Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease

Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs of Abuse in Everyday Lifestyles

1st Edition - February 18, 2017
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Ronald Ross Watson, Sherma Zibadi
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 5 3 7 3 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 9 2 9 6 - 5

Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease: Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs of Abuse in Everyday Lifestyles is a complete guide to the manifold effects of addictive… Read more

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Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease: Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs of Abuse in Everyday Lifestyles is a complete guide to the manifold effects of addictive substances on the brain, providing readers with the latest developing research on how these substances are implicated in neurological development and dysfunction.

Cannabis, cocaine, and other illicit drugs can have substantial negative effects on the structure and functioning of the brain. However, other common habituating and addictive substances often used as part of an individual’s lifestyle, i.e., alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, painkillers can also compromise brain health and effect or accentuate neurological disease.

This book provides broad coverage of the effects of addictive substances on the brain, beginning with an overview of how the substances lead to dysfunction before examining each substance in depth. It discusses the pathology of addiction, the structural damage resulting from abuse of various substances, and covers the neurobiological, neurodegenerative, behavioral, and cognitive implications of use across the lifespan, from prenatal exposure, to adolescence and old age.

This book aids researchers seeking an understanding of the neurological changes that these substances induce, and is also extremely useful for those seeking potential treatments and therapies for individuals suffering from chronic abuse of these substances.

Part I. Alcohol and Neurological Dysfunction

Chapter 1. Acute Ethanol-Induced Changes in Microstructural and Metabolite Concentrations on the Brain: Noninvasive Functional Brain Imaging

Introduction
Conclusion

Chapter 2. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Neuroglial Changes in Neurochemistry and Behavior in Animal Models

Ethanol Exposure and Brain Development
Ethanol, Glia, and Neurodevelopment
Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Ethanol Exposure

Chapter 3. Alcohol on Histaminergic Neurons of Brain

Introduction
The Effects of Alcohol on Histamine Levels in the Brain
Brain Histaminergic System in Human Alcoholics
The Role of H3 Receptors in Modulation of Alcohol Stimulation and Reward
Histological Changes in Histaminergic Neurons Following Alcohol Administration
Histochemical Changes in Histaminergic Neurons Following Alcohol Administration
Alcohol Effects Into a Histaminergic Neurons Ultrastructure

Chapter 4. Antenatal Alcohol and Histological Brain Disturbances

Introduction
Neurohistology
Cellular and Molecular Disorders
Possible Mechanisms for the Development of Behavioral and Mental Disorders After Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Chapter 5. Alcohol Intoxication and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Basic and Clinical Science

Introduction
Pathophysiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Vascular Injury
Membrane Dysfunction and Edema Formation
Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Response to Spinal Cord Injury
Free Radical Formation and Lipid Peroxidation
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Alcohol Intoxication and the Effects on Preclinical Spinal Cord Injury
Alcohol and Functional Outcomes
Alcohol Intoxication and Injury Severity
Alcohol Use and Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Conclusion

Chapter 6. Visual and Auditory Changes After Acute Alcohol Ingestion

Introduction
Characterization of Acute Use of Alcohol
Alcohol and Visual Perception
Alcohol and Auditory Perception
Research Carried Out by the Laboratory of Research in Perception, Neuroscience, and Behavior—LPNeC
Alcohol in Neural Systems of Vision and Hearing

Chapter 7. Zebrafish Models of Alcohol Addiction

Alcohol Addiction in Humans
Animal Models of Alcohol Addiction
Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Behavioral Neuroscience
Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Alcohol Addiction
Alcohol-Induced Locomotor Activity
Alcohol-Induced Anxiolysis
Alcohol-Induced Tolerance
Alcohol-Induced Sensitization
Alcohol-Induced Withdrawal
Alcohol-Induced Conditioned Place Preference
Voluntary Alcohol Consumption
Limitations of the Zebrafish Model

Chapter 8. Effect of Alcohol on the Regulation of α-Synuclein in the Human Brain

Overview
α-Synuclein Function
Conclusion

Chapter 9. Consumption of Ethanol and Tissue Changes in the Central Nervous System

Introduction
Neuronal and Glial Changes
Modulations in Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis
Most Significant Regional Alterations

Chapter 10. Ethanol Consumption and Cerebellar Disorders

Introduction
Cerebellum: An Anatomo-physiological Review
EtOH Effects on the Cerebellum Neurophysiology
Functional and Cellular Changes From Ingesting EtOH
Clinical Changes Resulting From Ingestion of EtOH

Chapter 11. Gene Expression in CNS Regions of Genetic Rat Models of Alcohol Abuse

Introduction
Selectively Bred High and Low Ethanol-Consuming Lines of Rats
Innate Differences in Gene Expression in the VTA, Acb-Shell, and CeA Between HEC and LEC Rats
Multiple Interacting Factors Can Impact the Effects of Alcohol Drinking on Gene Expression in the CNS
The P Rat as an Animal Model for Studying Alcohol Drinking–Induced Changes in Gene Expression
Gene Expression Changes in the Acb Following 24-h Free-Choice Alcohol Drinking: Effects of Withdrawal
Gene Expression Changes in the Acb During Operant Scheduled Access Alcohol Drinking
Changes in Gene Expression in the Acb-Shell and CeA Following Daily Multiple Alcohol Binge Drinking Episodes
Changes in Gene Expression in the VTA Following Daily Multiple Excessive Alcohol Binge–Drinking Episodes
Conclusions

Chapter 12. Role of TLR4 in the Ethanol-Induced Modulation of the Autophagy Pathway in the Brain

Autophagy as a Physiological Self-degradative Process
Ethanol Effects on the Autophagy Pathway
The TLR4 Immune Response
Conclusions and Future Directions

Chapter 13. Ghrelinergic Signaling in Ethanol Reward

Introduction: Ghrelin Physiology
Energy Metabolism and Homeostasis
Limbic System Signaling
Mesolimbic Reward Pathway
Ethanol and Drug Reward
Conclusion

Chapter 14. Alcoholic Neurological Syndromes

Introduction
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms of Alcohol Teratogeny
Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on the CNS
Clinical Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Central Pontine and Extrapontine Myelinolysis
Marchiafava–Bignami Disease
Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome
Final Comments

Chapter 15. Frontal Lobe Dysfunction After Developmental Alcohol Exposure: Implications From Animal Models

Introduction
FASDs in Humans
Animal Models of FASDs
Conclusion

Chapter 16. Ethanol's Action Mechanisms in the Brain: From Lipid General Alterations to Specific Protein Receptor Binding

Introduction
Ethanol Actions on Lipid Membrane
Protein Targets Related to Ethanol Effects
Conclusions

Chapter 17. Antioxidant Vitamins and Brain Dysfunction in Alcoholics

Introduction
Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin B12, B6, and Folate Alterations: Hyperhomocysteinemia
Thiamine Deficiency and Wernicke Encephalopathy
Vitamin C Deficiency
Conclusions and Future Prospects

Chapter 18. Serotonin Deficiency and Alcohol Use Disorders

Introduction
Alcohol Typologies
5-HT Depletion Studies
5-HT Dysfunction and Alcohol Consumption
5-HT Deficiency, Impulsivity, and Aggression
5-HT Deficiency and AUD Treatment Responses
Concluding Remarks
Glossary

Part II. Addictive Substances and Behavioral Health

Chapter 19. Functional Reorganization of Reward- and Habit-Related Brain Networks in Addiction

Introduction
Functional Reorganization Processes in Brain Circuits of Reward and Motivation
Functional Reorganization Processes in Brain Circuits of Habits and Automaticity
Conclusion

Chapter 20. Ethanol: Neurotoxicity and Brain Disorders

Introduction
Alcohol Chemistry and Kinetics
Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity
CNS Structural Changes and Behavioral Effects
Perspectives and Final Comments

Chapter 21. Functionally Relevant Brain Alterations in Polysubstance Users: Differences to Monosubstance Users, Study Challenges, and Implications for Treatment

Introduction
Prevalence of PSU
Overview of Cognition in Monosubstance Users
Overview of Neuroimaging in Monosubstance Users
Review of Cognition in Polysubstance Users
Review of Neuroimaging in Polysubstance Users
Review Summary and Outlook

Chapter 22. Deep Brain Stimulation: A Possible Therapeutic Technique for Treating Refractory Alcohol and Drug Addiction Behaviors

Introduction
Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Alcohol Addiction Behaviors
Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Psychostimulants Addiction Behaviors
Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Nicotine Addiction Behaviors
Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Heroin Addiction Behaviors
Conclusion

Part III. Tobacco Smoking in Neuromodulation

Chapter 23. Understanding the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Neurobiology of Nicotine Use

Introduction
The Brain Disease Model of Nicotine Dependence
Elucidating the Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The Genetic Epidemiology of Smoking and Brain Structure
Twin and Family Studies
Understanding the Neurobiological Pathways Involved in Nicotine Dependence
Gene-Based Genetic Epidemiological Study Designs
Candidate Gene Association Studies
Genome-Wide Association Studies
The Impact of Genome-Wide Significant Variants for Smoking on Brain Structure
Limitations of Genetic Association Studies
Epigenetic Studies
DNA Methylation and Smoking Behavior
Epigenetic Studies of Brain Morphology
Future Directions

Chapter 24. Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine: Neurotoxicity in Brain Development

Introduction
Development of the Central Nervous System
Effect of Nicotine on Development of the Central Nervous System
Tobacco Smoking Affects the Development of the Central Nervous System

Chapter 25. Paradise Lost: A New Paradigm for Explaining the Interaction Between Neural and Psychological Changes in Nicotine Addiction Patients

Introduction
Neural Events During the Development of Nicotine Addiction
Four Characteristics of Cigarette Smoking That Cause Addiction
Drug or Trait?
Implications for Intervention
Conclusions

Chapter 26. Interactions of Alcohol and Nicotine: CNS Sites and Contributions to Their Co-abuse

Introduction
Animal Models of Co-abuse of Ethanol and Nicotine
Impact of Nicotine on Alcohol Drinking, Seeking, and Relapse
Common Receptors for the Interactions of Alcohol and Nicotine
CNS Sites for the Interactions of Alcohol and Nicotine
Interactions Within the VTA
Interactions Within the Nucleus Accumbens
Interactions Within the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Genetic Associations Between Nicotine and Alcohol Dependence
Conclusions

Chapter 27. Role of Basal Forebrain in Nicotine Alcohol Co-abuse

Introduction
Neuronal Mediators of Sleep–Wakefulness
Neuronal Mediators of Alcohol-Induced Sleepiness
Nicotine Acts via BF to Suppress Negative Effects of Alcohol
Neuroanatomical Substrates Mediating the Rewarding Effects of Alcohol
Nicotine Acts via BF to Enhance the Rewarding Effects of Alcohol
Summary

Chapter 28. Chronic and Acute Nicotine Exposure Versus Placebo in Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Systematic Review of Resting-State fMRI Studies

Background
Methods
Results
Discussion

Part IV. Drugs of Abuse and Brain Structure and Function

Chapter 29. Novel Psychoactive Substances: A New Behavioral and Mental Health Threat

Introduction
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic Cathinones
Phenethylamines
Piperazines
Ketamine and Phencyclidine-Type Substances
Tryptamines
Other Substances
Conclusions

Chapter 30. Cholesterol and Caffeine Modulate Alcohol Actions on Cerebral Arteries and Brain

Introduction
Modulation of Alcohol Action by Caffeine
Cholesterol Modulation of Alcohol Effect
Concluding Remarks

Chapter 31. Sleep, Caffeine, and Physical Activity in Older Adults

Introduction
Two Factors Related to Physical Activity: Sleep and Caffeine
Physiological Contributors to Physical Activity Level
Benefits of Physical Activity on Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Benefits of Physical Activity on Sleep in Sedentary Older Persons
Effects of Sleep on Physical Activity in OSA Patients
Effects of Sleep on Physical Activity in Healthy Older Persons
Effects of Caffeine on Sleep, Metabolism, and Physical Activity

Chapter 32. Ketamine: Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Disorders

Introduction
Chemistry and Kinetics
Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
Behavioral Effects
Prospects and Final Comments

Chapter 33. Left/Right Hemispheric “Unbalance” Model in Addiction

Bias of Reward Mechanisms in Addiction
Neurophysiological Correlates in Addiction
An Integrative Cortical Unbalance Model
Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Ronald Ross Watson

Ronald Ross Watson, PhD, is Professor of Health Promotion Sciences at the University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health. Dr. Watson began his research in public health at the Harvard School of Public Health as a Fellow in 1971 doing field work on vaccines in Saudi Arabia. He has done clinical studies in Colombia, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United States which provides a broad international view of public health. He has served in the military reserve hospital for 17 years with extensive training in medical responses to disasters as the chief biochemistry officer of a general hospital, retiring as a Lt. Colonel. He is a distinguished member of several national and international nutrition, immunology, and cancer societies. Dr. Watson’s career has involved studying many lifestyle aspects for their uses in health promotion. He has edited over 100 biomedical reference books and 450 papers and chapters. His teaching and research focuses on alcohol, tobacco, and drugs of abuse in heart function and disease in mouse models.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Sherma Zibadi

Dr. Sherma Zibadi received her Ph.D. in Nutritional Sciences from the University of Arizona. Her medical degree and training were done at the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. She then completed her post-doctoral research fellowship awarded by the American Heart Association where her research involved cardiology and complementary medicine studies. Her research has involved maladaptive cardiac remodeling process, which helps to identify new targets for treatment of heart failure. Dr. Zibadi’s research interest also extends into foods as medicines, exploring the preventive and therapeutic effects of dietary supplements on heart failure and its major risk factors in both basic animal and clinical studies, translating lab research findings into clinical practice. Dr. Zibadi is an author of more than 35 research papers in peer reviewed journals. She has been an editor on 8 scientific books like this one being proposed. She has edited on a variety of clinical topics: breast milk, bottle feeding, wheat and rice in health, polyphenols and health, omega 3 fatty acids, dietary supplements in immune modulation, and dietary fat and health. She and Dr. Watson have collaborated extensively on both laboratory research and editing.

Affiliations and expertise

Postdoctoral Research Associate of Public Health, Department of Pathology, University of South Florida Medical School, Tampa, USA

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