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Adler's Physiology of the Eye
- 12th Edition - February 14, 2024
- Editors: Leonard A Levin, Paul L. Kaufman, Mary Elizabeth Hartnett
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 4 0 6 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 4 0 7 - 0
Written and designed to enhance your understanding of ocular function, structure, and anatomy, Adler's Physiology of the Eye is a classic, best-selling text that makes critica… Read more
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Request a sales quoteWritten and designed to enhance your understanding of ocular function, structure, and anatomy, Adler's Physiology of the Eye is a classic, best-selling text that makes critical information easier to learn and retain. The fully revised 12th Edition continues the successful Adler’s approach that connects basic science and clinical aspects in a user-friendly, highly visual format—ideal for study, review, and exam preparation. It captures the latest molecular, genetic, and biochemical discoveries and offers you unparalleled knowledge and insight into the physiology of the eye and its structures.
- Covers the full structure and function of the eye and its related anatomy and makes the connection between physiology and clinical practice.
- Includes major updates throughout, including new information on OCT/OCTA imaging, new drug delivery methods, ocular biomechanics, and evolving gene therapies.
- Organizes content by function, rather than anatomy, to help you make a stronger connection between physiological principles and clinical practice.
- Explains the physiological principles that underlie visual acuity, intraocular pressure, ocular circulation, the extraocular muscles, and much more.
- Features approximately 1,000 illustrations throughout, including medical artwork; schematics, charts, and graphs; clinical photographs; and more.
- An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Ophthalmology residents; ophthalmologists; optometry students
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Section Editors
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- Video Table of Contents
- Section 1: Focusing of an Image on the Retina
- 1. Optics
- Abstract
- The young eye
- The image of the human adult eye
- Visual acuity as log MAR
- The aging eye
- References
- 2. Optical Aberrations and Wavefront Sensing
- Abstract
- Optical aberrations
- The impact of HOAs on vision
- Treatments to alleviate the impact of HOAs
- Wavefront sensing
- References
- 3. Accommodation
- Accommodation
- The optical requirements for accommodation
- Depth of field
- Visual acuity
- The anatomy of the accommodative apparatus
- The mechanism of accommodation in the lens and eye
- Accommodative optical changes in the lens and eye
- The stimulus to accommodate
- The pharmacology of accommodation
- Measurement of accommodation
- Presbyopia
- Factors contributing to presbyopia
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Section 2: Physiology of Optical Media
- 4. Cornea and Sclera
- Abstract
- Cornea
- Sclera
- References
- 5. The Lens
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The organization, development, and growth of the lens
- Structural determinants of the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
- Effect of changes in fiber cell junctions on regional differences in lens structure
- Effects of regional differences in fiber cell morphology on lens transparency, optics, and biomechanics
- Metabolic determinants of the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
- Physiological determinants of the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
- Effects of age on the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 6. Vitreous
- Abstract
- Biochemistry
- Anatomy
- Vitreous biophysics
- Embryology and development
- Vitreous aging
- Physiology
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Section 3: Direction of Gaze
- 7. The Extraocular Muscles
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The bony orbit
- Extraocular muscle anatomy
- Disorders of eye movements
- Muscle diseases in which extraocular muscles are preferentially spared
- Muscle diseases where extraocular muscles are preferentially involved
- Conclusion
- References
- 8. Neural Control of Eye Movements
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Final common pathway
- Premotor control of gaze redirection
- Premotor control of gaze stabilization: the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes
- Interactions between eye movement subsystems
- NEUROLOGIC disorders of the oculomotor system
- References
- 9. Three-Dimensional Eye Movements: Kinematics, Control, and Perceptual Consequences
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Three-dimensional ocular kinematics
- Eye-in-head motion
- Three-dimensional kinematics during head-unrestrained gaze shifts
- Three-dimensional control mechanisms
- Brainstem oculomotor coordinates
- Higher-level transformations
- The reference frame transformation
- The two-dimensional to three-dimensional transformation
- Perceptual consequences
- Monocular consequences
- Binocular consequences
- Conclusions
- References
- Section 4: Nutrition of the Eye
- 10. Production and Flow of Aqueous Humor
- Introduction
- Structure of the ciliary body and ciliary epithelium
- Aqueous humor composition
- Regulation of aqueous humor formation
- Aqueous humor drainage
- Obstruction of outflow
- Pharmacology and regulation of outflow
- Summary
- References
- 11. Ocular Circulation
- Abstract
- The vascular system of the eye
- Oxygenation and blood flow of the retina
- Techniques for measuring blood flow
- Regulation of ocular blood flow
- References
- 12. Metabolic Interactions Between Neurons and Glial Cells
- Abstract
- Retinal energy metabolism
- Retinal oxygen distribution and consumption
- The role of glycolysis underlying retinal function: from whole retina to its parts
- Biochemical specialization of glial cells
- Role of glycogen
- Functional neuronal activity and division of metabolic labor
- Cellular compartmentation of energy substrates other than glucose
- Experimental models of retinal metabolism and function
- Metabolic interactions between vertebrate photoreceptors and Müller glia
- Metabolic interaction between photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial
- Metabolic factors in the regulation of retinal blood flow
- Metabolic pathway leading to nitric oxide release
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 13. The Function of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Abstract
- Absorption of light
- Transepithelial transport
- Capacitive compensation of fast changes in the ion composition in the subretinal space
- Visual cycle
- Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments
- Secretion
- Active immune barrier
- References
- Section 5: Protection of the Eye
- 14. Functions of the Orbit and Eyelids
- Abstract
- Orbital anatomy and function
- Facial and eyelid anatomy and function
- Eyelid musculature
- References
- 15. Formation and Function of the Tear Film
- Abstract
- Tear film overview
- Glycocalyx
- Mucous production
- Aqueous production
- Lipid layer
- REFERENCES
- 16. Sensory Innervation of the Eye
- Abstract
- Anatomy of ocular sensory nerves
- Development, remodeling and regeneration of corneal innervation
- Functional characteristics of ocular sensory innervation
- Trophic effects of ocular primary sensory neurons
- Morphologic and functional alterations of ocular sensory innervation by injury, inflammation, and aging
- Sensations arising from the eye
- References
- 17. Outward-Directed Transport
- Abstract
- Efflux transporters
- Methods of studying transporters
- Corneal outward transport
- Blood-retinal barrier outward transport
- Other ocular barriers
- Transporter genetics and implications in ocular diseases
- Pharmacologic impact of outward transport
- Future aspects
- References
- Section 6: Photoreception
- 18. Biochemical Cascade of Phototransduction
- Abstract
- Overview
- Location and compartmentalization of rods and cones
- Dark-adapted rods
- Comparison of cones and rods
- Phototransduction and disease
- What we don't know
- Where the field is headed
- References
- 19. Photoresponses of Rods and Cones
- Abstract
- Photovoltage response to flashes
- Photocurrent response to flashes
- Modulation of the flash response by bicarbonate
- Detection of single photons
- Photocurrent response to steady light
- Action spectra of rods and cones
- CNG channel and sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger
- Role of inner segment conductances
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 20. Light Adaptation in Photoreceptors
- Abstract
- Vision from starlight to sunlight
- Performance of the photopic and scotopic divisions of the visual system
- Light adaptation of the electrical responses of cones and rods
- Molecular basis of photoreceptor light adaptation
- Slow changes in rods: light adaptation or dark adaptation?
- Dark adaptation of the rods: very slow recovery from bleaching
- References
- Section 7: Visual Processing in the Retina
- 21. The Synaptic Organization of the Retina
- Abstract
- Kinds of neurons
- Basic synaptic communication
- Networks
- References
- 22. Signal Processing in the Outer Retina
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Photoreceptors
- Interplexiform cells
- Horizontal cells
- Bipolar cells
- References
- 23. Visual Processing in the Inner Retina
- Abstract
- The players in the inner retina
- The playing field
- Example circuits
- Conclusions
- References
- 24. Electroretinogram
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Generation of the electroretinogram
- Noninvasive recording of the electroretinogram
- Classical definition of components of the electroretinogram
- Slow PIII, the c-wave, and other slow components of the direct-current (dc)- electroretinogram
- Full-field dark-adapted (Ganzfeld) flash electroretinogram
- Light-adapted, cone-driven electroretinograms
- Multifocal electroretinogram
- Closing comments
- References
- Section 8: Non-Perceptive Vision
- 25. Regulation of Light Through the Pupil
- Abstract
- The neuronal pathway of the pupil light reflex and near pupil response
- Structure of the iris
- Properties of light and their effect on pupil movement
- Relative afferent pupillary defects
- Efferent pupillary defects
- References
- 26. Ganglion-Cell Photoreceptors
- Abstract
- Historical roots
- Discovery of melanopsin and ganglion-cell photoreceptors
- Distinctive functional properties of ipRGCs
- Synaptic input
- Synaptic output and physiologic functions
- Development
- References
- Section 9: Visual Processing in the Brain
- 27. Overview of the Central Visual Pathways
- Abstract
- Targets of the retinal projections
- Retinotopic pathways and visual field lesions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 28. Optic Nerve
- Abstract
- Optic nerve anatomy
- Optic nerve axon counts and dimensions
- Microscopic anatomy and cytology
- Blood supply
- Optic nerve development
- Optic nerve physiology
- Optic nerve injury
- Optic nerve repair
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 29. Processing in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
- Abstract
- The lateral geniculate nucleus: the gateway to conscious visual perception
- Lateral geniculate nucleus anatomy
- Lateral geniculate nucleus development and cellular taxonomy
- Lateral geniculate nucleus inputs
- Lateral geniculate nucleus circuitry
- Lateral geniculate nucleus outputs
- Lateral geniculate nucleus receptive fields
- Lateral geniculate nucleus map of visual space
- Retinogeniculate transmission
- Modulation of lateral geniculate nucleus activity
- Conclusions
- References
- 30. Primary Visual Cortex
- Abstract
- Overview
- Visual inputs to V1 and local cortical circuits
- Processing in V1: classical and extraclassical receptive fields, functional architecture, and long-range connections
- Output streams from V1
- Plasticity, learning and context-dependent processing in V1
- When things go wrong
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 31. Extrastriate Visual Cortex
- Abstract
- Introduction to the extrastriate cortex
- The ventral visual network
- The dorsal visual network
- Plasticity and rehabilitation
- References
- Section 10: Visual Perception
- 32. Visual Processing of Spatial Form
- Abstract
- Early visual mechanisms as feature detectors
- Adaptation as a tool for understanding vision
- Objects are defined by spatial changes in luminance, color, contrast, and texture
- Sensitivity and receptive field size versus eccentricity
- Suprathreshold vision and contrast constancy
- The effect of disease on spatial vision
- Summation and suppression of signals across space and feature
- A distributed representation along the ventral stream
- Conclusion
- References
- 33. Visual Acuity
- Abstract
- Defining and specifying visual acuity
- Limiting factors in visual acuity
- Spatial vision with low contrast
- References
- 34. Color Vision
- Abstract
- Molecular genetics of color vision and color deficiencies
- Tests of color vision
- Color appearance
- Future directions
- References
- 35. The Visual Field
- Abstract
- Introduction and historical background
- The psychophysical basis for perimetry and visual field testing
- The physiologic basis for perimetry
- Common forms of perimetric testing
- Detection of sensitivity loss and interpretation of results
- Visual field loss patterns created by various pathologies
- Patterns of visual field loss
- Visual field interpretation guidelines
- Assessing visual field progression
- Alternative and new visual field test procedures
- Tablets and virtual reality headsets
- Artifactual visual field results
- Conclusions
- References
- 36. Binocular Vision
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Why two eyes?
- Mapping the two eye’s images into a single percept
- Visual direction
- Binocular eye movements
- Normal retinal correspondence and the horopter
- Panum’s fusional area
- Binocular combination and binocular suppression in normal vision
- Binocular (retinal) disparity and depth perception
- Anomalies of binocular vision
- Visual directions and the horopter in Anomalous binocular correspondence
- Computation of binocular disparity in Anomalous binocular correspondence
- Subclasses of anomalous correspondence and errors of perceived distance
- Binocular fusion in Anomalous binocular correspondence
- Anomalous sensory fusion mechanisms in Anomalous binocular correspondence
- Anomalous motor fusion mechanisms in Anomalous binocular correspondence
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 37. Temporal Properties of Vision
- Abstract
- Temporal summation and the critical duration for single pulses of light (aperiodic stimuli)
- Temporal sensitivity to periodic stimuli
- Motion processing
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 11: Development and Deprivation of Vision
- 38. Development of Vision in Infancy
- Abstract
- Methodologies for assessing infant vision and their interpretation
- Hierarchy of visual processing
- Motion
- Binocular vision
- Object-level processing
- Summary
- References
- 39. Development of Retinogeniculate Projections
- Abstract
- Formation of eye-specific territories
- The optic chiasm is a crucial choice point in establishing RGC axon projections
- Molecular mechanisms guiding the formation of eye-specific axonal territories
- Retinogeniculate projections are refined during development
- Activity-dependent refinement of retinogeniculate projections
- What parameters of activity drive refinement?
- Cellular and molecular mechanisms of RGC axon refinement
- Beyond eye specificity
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 40. Developmental Visual Deprivation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Effects of early monocular form deprivation
- Effects of early monocular defocus
- Effects of early strabismus
- Amblyopia
- Summary
- References
- 41. The Effects of Visual Deprivation After Infancy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neuroanatomical development
- The perceptual and neural effects of early vision loss
- What are the mechanisms that underlie cross-modal plasticity?
- Recovery of sight after early blindness
- Late blindness
- Sensory substitution
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 816
- Language: English
- Edition: 12
- Published: February 14, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323834063
- eBook ISBN: 9780323834070
LL
Leonard A Levin
Affiliations and expertise
Distinguished James McGill Professor of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaPK
Paul L. Kaufman
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Ernst H. Barany Professor of Ocular Pharmacology, Department Chair Emeritus, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USAMH
Mary Elizabeth Hartnett
Affiliations and expertise
Michael F. Marmor, M.D., Professor of Retinal Science and Disease, Vitreoretinal Surgery and Diseases, Director of Pediatric Retina, Principal Investigator, Harnett Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA