologists.

Trainees such as postdoctoral fellows, PhD and MD/PhD students, residents and fellows using or considering the use of neuro MR technologies will also be interested in this book.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Recommendations for neuro MRI acquisition strategies
Abstract
1.1. MRI hardware
1.2. From signals to biomarkers
1.3. Spatial encoding strategies
1.4. Large-scale population imaging
1.5. Example multi-purpose protocols
1.6. Acquisition of neuro MRI contrasts
1.7. Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 2: Advanced reconstruction methods for fast MRI
Abstract
2.1. Introduction to image reconstruction for fast MR imaging
2.2. Data acquisition for didactic example
2.3. Constrained reconstruction: partial Fourier acquisitions
2.4. Parallel imaging
2.5. Compressed sensing and machine learning
2.6. Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3: Simultaneous multi-slice MRI
Abstract
3.1. Historical overview
3.2. Implementation of SMS
3.3. Current applications of SMS
3.4. Emerging applications and future outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Further reading
Chapter 4: Motion artifacts and correction in neuro MRI
Abstract
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Establishing and maintaining a consistent brain anatomical coordinate system throughout a scan session
4.3. Impact of motion on MRI scans
4.4. Data quality and motion metrics
4.5. Retrospective correction methods
4.6. Methods of detecting motion and associated field changes in real time
4.7. Prospective correction
4.8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Statistical approaches to neuroimaging analysis
Abstract
5.1. Linear model overview
5.2. Estimating the parameters of the linear model
5.3. Topics related to explanation
5.4. Topics related to prediction
References
Chapter 6: Image registration
Abstract
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Applications
6.3. Structure of image registration algorithms
6.4. Taxonomy of image registration algorithms
6.5. Image registration with deep learning
References
Chapter 7: Image segmentation
Abstract
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Segmentation contexts: need, challenges and further application
7.3. Approaches to automated segmentation
7.4. Longitudinal segmentation: challenge and approaches
7.5. Segmentation evaluation
7.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Diffusion MRI acquisition and reconstruction
Abstract
8.1. Introduction
8.2. SS-EPI DWI
8.3. Parallel imaging for DWI
8.4. Multi-shot EPI DWI
8.5. Image reconstruction for MS-EPI DWI
8.6. DWI with multi-band acquisitions
8.7. Point spread function EPI
8.8. 3D diffusion imaging
8.9. Non-EPI diffusion imaging
8.10. Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Diffusion MRI artifact correction
Abstract
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Distortions
9.3. Subject movement
9.4. Gradient non-linearities
9.5. Correcting the distortions
9.6. Correcting subject movement
9.7. What matters?
9.8. What have we not corrected?
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10: Diffusion MRI analysis methods
Abstract
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Analysis methods
10.3. Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Diffusion as a probe of tissue microstructure
Abstract
11.1. Diffusion MRI: sensitivity vs specificity
11.2. Restricted diffusion
11.3. Applications in resolving complex fiber architecture
11.4. Application in plasticity and functional imaging
11.5. AxCaliber
11.6. Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Non-contrast agent perfusion MRI methods
Abstract
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Arterial spin labeling
12.3. Other non-contrast perfusion methods
References
Chapter 13: Contrast agent-based perfusion MRI methods
Abstract
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Signal derivation in contrast-based perfusion MRI
13.3. Quantification of perfusion and permeability parameters
13.4. Acquisition strategies
13.5. Emerging methods
Appendix 13.6. Supplementary material
References
Chapter 14: Perfusion MRI: clinical perspectives
Abstract
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Cerebrovascular diseases
14.3. Vascular malformations and other shunting lesions
14.4. Neoplasms
14.5. Miscellaneous conditions
14.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Functional MRI principles and acquisition strategies
Abstract
15.1. Introduction
15.2. The effect of neural activity on MR properties
15.3. Imaging the consequences of neural activity
15.4. Applications
15.5. Challenges and future directions
15.6. Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 16: Functional MRI analysis
Abstract
16.1. Types of fMRI
16.2. Preprocessing
16.3. Statistical analysis
16.4. Communicating results
References
Further reading
Chapter 17: Neuroscience applications of functional MRI
Abstract
17.1. Introduction
17.2. fMRI and neuroscience
17.3. Functional localization
17.4. Task-based fMRI
17.5. Local vs focal
17.6. Block vs event-related designs
17.7. Resting-state fMRI
17.8. Temporal resolution
17.9. Ultra-high field (UHF) fMRI
17.10. Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Clinical applications of functional MRI
Abstract
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Surgical planning
18.3. Non-neurosurgical applications
18.4. Considerations for clinical fMRI
18.5. Analyzing fMRI for clinical applications
18.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: The diffusion MRI connectome
Abstract
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Mapping the structural connectome with diffusion MRI
19.3. Inferring fiber orientations
19.4. From fiber orientations to the connectome
19.5. Quantifying connectivity strength
19.6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 20: Functional MRI connectivity
Abstract
20.1. The promise of fMRI functional connectivity
20.2. Analysis and interpretation
20.3. Review of the functional connectome and its applications
20.4. Future directions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21: Applications of MRI connectomics
Abstract
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Impact of the connectome on cognitive processes and behavior
21.3. The connectome across the lifespan
21.4. Clinical research applications of connectomics
21.5. Limitations for research and clinical translation
21.6. Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 22: Principles of susceptibility-weighted MRI
Abstract
22.1. Introduction
22.2. What is magnetic susceptibility?
22.3. SWI pulse sequence considerations
22.4. Phase information
22.5. Phase aliasing and background fields
22.6. Phase mask and SWI processing
22.7. Imaging parameters and acquisition time
22.8. Non-contrast SWI vs MICRO SWI
22.9. Pitfalls of SWI
22.10. Differentiating calcium from iron
22.11. High field SWI
22.12. New approaches to SWI
22.13. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)
22.14. Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Applications of susceptibility-weighted imaging and mapping
Abstract
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Applications of susceptibility-weighted imaging
23.3. Applications of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)
References
Chapter 24: Magnetization transfer contrast MRI
Abstract
24.1. Summary
24.2. The magnetization transfer (MT) phenomenon and observations
24.3. Quantification of the MT effect
24.4. High field
24.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI as a tunable relaxation phenomenon
Abstract
25.1. Introduction and theoretical background
25.2. CEST effects in the human brain
25.3. CEST sequences and contrasts of the healthy and diseased human brain
25.4. Evaluation and artifacts – motion, normalization, B0, B1
References
Chapter 26: Clinical application of magnetization transfer imaging
Abstract
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Validation of MT imaging-derived metrics
26.3. MT imaging to understand and monitor neurological disease evolution
26.4. Why is MT imaging not part of routine clinical protocols?
26.5. Conclusions
Declaration of conflicts of interest
Funding
References
Chapter 27: Quantitative relaxometry mapping
Abstract
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Modeling
27.3. Methods
27.4. Conclusion and suggested readings
Chapter 28: MR fingerprinting: concepts, implementation and applications
Abstract
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Basic framework of MRF
28.3. Data acquisition
28.4. Scan acceleration
28.5. Dictionary generation
28.6. Pattern recognition
28.7. New promise for clinical translation
28.8. Clinical applications
28.9. New techniques and directions
References
Further reading
Chapter 29: Quantitative multi-parametric MRI measurements
Abstract
29.1. Introduction
29.2. MRI sequences for multi-parametric brain mapping
29.3. Applications
29.4. Discussion
References
Chapter 30: Neurovascular magnetic resonance angiography
Abstract
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Macrovasculature of the brain
30.3. Contrast methods
30.4. Comparisons of techniques
30.5. Summary and outlook
References
Further reading
Chapter 31: Neurovascular vessel wall imaging: new techniques and clinical applications
Abstract
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Imaging technology
31.3. Current applications
31.4. Intracranial arteries
References
Chapter 32: Single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy: principles and applications
Abstract
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Acquisition techniques and calibration procedures
32.3. Data processing and metabolite quantification
32.4. Applications of advanced 1H MRS techniques
32.5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 33: Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: principles and applications
Abstract
33.1. Introduction
33.2. Principles & advanced techniques
33.3. Applications
33.4. Conclusions & outlook
References
Chapter 34: Non-Fourier-based magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Abstract
34.1. Introduction
34.2. MRSI reconstruction using Fourier and non-Fourier approaches
34.3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 35: Benefits, challenges, and applications of ultra-high field magnetic resonance
Abstract
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Advantages and opportunities at ultra-high field
35.3. Challenges encountered at ultra-high field
35.4. Summary
References
Chapter 36: Neuroscience applications of ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging: mesoscale functional imaging of the human brain
Abstract
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Considerations for fMRI studies at UHF: imaging resolution and quality
36.3. Relating functional MRI to neural activity: what is currently known?
36.4. Prospects for “mesoscale fMRI” of cortical maps, columns, and layers
36.5. Individual-focused neuroscience and single-subject fMRI at high fields
36.6. What role should UHF fMRI play in modern neuroscience?
36.7. Summary/conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Further reading
Chapter 37: Clinical applications of high field magnetic resonance
Abstract
37.1. Proton MRI/MRS at UHF
37.2. X-nuclei imaging in metabolic and functional imaging
37.3. Impact of UHF in clinical neuroimaging
References
Index

In-Young Choi

In-Young Choi, Ph.D. is Professor in the Department of Neurology at the University of Kansas Medical Center. She is also a faculty member with the Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, and is affiliated with the Bioengineering Program at the University of Kansas. Dr. Choi received her Ph.D. in Biophysical Sciences and Medical Physics from the University of Minnesota and was trained in advanced magnetic resonance imaging / spectroscopy techniques and neurobiology at the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Choi’s research focuses largely on the identification of quantitative, objective biomarkers of the pathologic mechanisms underlying disease status and progression in a variety of neurological conditions to characterize metabolic, morphological and functional pathophysiology of the disease, and to guide and accelerate the development of new treatment strategies. Dr. Choi works on the development of advanced noninvasive in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy techniques for interdisciplinary translational research, encompassing biomedical imaging, neurology, neurobiology, and neurochemistry. She is a member of the editorial board of Frontiers series and Neurochemical Research, and editor/guest editor of Advances in Neurobiology, NMR in Biomedicine, Neurochemical Research and Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA

Peter Jezzard

Professor Jezzard’s FMRIB Physics Group, part of the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neiroimaging, develops novel physiological MRI methods for the study of healthy and diseased brain. He trained in physics in the UK, before joining the National Institutes of Health, USA, between 1991-1998. Since 1998 he has been based at the University of Oxford, UK. He is particularly interested in techniques for mapping the macroscopic and microscopic neurovasculature, and collaborates closely with various clinical groups, in particular through the Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (AVIC), on the development of rapid imaging approaches to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke and cerebrovascular disease. A second thread of his research aims to advance ultra-high field imaging. This research combines novel imaging hardware, including parallel RF transmission, with state-of-the-art acquisition techniques. He holds leadership roles in several imaging centres within Oxford, and has been active in the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine in a range of capacities, including as President from 2013-2014.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Jezzard’s FMRIB Physics Group, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neiroimaging, University of Oxford, UK

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

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