ADCS - Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control

1st Edition - April 27, 2023
Author: Michael Paluszek
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 9 1 5 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 5 4 1 - 3

ADCS - Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control provides a complete introduction to spacecraft control. The book covers all elements of attitude control system design, includ… Read more

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ADCS - Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control provides a complete introduction to spacecraft control. The book covers all elements of attitude control system design, including kinematics, dynamics, orbits, disturbances, actuators, sensors, and mission operations. Essential hardware details are provided for star cameras, reaction wheels, sun sensors, and other key components. The book explores how to design a control system for a spacecraft, control theory, and actuator and sensor details. Examples are drawn from the author’s 40 years of industrial experience with spacecraft such as GGS, GPS IIR, Mars Observer, and commercial communications satellites, and includes historical background and real-life examples.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of figures
List of examples
Biography
Michael Paluszek (1954–)
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Abstract
1.1. Overview of the book
1.2. Types of spacecraft
1.3. Courses based on this book
References
Chapter 2: History
Abstract
2.1. Space story
2.2. Introduction
2.3. Pre-1950 – dreaming of space
2.4. 1950s – getting started
2.5. 1960s – the Golden Age: Apollo to the moon
2.6. 1970s – the Space Shuttle era
2.7. 1980s – internationalization
2.8. 1990s – Hubble
2.9. 2000s – commercial space is reborn
2.10. 2010s – the space station and beyond
2.11. The future
References
Chapter 3: Single-axis control
Abstract
3.1. Space story
3.2. Introduction
3.3. Dynamical systems
3.4. Control system
3.5. Kalman filter
3.6. Simulation
3.7. Adding a mode
Part 1: ADCS theory
Chapter 4: ACS system design
Abstract
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Design flow
4.3. Organization of ACS design teams
4.4. Requirements analysis
4.5. Satellite design
Chapter 5: Kinematics
Abstract
5.1. Space story
5.2. Introduction
5.3. Euler angles
5.4. Transformation matrices
5.5. Quaternions
Chapter 6: Attitude dynamics
Abstract
6.1. Space story
6.2. Introduction
6.3. Inertia matrix
6.4. Rigid body
6.5. Gyrostat
6.6. Dual spin
6.7. Gravity gradient
6.8. Nutation dynamics
6.9. Planar slosh model
6.10. N-body hub with single degree-of-freedom hinges
6.11. N-body hub with wheels
6.12. Control-moment gyros
6.13. Flexible structures
References
Chapter 7: Environment
Abstract
7.1. Space story
7.2. Introduction
7.3. Optical environment
7.4. Atmosphere
7.5. Plasma
7.6. Gravity
7.7. Magnetic fields
7.8. Ionizing radiation
References
Chapter 8: Disturbances
Abstract
8.1. Space story
8.2. Introduction
8.3. External disturbances
8.4. Internal disturbances
8.5. Fourier-series representation
References
Chapter 9: Budgets
Abstract
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Pointing budgets
9.3. Propellant budgets
9.4. Power budgets
9.5. Mass budgets
Chapter 10: Actuators
Abstract
10.1. Space story
10.2. Introduction
10.3. Types of actuators
10.4. Reaction-wheel model
10.5. Control-moment gyro
10.6. Thrusters
10.7. Magnetic torquers
10.8. Solenoids
10.9. Stepping motor
10.10. Dampers
References
Chapter 11: Sensors
Abstract
11.1. Space story
11.2. Introduction
11.3. Types of sensors
11.4. Planetary optical sensors
11.5. Gyros
11.6. Other sensors
11.7. Star cameras
11.8. GPS
References
Chapter 12: Attitude control
Abstract
12.1. Space story
12.2. Introduction
12.3. Attitude control phases
12.4. Attitude control system
12.5. Single-axis control
12.6. Three-axis control
12.7. Gravity-gradient control
12.8. Nutation control
12.9. Momentum-bias Earth-pointing control
12.10. Mixed control
12.11. Magnetic-torquer-only control
12.12. Low-bandwidth small-angle control
12.13. Lyapunov control
12.14. Orbit-transfer maneuver
12.15. Docking
12.16. Command distribution
12.17. Attitude profile design
12.18. Actuator sizing
References
Chapter 13: Momentum control
Abstract
13.1. Space story
13.2. Introduction
13.3. Momentum growth
13.4. Control algorithms
13.5. Control-torque generation
Chapter 14: Attitude estimation
Abstract
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Star sensor
14.3. Planet sensor
14.4. Sun sensor
14.5. Magnetometer
14.6. GPS
14.7. Earth/Sun/magnetic field
14.8. Noise filters
References
Chapter 15: Recursive attitude estimation
Abstract
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Batch methods
15.3. Vector measurements
15.4. Disturbance estimation
15.5. Stellar-attitude determination
15.6. Kalman filter with roll, pitch, and yaw and a gyro
15.7. Kalman filter with a quaternion measurement
Chapter 16: Simulation
Abstract
16.1. Space story
16.2. Introduction
16.3. Digital simulation
16.4. Applications of simulation
16.5. Artificial damping
References
Chapter 17: Testing
Abstract
17.1. Space story
17.2. A testing methodology
17.3. Reliability
17.4. Flight-vehicle control-system testing
17.5. Test levels (preflight)
17.6. Test levels (flight)
17.7. Simulations
17.8. Software-development standards
References
Chapter 18: Spacecraft operations
Abstract
18.1. Space story
18.2. Introduction
18.3. Preparing for a mission
18.4. Elements of flight operations
18.5. Mission-operations timeline
18.6. Mission-operations entities
18.7. Mission-operations preparation
18.8. Mission-operations organization
18.9. Mission-control center
18.10. Mission-operations example
Part 2: Design examples
Chapter 19: Passive control-system design
Abstract
19.1. Introduction
19.2. ISS orbit
19.3. Gravity gradient
19.4. Simulations
Chapter 20: Spinning-satellite control-system design
Abstract
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Spinning-spacecraft operation
20.3. Transfer orbit
20.4. Spinning transfer orbit
References
Chapter 21: Geosynchronous-satellite control-system design
Abstract
21.1. Space story
21.2. Introduction
21.3. Requirements
21.4. The design process
21.5. Mission-orbit design
21.6. The geometry
21.7. Control-system summary
21.8. A mission architecture
21.9. Design steps
21.10. Spacecraft overview
21.11. Disturbances
21.12. Acquisition using the dual-spin turn
21.13. Dynamics
21.14. Summary
References
Chapter 22: Sun-nadir pointing control
Abstract
22.1. Space story
22.2. Introduction
22.3. Coordinate frames
22.4. Sun-nadir pointing
22.5. Components
22.6. Attitude determination
22.7. Control
Chapter 23: Lander control
Abstract
23.1. Space story
23.2. Landers
23.3. Landing concept of operations
23.4. Selenographic coordinates
23.5. Linear-tangent guidance law
23.6. Lunar-lander model
23.7. Optimal descent
23.8. Descent control
23.9. Terminal control
23.10. Altitude hold
23.11. Bang-bang landing algorithm
23.12. Simulation results
References
Chapter 24: James Webb Space Telescope ACS design
Abstract
24.1. Requirements
24.2. Spacecraft model
24.3. Disturbances
24.4. Attitude maneuvers
24.5. Momentum control
24.6. Attitude control
24.7. Torque distribution
24.8. Attitude determination
24.9. Simulation
References
Chapter 25: CubeSat control system
Abstract
25.1. Space story
25.2. Introduction
25.3. Requirements
25.4. Actuator and sensor selection
25.5. Design
25.6. Control-system design
25.7. Attitude determination
25.8. Simulation
Chapter 26: Microwave Anisotropy Satellite
Abstract
26.1. The WMAP mission
26.2. ACS overview
26.3. Control modes
26.4. Sensing and actuation
26.5. Control-system design
26.6. Nested loops
26.7. Simulation results
References
Chapter 27: Solar sails
Abstract
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Gyrostat with a moving mass
27.3. Thin-membrane model
27.4. Momentum control
27.5. Attitude control
27.6. Architecture
References
Appendix A: Math
A.1. Vectors and matrices
A.2. Numerical integration
A.3. Fourier series
A.4. Spherical geometry
A.5. The chain rule in calculus
Appendix B: Probability and statistics
B.1. Space story
B.2. Introduction
B.3. Axiomatic probability
B.4. Binomial theorem
B.5. Probability distributions
B.6. Evaluating measurements
B.7. Combining errors
B.8. Multivariate normal distributions
B.9. Random signals
B.10. Outliers
B.11. Noise models
B.12. Monte Carlo methods
References
Appendix C: Time
C.1. Time scales
C.2. Earth rotation
C.3. Julian date
C.4. Time standards
References
Appendix D: Coordinate systems
D.1. Earth-centered inertial coordinates
D.2. Local vertical/local horizontal coordinates
D.3. Heliocentric coordinates
D.4. International Space Station coordinates
D.5. Selenographic frame
D.6. Areocentric (Mars) coordinates
Appendix E: Ephemeris
E.1. Introduction
E.2. Planetary orbits
E.3. Asteroid orbits
E.4. Planetary orientation
E.5. Asteroid dynamics
E.6. Stars
References
Appendix F: Laplace transforms
F.1. Using Laplace transforms
F.2. Useful transforms
Appendix G: Control theory
G.1. Introduction
G.2. Simple control system
G.3. The general control system
G.4. Fundamental relationships
G.5. Tracking errors
G.6. State-space closed-loop equations
G.7. Approaches to robust control
G.8. Single-input–single-output control design
G.9. Digital control
G.10. Continuous-to-discrete transformations
G.11. Flexible-structure control
G.12. Model-following control
G.13. Double-integrator control
G.14. Lyapunov control
G.15. First- and second-order systems
G.16. Inner and outer loops
Appendix H: Estimation theory
H.1. Estimation theory
H.2. The Kalman-filter algorithm
H.3. Bayesian derivation
H.4. Extended Kalman filter
H.5. Unscented Kalman filter
H.6. UKF state-prediction step
H.7. Kalman-filter example
References
Appendix I: Orbit theory
I.1. Space story
I.2. Introduction
I.3. Representations of orbits
I.4. Propagating orbits
I.5. Gravitational acceleration
I.6. Linearized orbit equations
Appendix J: Optics
J.1. Optical sensors
J.2. Radiometry
References
Appendix K: Star-camera algorithms
K.1. Space story
K.2. Introduction
K.3. Center-of-mass star centroiding
K.4. Star identification
K.5. Fine centroiding
References
Appendix L: Magnetic-hysteresis damping
L.1. Magnetic-hysteresis damper model
L.2. Energy-dissipation analysis
References
Appendix M: Machine intelligence
M.1. Space story
M.2. Introduction
M.3. Branches of machine intelligence
M.4. Stored command lists
M.5. Deep Space 1
M.6. Neural networks
M.7. Static Earth sensors
M.8. Expert systems
M.9. Reinforcement learning
References
Appendix N: Glossary of acronyms
Index

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ADCS - Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control

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Michael Paluszek